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Showing papers on "Residual stress published in 1982"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the sources of residual stresses generated by machining processes and tried to show how the possible sources for developing residual stresses are involved, and gave a report on the state of the art.

438 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a new approach for analyzing indentation plasticity and for determining indentation stress fields is presented, which permits relations to be established between material properties (notably hardness, yield strength, and elastic modulus) and the dimensions of the indentation and plastic zone.
Abstract: A new approach for analyzing indentation plasticity and for determining indentation stress fields is presented. The analysis permits relations to be established between material properties (notably hardness, yield strength, and elastic modulus) and the dimensions of the indentation and plastic zone. The predictions are demonstrated to correlate with observations performed on a wide range of materials. The indentation stress fields are computed along trajectories pertinent to three dominant indentation crack systems: radial, median, and lateral cracks. The peak load and residual tensile stresses are shown to be consistent with observed trends in indentation fracture.

380 citations


BookDOI
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present over 40 selections of ZIRCONIUM-Barrier Cladding Attributes and Recent Studies of Crack Initiation During Stress Corrosion Cracking of Zirconium Alloys, Oxidation of Zircaloy-4 in Steam at 1300 to 2400/sup 0/C.
Abstract: This book contains over 40 selections. Some of the titles are: Zirconium-Barrier Cladding Attributes; Recent Studies of Crack Initiation During Stress Corrosion Cracking of Zirconium Alloys; Oxidation of Zircaloy-4 in Steam at 1300 to 2400/sup 0/C; and Residual Stresses in Textured Zirconium Alloys.

313 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the residual stresses and deformations due to arc-welding are determined in a rectangular steel plate, and the thermomechanical response behavior is computed in two steps (i), the heat flow analysis of the entire plate due to the moving electrode, and (ii) the thermo-elastic-viscoplastic response analysis for the transient temperature history at this section.

137 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Measurement results indicate that the applied tension during the fiber drawing process is frozen into the fiber, consequently affecting the intrinsic strength of the fiber.
Abstract: A method of measuring the stresses, residual or applied, in an optical fiber or preform is presented. It is shown that the stress profiles can be obtained from the Abel transform of the derivative of the retardation. The axial stress profile is shown to bear the same shape as the refractive-index profile. Measurement results indicate that the applied tension during the fiber drawing process is frozen into the fiber, consequently affecting the intrinsic strength of the fiber. The method of estimating the fiber drawing tension from the fiber stress profile is also given.

112 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a linear elastic fracture mechanics approach to crack growth rate prediction implies the need to calculate accurate, effective stress intensity (K) factors, and hence effective R-values, (K m i n /K m a x ), for components containing residual stress.
Abstract: A linear elastic fracture mechanics approach to crack growth rate prediction implies the need to calculate accurate, effective stress intensity (K) factors, and hence effective R-values, (K m i n /K m a x ), for components containing residual stress. To this end the weight function and associated superposition techniques are described, with emphasis on stress intensity and crack shape prediction for residual stress problems. Stress intensity factors are presented for various geometries with residual stress fields. The nonlinear, crack surface 'overlapping' effect is noted, and the case of cracks emanating from notches in residual stress fields is shown to be an associated problem. The application of such results in crack growth rate prediction is addressed. The characteristic crack growth rate features of several different loading systems are predicted, and shown to agree with available experimental data. Finally, the qualitative changes in the form of standard S-N curves for welded details are predicted, and shown to conform with limited available S-N curve experimental data.

110 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the following quantities were measured on high-purity polycrystalline iron: Rayleigh parameters, coercive field, remanent induction and residual stress, and the dependences of those quantities on the grain size are presented.

91 citations


Book ChapterDOI
DV Nelson1
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of compressive and tensile residual stresses on Mode I fatigue crack growth are reviewed and current limitations of the methods and their relative advantages and drawbacks for use in design analysis are discussed.
Abstract: Experimental results on the effects of compressive and tensile residual stresses on Mode I fatigue crack growth are briefly reviewed. Prediction methods that attempt to account for the observed effects are compared. Current limitations of the methods and their relative advantages and drawbacks for use in design analysis are discussed. The possible role of residual stress re-equilibration on growth behavior, caused by crack extension itself, is also discussed.

