Showing papers on "Representation (systemics) published in 1997"
TL;DR: The Pictorial Turn and the Pictura Theoria of Abstract Painting and Language as mentioned in this paper have been used extensively in the history of illustration and representation in public art, including the work of Blake's art of writing.
Abstract: List of Illustrations Acknowledgments Introduction 1: The Pictorial Turn 2: Metapictures 3: Beyond Comparison: Picture, Text, and Method 4: Visible Language: Blake's Art of Writing 5: Ekphrasis and the Other 6: Narrative, Memory, and Slavery 7: Ut Pictura Theoria: Abstract Painting and Language 8: Word, Image, and Object: Wall Labels for Robert Morris 9: The Photographic Essay: Four Case Studies 10: Illusion: Looking at Animals Looking 11: Realism, Irrealism, and Ideology: After Nelson Goodman 12: The Violence of Public Art: Do the Right Thing 13: From CNN to JFK Conclusion: Some Pictures of Representation Index
1,042 citations
TL;DR: Experimental results show that the behavior in the Tic-Tac-Toe is determined by the directly available information in external and internal representations in terms of perceptual and cognitive biases, regardless of whether the biases are consistent with, inconsistent with, or irrelevant to the task.
788 citations
TL;DR: A detailed description of the newly revised and updated theory of unpleasant symptoms is provided, which has resulted in a more accurate representation of the complexity and interactive nature of the symptom experience.
Abstract: A detailed description of the newly revised and updated theory of unpleasant symptoms is provided.Revisions have resulted in a more accurate representation of the complexity and interactive nature of the symptom experience. Example are provided to demonstrate the implications of the revised theory f
725 citations
TL;DR: Object shape is coded in F5 even when a response to that object is not required, and the possible visual or motor nature of this object coding is discussed.
Abstract: Murata, Akira, Luciano Fadiga, Leonardo Fogassi, Vittorio Gallese, Vassilis Raos, and Giacomo Rizzolatti. Object representation in the ventral premotor cortex (area F5) of the monkey. J. Neurophysi...
716 citations
TL;DR: The potential strengths and weaknesses of alternative forms of data representation are addressed and the uses and limitations of these new methods are addressed.
Abstract: This article addresses the potential strengths and weaknesses of alternative forms of data representation. As educational researchers become increasingly interested in the relationship between form of representation and form of understanding, new representational forms are being used to convey to "readers" what has been learned. These explorations are rooted in an expanding conception of the nature of knowledge and the relationship between what one knows and how it is represented. While new forms of representation have their potential virtues, they also have their limitations. The uses and limitations of these new methods are addressed in what follows.
592 citations
TL;DR: This work proposes a new and general surface representation scheme for recognizing objects with free-form (sculpted) surfaces, and introduces the shape spectrum of an object, a novel concept, within the framework of COSMOS for object view grouping and matching.
Abstract: We address the problem of representing and recognizing 3D free-form objects when (1) the object viewpoint is arbitrary, (2) the objects may vary in shape and complexity, and (3) no restrictive assumptions are made about the types of surfaces on the object. We assume that a range image of a scene is available, containing a view of a rigid 3D object without occlusion. We propose a new and general surface representation scheme for recognizing objects with free-form (sculpted) surfaces. In this scheme, an object is described concisely in terms of maximal surface patches of constant shape index. The maximal patches that represent the object are mapped onto the unit sphere via their orientations, and aggregated via shape spectral functions. Properties such as surface area, curvedness, and connectivity, which are required to capture local and global information, are also built into the representation. The scheme yields a meaningful and rich description useful for object recognition. A novel concept, the shape spectrum of an object is also introduced within the framework of COSMOS for object view grouping and matching. We demonstrate the generality and the effectiveness of our scheme using real range images of complex objects.
500 citations
TL;DR: The authors examined patterns of mother-infant interaction and their relevance for the presymbolic origins of self and object representations, focusing on the representation of inter-relatedness between self and objects.
Abstract: Using research on the purely social face‐to‐face exchange, we examine patterns of mother—infant interaction and their relevance for the presymbolic origins of self and object representations, focusing on the representation of inter‐relatedness between self and object. Based on a dyadic systems view in which the system is defined by both self‐ and interactive‐regulation processes, we argue that characteristic patterns of self and interactive regulation form early interaction structures, which provide an important basis for emerging self and object representations. What will be represented, presymbolically, is the dynamic interactive process itself, the interplay, as each partner influences the other from moment to moment. This is a dynamic, process view of “interactive”; or “dyadic”; representations. The argument that early interaction structures organize experience is based on a transformational model in which there are continuous transformations and restructurings, where development is in a constant stat...