89 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the problem of determining temperature distributions, transient thermal strains, and residual stresses during butt welding thick plates with the multipass GMAW process is solved using the finite element method.
Abstract: The problem of determining temperature distributions, transient thermal strains, and residual stresses during butt welding thick plates with the multipass GMAW process is solved using the finite element method. First, a nonlinear heat transfer analysis is performed taking into account the temperature dependence of the material properties, and convection and radiation surface heat losses. This is followed by a thermo-elastic-plastic stress analysis that incorporates phase transformation strains. Finally, the theoretical predictions are compared with experimentally obtained data showing good correlation.

87 citations


Book
01 Oct 1982
TL;DR: A review of the state-of-the-art results can be found in this article, where the authors discuss the nature of residual stress and its measurement, as well as the effect of temperature on stress relaxation.
Abstract: Session I.- The Nature of Residual Stress and Its Measurement.- Session II.- Thermal and Transformation Stresses.- Load Induced Residual Stress Changes in Carburized Steel Computations and Experiments.- Residual Stresses and Distortion in Weldments-A Review of the Present State-of-the-Art-.- Thermal Modifications of Welding Residual Stresses.- Shot Peening and Residual Stresses.- Session III.- Measurement of Throughwall Residual Stresses in Large-Diameter Piping Butt Weldments Using Strain-Gauge Techniques.- X-Ray Methods for Measuring Residual Stress.- Measurements of Stress in the Interior of Solids with Neutrons.- Session IV.- Mechanical Relaxation Response of 21/4 Cr-1 Mo Steel.- Effect of Temperature on Stress Relaxation of Several Metallic Materials.- Thermal Relaxation in Autofrettaged Cylinders.- Session V.- The Numerical Simulation of Crack Growth in Weld-Induced Residual Stress Fields.- Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics and Fatigue Crack Growth-Residual Stress Effects.- Stress Corrosion Crack Growth in the Presence of Residual Stresses.- The Relaxation of Residual Stresses During Fatigue.- Session VI.- The Generation of Residual Stresses in Metal-Forming Processes.- Stress Relaxation in Spring Materials.- Problems with Residual Stress in the Railroad Industry.- Measurement of Residual Stresses in Ammunition.- Session VII.- X-Ray Residual Stress Measurement Systems for Army Material Problems.- Residual Stresses and Stress Relieving in Uranium Alloys.- Residual Stresses in Resin Matrix Composites.- Residual Stress Measurement in Metal Matrix Composites.- Residual Stress Development in Ceramics.- Session VIII.- Determination of Residual Stress Distributions in the Interior of Technical Parts by Means of Neutron Diffraction.- Calculation of Quenching Stresses with and Without Transformation Effects.- X-Ray Measurements of Long-Range Strains: A Bridge Between Micromechanics and Macromechanics.- Stress Relaxation Characteristics and Data Utilization.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a review of semi-destructive (hole drilling) and non-destructively (X-ray diffraction, ultrasonic velocity, and Barkhausen noise analysis) residual stress measurement methods is presented.
Abstract: The roll of residual stresses in the failure of metallic components has long been recognized. However, the most commonly employed methods for its measurement are destructive or at least partially so. This has led to an active interest in non-destructive methods for residual stress measurement. This review describes the essence of the principles of a semi-destructive (hole drilling) and three non-destructive (X-ray diffraction, ultrasonic velocity, and Barkhausen noise analysis) residual stress measurement methods. The review also describes selected applications of these four methods to residual stress and related property measurements, as well as discussing their limitations and some sources of measurement errors. Conclusions as to the general applicability of the methods to practical residual stress measurements are drawn and a prognosis for the future development of each is offered.

Journal ArticleDOI
Michael T. Flaman1
TL;DR: The results of experiments to measure induced drilling stresses in the center-hole method of residual-stress measurement are described in this paper, where five specimens of different metals were specially prepared in an attempt to relieve malerial residual stress.
Abstract: Results of experiments to measure induced drilling stresses in the center-hole method of residual-stress measurement are described. Five specimens of different metals were specially prepared in an attempt to relieve malerial residual stress. Surface-residual-stress measurements were then performed by the center-hole method with a conventionally used (low-speed) end mill and an ultra-high-speed drill. For each specimen, the relieved strains due to the hole drilling were significantly higher for the low-speed end mill than for the ultra-high-speed drill. Preliminary conclusions are that the ultra-high-speed drill would be much superior to the conventional low-speed end mill in the measurement of residual stress by the center-hole method.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the residual stresses near the surface were measured after grinding under different conditions with X-rays of various wavelengths using various peaks from homogeneous and heterogeneous materials with fcc-and bcc-structures.
Abstract: The residual stresses near the surface were measured after grinding under different conditions with X-rays of various wavelengths using various peaks from homogeneous and heterogeneous materials with fcc-and bcc-structures. The strain distributions were subject toψ-splitting. A method was elaborated to measure the variation of stress as a function of depth with X-rays of various wavelengths. For two ground steels it was shown that this method gave stress distributions with depth which were in good agreement with those evaluated from stress measurements with one wavelength and layer removal. Normal-and shear stresses decreased absolutely with increasing depth. The existence of shear residual stresses was discussed and it was concluded that for heterogeneous materials these stresses can be compensated by those of opposing sign in the other phases.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of injection-molding process conditions on residual stresses (R.S) and the respective properties of amorphous polymers was studied. But the authors did not consider the effects of mold temperature on residual stress.
Abstract: Following the evaluation of Residual Stresses (R.S.) in quenched specimens (Part I) and the resulting mechanical-physical properties (Part II), the, present study deals with the effect of injection-molding process conditions on R.S. and the respective properties of amorphous polymers. Melt temperature, mold temperature, injection rate, and injection pressure were the parameters studied. Experimental results indicated that the melt temperature caused two maxima in R.S. The second one reverses from compressive to tensile. In general, most changes occur in the surface regions, while R.S. decreases with increasing melt temperature, as is the case in zones far away from the gate. Furthermore, tensile modulus increased, in general, with rising melt temperature. In the case where the effect of mold temperature was studied, it was found that R.S. are compressive in the surface layers and tend to decrease upon increase in mold temperature and distance from the entrance region. Significant changes in R.S. were also detected in the interior layers. As the mold temperature approached Tg, low values of R.S. were measured, as was the case in quenched specimens. Injection rate affects surface R.S. to a large extent. With low flow rates, tensile stresses were developed in the exterior, reversing to compressive stresses at higher speeds. The reversal in sign depends on the location relative to the gate. Once compressive stresses were formed, further increase in rate caused a reduction in R.S. In addition, variations in tensile modulus, as high as 30 percent, were measured at high injection rates. As far as injection and holding pressures are concerned, experimental results showed that a maximum in R.S. was obtained, with increasing pressure, at the surface. Close to the gate entrance, a reverse from compressive to tensile R.S. was detected at high injection pressures. As in the other cases, injection pressure influenced mostly the exterior layers. Only in zones close to the entrance and at high pressures were high levels of R.S. measured in the core regions.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An idealized model of the stem fixation system is analyzed and shows that if the cement is surrounded by cancellous bone, as opposed to cortical bone, then transient tensile circumferential stresses in the cement and similar radial stresses at the stem/cement interface are generated.
Abstract: In this second part of a two-part report, an idealized model of the stem fixation system is analyzed to determine the adverse effects of the thermal stresses and displacements of bone cement during its curing process. The Shaffer-Levitsky stress-rate strain-rate law for chemically hardening material has been used. The results show that if the cement is surrounded by cancellous bone, as opposed to cortical bone, then transient tensile circumferential stresses in the cement and similar radial stresses at the stem/cement interface are generated. The former may cause flaws and voids within the still cement, while the latter may cause gaps at the interface.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of stress coaxial, transverse, and biaxial relative to applied field on magnetization, susceptibility, and domain wall configurations are derived and confirmed using rod, hollow cylinder, and hollow toroid steel samples.
Abstract: The effects of stress coaxial, transverse, and biaxial relative to applied field on magnetization, susceptibility, and domain wall configurations are derived and confirmed using rod, hollow cylinder, and hollow toroid steel samples. The effective stress σ=σ∥−σ⊥ is linearly proportional to pressure on 90° domain walls below residual stress and to changes in reluctance above residual stress. The equivalent field, Hσ=6.0(5) A/m, per MPa of stress was measured in excellent agreement with 6.2(4) A/m calculated from material parameters. The quantity dχ−1/dσ=9.0(6)×10−6/MPa was measured in good agreement with 8.3(5) calculated. A lower limit of reluctance due to inhomogeneities was observed. Magnetization increases with tension and compression allow measurement of ±90° domain wall fractions, f±=0.30±M/Ms, below the coercive field. Net magnetization changes from both walls generate magnetization hysteresis loops with stress cycling.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the fatigue crack propagation rates and threshold stress intensity factors for welded joints and base metal by using 200 mm wide centre-cracked specimens and revealed that the fatigue cracks were fully open during the whole range of loading, due to the tensile residual stress distribution in the middle part of the welded joint.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the interplanar spacing d{hkl} versus sin2 ψ distributions were measured for the 211, 310, 220 and 200 reflections from severely cold-drawn 0.7% C steel wire with a diameter of 0.25 mm.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, hot-pressed silicon nitride plates were grooved by single diamond points with varying degrees of flatness mounted on a wheel rotating at varying speeds, and the plates were divided into bars and the remaining strengths were measured.
Abstract: Hot-pressed silicon nitride plates were grooved by single diamond points with varying degrees of flatness mounted on a wheel rotating at varying speeds. The plates were divided into bars and the remaining strengths were measured. The depths of damage were measured and used to calculate the theoretical strengths. For sharp diamonds and in some cases for diamonds with flat tips, the measured strengths were less than the theoretical strengths. The differences between the measured strengths and the theoretical strengths are attributed to the presence of residual loads acting to wedge open the cracks.

Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model was developed that predicts the influence of residual stress and stress ratio on the total fatigue life of a weld, which was considered to be composed of both crack initiation and crack propagation.
Abstract: A model was developed that predicts the influence of residual stress and stress ratio on the total fatigue life of a weld The total fatigue life of a weld was considered to be composed of both crack initiation and crack propagation Weld toe residual stresses were considered to influence the crack initiation life but not the crack propagation life The crack initiation life was estimated using cumulative damage concepts Actual weld material properties (weld metal and heat-affected zone) were considered in the initiation life estimation Neuber's rule was used to determine the local cyclic stress-strain behavior at the weld toe, and the fatigue notch factor was evaluated by using Peterson's equation Residual stresses were introduced into the analysis as a simulated pre-stressing of the weld Cyclic relaxation of the mean stress established during the set-up cycle was modeled by a power function and allowed relaxation to be considered in the life estimates Fatigue tests of steel weldments and aluminum butt welds having tensile and compressive residual stresses were conducted to verify the analytically predicted total fatigue life predictions Agreement between analytical predictions and experimental results was quite good

Journal ArticleDOI
15 Jan 1982-Wear
TL;DR: In this article, the elastic and shakedown limits for several new contact geometries are determined and compared and a new limit is supplied giving the maximum load which may be elastically supported by bodies containing a cylindrical residual stress system, the optimum value for which is found.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the redistribution of calculated welding stresses during different post weld heat treatments (PWHT) is numerically investigated for a girth-butt welded thin-walled pipe made of a micro-alloyed carbon manganese steel.
Abstract: The redistribution of calculated welding stresses during different post weld heat treatments (PWHT) is numerically investigated for a girth-butt welded thin-walled pipe made of a micro-alloyed carbon manganese steel. A finite element analysis with assumed rotational symmetry is performed. The influence of creep, relaxation and phase transformations is included. The amount of stress reduction is found to be mainly controlled by the holding temperature. Most of this reduction was observed to occur during the end of the heating period where the transient stresses followed the fall of the yield stress with temperature.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this article, a model of surface residual stresses in aluminum alloys is proposed and evaluated based on consideration of the nature of the microplastic deformation process, and it is shown that the rate of relaxation is greatest for those surface preparation processes which produce the steepest residual stress gradient normal to the surface.
Abstract: Microplastic deformation during fatigue of aluminum alloys permits relaxation of residual surface stresses at peak external stress amplitudes that are appreciably less than the yield strength. A review of the literature reveals that this process has not been adequately modeled. We propose and evaluate a model of relaxation which is based upon consideration of the nature of the microplastic deformation process. Residual surface stresses measured during fatigue of an Al 2219-T851 alloy are predicted from the cyclic stress amplitude, the initial magnitude of the residual stress and the ambient humidity during fatigue. It is shown that the rate of relaxation is greatest for those surface preparation processes which produce the steepest residual stress gradient normal to the surface. The rapid relaxation of surface residual stresses in aluminum alloys is an important effect that must be quantitatively understood before adequate prediction of the effect of such stresses on fatigue life can be made.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Experiments show that stress generation in the cement is associated with its temperature while curing and that during the cooling phase, the stresses are mainly due to thermal as opposed to bulk shrinkage.
Abstract: In this first part of a two-part report, some aspects of the volumetric behavior of bone cement during its curing process are examined as a prelude to an analysis for the transient and residual stresses and displacements in stem fixation systems. Experiments show that stress generation in the cement is associated with its temperature while curing and that during the cooling phase, the stresses are mainly due to thermal as opposed to bulk shrinkage. The appropriate coefficient of thermal expansion of bone cement has been evaluated from measurements in a simulated fixation system in conjuction with a thermoelastic analysis.