330 citations
Book•
06 Jan 1997
TL;DR: The BROADER ARENA as discussed by the authors is a Reference Systems for Measurement (RSM) system for building blocks of geometrical information, which is used for measuring distances.
Abstract: BUILDING BLOCKS OF GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION. Reference Systems for Measurement. Representation. TRANSFORMATIONS AND OPERATIONS. Attribute--based Operations. Overlay: Integration of Disparate Sources. Distance Relationships. Surfaces and Near Neighbors. Comprehensive Operations. Transformations. THE BROADER ARENA. Evaluation and Implementation. Social and Institutional Interactions.
310 citations
27 Mar 1997
TL;DR: This work is building a series of prototypes to learn if abstract representation of activity data does indeed convey a sense of remote presence and does so in a sutTiciently subdued manner to allow the user to concentrate on his or her main activity.
Abstract: The AROMA project is exploring the kind of awareness that people effortless are able to maintain about other beings who are located physically close. We are designing technology that attempts to mediate a similar kind of awareness among people who are geographically dispersed but want to stay better in touch. AROMA technology can be thought of as a stand-alone communication device or -more likely -an augmentation of existing technologies such as the telephone or full-blown media spaces. Our approach differs from other recent designs for awareness (a) by choosing pure abstract representations on the display site, (b) by possibly remapping the signal across media between capture and display, and, finally, (c) by explicitly extending the application domain to include more than the working life, to embrace social interaction in general. We are building a series of prototypes to learn if abstract representation of activity data does indeed convey a sense of remote presence and does so in a sutTiciently subdued manner to allow the user to concentrate on his or her main activity. We have done some initial testing of the technical feasibility of our designs. What still remains is an extensive effort of designing a symbolic language of remote presence, done in parallel with studies of how people will connect and communicate through such a language as they live with the AROMA system.
249 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examine the future of employee interest representation in Britain against the broader European background and make an attempt to define the character-of-interest representation in terms of the concepts of autonomy, legitimacy and efficacy.
Abstract: This article examines the future of employee interest representation in Britain against the broader European background. An attempt is made to define the character of interest representation in terms of the concepts of autonomy, legitimacy and efficacy. The core section of the article discusses recent and current developments with a focus on five themes: the level, structure, process, agenda and outcome of representation. A brief conclusion considers alternative scenarios and policy issues for employee representation. Underlying the whole discussion is the question: What future for (British) trade unions? No more than an imprecise and ambiguous answer can be suggested.
185 citations
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: Qualitative Reasoning (QR) has now become a mature subfield of AI as its tenth annual international workshop, several books, and a wealth of conference and journal publications testify.
Abstract: Qualitative Reasoning (QR) has now become a mature subfield of AI as its tenth annual international workshop, several books (e.g. (Weld and de Kleer, 1990; Faltings and Struss, 1992)) and a wealth of conference and journal publications testify. QR tries to make explicit our everyday commonsense knowledge about the physical world and also the underlying abstractions used by scientists and engineers when they create models. Given this kind of knowledge and appropriate reasoning methods, a computer could make predictions and diagnoses and explain the behavior of physical systems in a qualitative manner, even when a precise quantitative description is not available or is computationally intractable. Note that a representation is not normally deemed to be qualitative by the QR community simply because it is symbolic and utilizes discrete quantity spaces but because the distinctions made in these discretizations are relevant to high-level descriptions of the system or behavior being modeled.
Patent•
21 Aug 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, an interactive information discovery tool and method gathers information dynamically from one or more data sources, which may be located at different servers and have incompatible formats, structures the information into a configurable, object-oriented information model, and outputs the information for the user according to an associated, configurable visual representation with automatic content classification.
Abstract: A interactive information discovery tool and method gathers information dynamically from one or more data sources, which may be located at different servers and have incompatible formats, structures the information into a configurable, object-oriented information model, and outputs the information for the user according to an associated, configurable visual representation with automatic content classification.
TL;DR: A modified description of representations in the design problem space is proposed, with the purpose of getting a handle on indeterministic processes that are typical of the front edge of designing.
TL;DR: Evidence suggests that mature conceptual representations for animals derive from the earliest perceptually based representations of animals formed by young infants, those based on the surface features characteristic of each species, including humans.
Abstract: The authors discuss the origins of categorical representations in young infants, using recent evidence on the categorization of animals. This evidence suggests that mature conceptual representation...
TL;DR: 1 Istituto Elaborazione dell’Informazione — Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via S. Maria, 46—56126 Pisa, Italy e-mail: cignoni@iei.pi.ge.cnr.it
Abstract: 1 Istituto Elaborazione dell’Informazione — Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via S. Maria, 46—56126 Pisa, Italy e-mail: cignoni@iei.pi.cnr.it 2 Istituto per la Matematica Applicata — Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via dei Marini, 6 (Torre di Francia) — 16149 Genova, Italy e-mail: puppo@ima.ge.cnr.it 3CNUCE — Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Via S. Maria 36—56126 Pisa, Italy e-mail: r.scopigno@cnuce.cnr.it
Book•
31 Dec 1997
TL;DR: This paper presents a meta-anatomy of representation and its role in the construction of reality as well as some examples of different types of representations used in art and science.
Abstract: Acknowledgements - Introduction - Introduction to Image Analysis - Jakobson Revisited and Semiotics - Advanced Image Analysis - Representation - Representation and Reality - Technology - Appendix
Patent•
06 Feb 1997TL;DR: In this article, a system for determining when it is not safe to arm a vehicle airbag by storing representations of known situations as observed by a camera at a passenger seat was proposed.
Abstract: A system for determining when it is not safe to arm a vehicle airbag by storing representations of known situations as observed by a camera at a passenger seat; and comparing a representation of a camera output of the current situation to the stored representations to determine the known situation most closely represented by the current situation. In the preferred embodiment, the stored representations include the presence or absence of a person or infant seat in the front passenger seat of an automobile.
TL;DR: A theory of natural representation is outlined, apply, and defend that there are genuine (brain‐) internal representations and that those complex behaviors which are genuinely cognitive from those which are merely complex and adaptive.
Abstract: In this article I outline, apply, and defend a theory of natural representation. The main consequences of this theory are: (i) representational status is a matter of how physical entities are used, and specifically is not a matter of causation, nomic relations with the intentional object, or information; (ii) there are genuine (brain‐) internal representations; (iii) such representations are really representations, and not just farcical pseudo‐representations, such as attractors, principal components, state‐space partitions, or what‐have‐you; and (iv) the theory allows us to sharply distinguish those complex behaviors which are genuinely cognitive from those which are merely complex and adaptive.
TL;DR: Bartov as discussed by the authors argues that the modern predicament reflects the effects of the Nazi genocide on current perceptions of war, history, and memory, and is a plea for compassion and commitment in an increasingly violent and indifferent world.
Abstract: War endlessly tries to mask itself. The myth of the heroic soldier testing his individual courage stands in stark contrast to the reality of mass, anonymous death and the suppression of individual actions. Murder in Our Midst shows that this fundamental tension reached its natural conclusion in the Holocaust, and that disguising it has required an ongoing effort to misrepresent war and the Holocaust as something other than industrial killing. Examining a broad range of the representations of war's horrors, from scholarly depictions to those in popular literature, poetry, art, and the movies, Omer Bartov finds they have some things in common. Societies and cultures have attempted to form coherent images of horrific events, to draw didactic lessons from them, and to exploit them to legitimate ideological or political positions. Made up of interconnected essays, this book is both a scholarly and an often personal and passionate examination of the emergence, implementation, and representation of industrial killing. Bartov draws out the links between recent revisionist attempts to minimize and deny the Holocaust, and Hollywood's ongoing fascination with National Socialism and Hitler's \"Final Solution.\" Arguing that the modern predicament reflects the effects of the Nazi genocide on current perceptions of war, history, and memory, this book is a plea for compassion and commitment in an increasingly violent and indifferent world.
TL;DR: The authors showed that a change in attitude about an object may be accompanied by changes in the evaluative dimension of the representation of its representation, and that attitudes towards objects are based on the evalUative components of the representations of those objects.
Abstract: We propose here to establish the theoretical link between the concepts of ‘attitude’ and ‘social representation’. We shall base our proposal on recent conceptions of the notion of attitude, and on a structural approach to representations which account for their evaluative nature. This theoretical proposal will be followed by two experiments. The first showed that attitudes towards objects are based on the evaluative components of the representation of those objects. The second showed that a change in attitude about an object may be accompanied by changes in the evaluative dimension of its representation. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: Methods for obtaining representations of face images based on independent component analysis (ICA) are presented and it is shown that across changes in lighting ICA gave 100% correct recognition, compared to 90% with PCA.
Abstract: Methods for obtaining representations of face images based on independent component analysis (ICA) are presented. A global ICA representation is compared to a global representation based on principal component analysis (PCA) for recognizing faces m o s s changes in lighting and changes in pose. For each set of face images, a set of statistically independent source images was found through an unsupervised learning algorithm that maximized the mutual information between the input and the output of a nonlinear transformation (Bell & Sejnowski, 1995). These source images comprised the kernels for the representation. The independent component, kernels gave superior class discriminabiity to the principal component kernels. Recognition across changes in pose with the ICA representation was 93%, compared to 87% with a PCA representation, and across changes in lighting ICA gave 100% correct recognition, compared to 90% with PCA.