Book ChapterDOI
SJ Maddox1
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of tensile residual stresses on the fatigue behavior of fillet welded joints under different load ratios and the relevance of the tensile strength of the steel, particularly in relation to the magnitude of residual stresses developed was investigated.
Abstract: Fatigue tests were carried out on fillet welded joints in four steels, with yield strengths ranging from 332 to 727 N/mm 2 , under various applied load ratios. Some specimens were stress-relieved but most were spot-heated to ensure that high tensile residual stresses, as would be present in as-welded joints in real structures, were present in the specimens. The aim was to investigate the effect of tensile residual stresses on the fatigue behavior of fillet welded joints under different load ratios and the relevance of the tensile strength of the steel, particularly in relation to the magnitude of residual stresses developed. In the present specimens, the residual stresses were no higher in the high-strength steels than the mild steels, with the result that the tensile strength of the steel had no effect on the fatigue strength of the joints in both the as-welded and the stress-relieved conditions. Furthermore, it was found that for the range of R-values used (R = - (zero compression to R = 0.67) applied load ratio had little effect on the fatigue strength of the as-welded joints provided that "failure" under compressive loading was taken to be a crack length less than or equal to that at which the rate of crack growth began to decrease. Stress relief was only partially effective, with the result that applied compressive stresses were still damaging. Thus under partly compressive loading the fatigue strength of the joint increased but not greatly. However, stress relief had no effect on the fatigue strength of the joint when it was subjected to tension loading.

Patent
03 Nov 1982
TL;DR: Disclosed is a metallic tubular structure having an improved collapse strength characterized by a circumferential residual tensile stress left in the inner peripheral surface thereof, said residual stress ranging between 0 and 15 % of the yield stress.
Abstract: Disclosed is a metallic tubular structure having an improved collapse strength characterized in that the tubular structure has a circumferential residual tensile stress left in the inner peripheral surface thereof, said residual stress ranging between 0 and 15 % of the yield stress of the tubular structure The material of the structure may be any one selected from a group consisting of plain steel, alloy steel, stainless steel and Fe--Ni--Cr alloy The tubular structure of the invention can suitably be used as pipes under severe condition such as in deep oil wells

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory for the residual stresses in tempered glass plates has been adapted for the cooling of plastics, which have temperature dependent thermal properties, and the theory was checked against experimental residual stress distributions found in quenched polycarbonate sheet, and against the analytical solution for temperature independent properties.
Abstract: A theory for the residual stresses in tempered glass plates has been adapted for the cooling of plastics, which have temperature dependent thermal properties. The theory was checked against experimental residual stress distributions found in quenched polycarbonate sheet, and against the analytical solution for temperature independent properties. The heat transfer coefficient for quenching polycarbonate from 170° C into iced water was found to lie between 1000 and 4000 W m−2 K. It is known that the cutting of thin sections from a sheet relieves the residual stresses, and this is used for transparent plastics to distinguish between orientation and stress bi-refringence. An elastic stress analysis of the sectioning process showed that the section width must be less than 20% of the sheet thickness for the residual stresses to be reduced to 5% of their original values.