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed derivation of the extended Jones matrix representation for twisted nematic liquid crystal displays at oblique incidence is given. But this representation reduces to the well-known ordinary Jones matrices representation at normal incidence.
Abstract: A detailed derivation of the extended Jones matrix representation for twisted nematic liquid crystal displays at oblique incidence (which was previously published by the author) is given. It is shown that this representation reduces to the well-known ordinary Jones matrix representation at normal incidence.
30 Jan 1997
01 Jan 1997
01 May 1997
TL;DR: There is another and simple-minded way which avoids this problem without loss of practicalities: computing a triple ray representation by zbuffer, raytracing or whatever, and then using the popular marchiny cubes algorithm with some local improvements.
Abstract: Computing intersections between algebraic surfaces is an essential issue for Brep-based modellers, and a very difficult one. The more often, existing methods are not reliable, and reliable ones are hairy. We think there is another and simple-minded way which avoids this problem without loss of practicalities. The key idea is computing a triple ray representation by zbuffer, raytracing or whatever, and then using the popular marchiny cubes algorithm with some local improvements. 1 The gap between CSG and Brep Breps [Hof89] describe solid objects by their boundary: surface patches, edges and vertices with their connectivity relations. They typically use free-form patches, carefully sewn together lo form the consistent, boundary of a solid which is then called a free-form (or sculptured) object. The high geometric coverage of free-form surfaces and their design flexibility are very appealing. In the other hand, Boolean operations on solid objects are an essential practicality for end users. Unfortunately, performing Boolean operations on Breps involve computing the intersection between algebraic surfaces, which is a very difficult task. Existing methods are often not reliable, and when they are, they are anyway exceedingly complicated: see [Pat93, KM96, HPY96]. The CSG model [Hof89] represent solid objects by a tree whose nodes carry Boolean operators and leaves carry algcbraic half-spaces (algebraic inequalities: f(~, y, Z) 5 0). In contrast to Breps, the CSG representation does not suffer from reliahilit,y problems, and the surface to surface intersection problem ‘is not a crucial issue. The raytracing method permits to visualize CSG objects and to convert them to ray representations (rayrep for short). The recursive space subdivision method permits to evaluate (ie to voxelize, or tessel&e) them as in the SVLIS modeller [Bow951 or in Taubin’s method [Tau93]. As long as a CSG modeller does not rely on tesselation, the latter can even be locally inconsistent without afffscting thr modellrr. Note the divide and conquelapproach basically relies on the possibility of quickly and simply classifying a point with respect to an algebraic half-space (by evaluating and testing the sign of the corresponding formula f(~, y, 2)). It is then possible to compute, by an interval arithmetic (or some variant), ranges of the function f for boxes (a box is a point whose coordinates are intervals): a box B is classified inside if f(B) < 0 and outside if f(B) > 0. Otherwise the box is subdivided (into 2 or 8 smaller ones, according to implementations). Such a classification test is not available for free-form objects. Unfortunately CSG does not support the full range of free-form objects. Several attempts have been made to combine appeals of CSG and Brep: l Using soft objects is mainly restricted to the Animation field for the moment [IS’95]. l In t,he CAD/CAM field, J. Menon & B. Guo [MG96] use a restricted set of free-form surfaces, with a low degree implicit form (2 or 3): each free-form patch is assigned a companion tetrahedron which contains the patch, and whose vertices are, in some way, its control points. These tetrahedra permit to edit patches in an intuitive and interactive way. This modeller allows a bilateral CSG/Brep conversion. l A. Pasko & V. Adzhiev & A. Sourin & V. Savchenko [PASS931 describe the interior of all geometric objects: algebraic half-spaces, Boolean operations, sweeps, some kind of deformations and blends, free-form volumes (sometimes called cuboids) [MPS96]. . . , by a semi-algebraic inequality f(x, Y> 2) I 0. None of the previous solutions fully integrate in the CSG model all the free-form objects used in Brep-based modellers. l A last approach combines CSG and Brep in that frerform primitives are accepted at leaves of the CSG tree. However, the simplicity of the pure-CSG scheme is lost: these modellers face the surface to surface intersection and the robustness problems. Recent works illustrating this tendency are due to S. Krishnan & D. Manocha [KM96], and to C.Y. Hu & N. Patrikalakis & X. Ye [HPY96]. No doubt for us that these modellers are masterpieces, tours de force of geometric computing. But they are too much complicated. Moreover, they do not cover all the possible cases: sweeps (occurring for instance in NC-milling), blends or Minkowski sums. .so/rdhfocfe/rf7~ ’ 97 Atlnlltn GA 1 ISA Copyright 1997 ACM 0-X9791-946-7107102 .,$3.X)