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Showing papers on "Resource dependence theory published in 1996"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe why human resource management (HRM) decisions are likely to have an important and unique influence on organizational performance, and their hope is that this research forum will help advance...
Abstract: We describe why human resource management (HRM) decisions are likely to have an important and unique influence on organizational performance. Our hope is that this research forum will help advance ...

3,140 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a model, grounded in a study of the world disk drive industry, that charts the process through which the demands of a firm's customers shape the allocation of resources in technological innovation.
Abstract: Why might firms be regarded as astutely managed at one point, yet subsequently lose their positions of industry leadership when faced with technological change? We present a model, grounded in a study of the world disk drive industry, that charts the process through which the demands of a firm's customers shape the allocation of resources in technological innovation—a model that links theories of resource dependence and resource allocation. We show that established firms led the industry in developing technologies of every sort—even radical ones—whenever the technologies addressed existing customers' needs. The same firms failed to develop simpler technologies that initially were only useful in emerging markets, because impetus coalesces behind, and resources are allocated to, programs targeting powerful customers. Projects targeted at technologies for which no customers yet exist languish for lack of impetus and resources. Because the rate of technical progress can exceed the performance demanded in a market, technologies which initially can only be used in emerging markets later can invade mainstream ones, carrying entrant firms to victory over established companies.

2,489 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors build on previous work in international human resource management by drawing on concepts from the resource-based view of the firm and resource dependence to develop a theoretical model of the determinants at strategic international HR systems in multinational corporations.
Abstract: This article builds on previous work in international human resource management by drawing on concepts from the resource-based view of the firm and resource dependence to develop a theoretical model of the determinants at strategic international human resource management (SIHRM) systems in multinational corporations. The article then offers propositions concerning the relationships between a number of key determinants and the multinational corporation's overall SIHRM approach, the design of a particular affiliate's HRM system, and the HRM system for critical groups of employees within the affiliate.

647 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a rationale whereby a firm might elect a CEO or board dominance structure as compared to more balanced governance structures, and suggest that the efficacy of such choices may depend on several attendant conditions including the portfolio exposure and globalization of the firm, its ownership patterns (e.g., five percent owners, institutional investors, positions held by other corporations).

243 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: Investigating both the organizational and environmental factors associated with an emerging health care service delivery innovation, the provision of specialty care in designated units in nursing care facilities finds results indicate that facilities with fewer Medicare patients are more likely to operate a dedicated Alzheimer's Disease or subacute care unit.
Abstract: OBJECTIVE Using resource dependency theory as a conceptual framework, this study investigates both the organizational and environmental factors associated with an emerging health care service delivery innovation, the provision of specialty care in designated units in nursing care facilities We consider two types of specialty units, Alzheimer's Disease and subacute care DATA SOURCES The Medicare/Medicaid Automated Certification Survey (MMACS) data file was merged with local market area data obtained from the 1992 Area Resource File and with state level regulatory data STUDY DESIGN The likelihood of providing Alzheimer's Disease or subacute care in dedicated units was estimated by separate logistic regressions PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Results indicate that facilities with fewer Medicare patients are more likely to operate a dedicated Alzheimer's care unit, while facilities located in markets with a large HMO population and greater hospital supply are more likely to operate a subacute care unit While competition among nursing homes, for the most part, is an incentive to innovate, greater regulatory stringency appears to constrain the development of specialty care units of both types Finally, organizational characteristics (eg, size and proprietary status) appear to be important enabling factors influencing the propensity to provide specialty care in dedicated units CONCLUSIONS Nursing care facilities are moving toward providing specialty care units partly as a response to a growing demand by resource providers and to maintain a competitive edge in tighter markets Loosening regulation directed at cost containment would further encourage the development of specialty care but should be preceded by some evaluation of population needs for specialty care and the effectiveness of specialty care units

232 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a growing form of interorganizational "multifaceted" relationship under "coopetition", where a buyer, supplier, and/or partner is also a competitor, is examined.
Abstract: This article examines a growing form of interorganizational "multifaceted" relationship under "coopetition," where a buyer, supplier, and/or partner is also a competitor. We first describe different types of such relationships and the strategic dilemmas they present. Then, using resource dependence and transaction cost theories, we consider the antecedent conditions for the formation of such relationships and discuss strategies for dealing with them. Finally, we consider questions for further study of these types of arrangements.

221 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the human resource implications of organizational change and the use of human resource practices for building and maintaining organizational commitment are discussed, highlighting the need for organizations to establish new policies and practices which are in line with business requirements, societal changes and the values and expectations of employees.
Abstract: Examines the human resource implications of organizational change and the use of human resource practices for building and maintaining organizational commitment. Highlights the need for organizations to establish new policies and practices which are in line with business requirements, societal changes and the values and expectations of employees.

119 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine the process of investment decision making in six Chinese state enterprises during the economic reform which combined moves towards a market system with a continuing role for the state in industrial governance.
Abstract: The paper examines the process of investment decision making in six Chinese state enterprises during the economic reform which combined moves towards a market system with a continuing role for the state in industrial governance. This placed investment at the boundary between bureaucratic control and market forces, the theory being that enterprise managers would advance investment proposals in response to the market while government authorities retained the right of final approval in the light of broader-based priorities. This mixed “market socialism” model has been treated with considerable scepticism by the so-called “reform economists” in Eastern Europe who doubt that enterprises can pursue policies which are rational in terms of market forces so long as they remain subject to significant administrative influence. Resource dependence and institutional perspectives, in drawing attention to higher administrative agencies as providers respectively of critical resources and of legitimacy for the state enterprises under their purview, also predict that institutional constraints will continue to operate on enterprise decision making. North's discussion of informal institutional arrangements and incremental change gives rise to similar expectations. Detailed examination of the investment decision process at the three major stages of initiation, design and detailing, and final authorization does in fact indicate that it remains heavily dependent upon higher authorities. The reasons for this continuing dependence are discussed and comparisons are drawn with the investment decision process in western countries.

116 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that organizational learning is itself a strategic capability or resource important to the process of building and maintaining competitive advantage.
Abstract: In recent years, resource‐based theory has emerged as one of the most promising theoretical frameworks in the field of strategic management. Unfortunately, past articulations of the theory have adopted a static orientation, with the result that organizational learning ‐ a dynamic process ‐ has been excluded from the discussion. Presents a model designed to incorporate organizational learning effects into the resource‐based view. Then applies the model to a number of case examples to demonstrate the importance of including organizational learning as a component of resource‐based theory. Concludes that organizational learning is itself a strategic capability or resource important to the process of building and maintaining competitive advantage.

100 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, U.G. Foa, K.Y. Tornblom and B.O.N.Nilsson proposed a Resource Exchange Theory Approach to Interpersonal Interactions: A Test of Foa's Theory.
Abstract: U.G. Foa, K.T. Tornbolm, E.B. Foa, and J. Converse, Jr. , Introduction: Resource Theory in Social Psychology. Probing the Basic Notions: U.G. Foa, Interpersonal and Economic Resources. J. Converse, Jr., and U.G. Foa, Some Principles of Equity in Interpersonal Exchanges. D. Brinberg and P. Castell, A Resource Exchange Theory Approach to Interpersonal Interactions: A Test of Foa's Theory. U.G. Foa, L.N. Salcedo, K.Y. Tornblom, M. Garner, H. Glaubman, and M. Teichman, Interrelation of Social Resources: Evidence of Pancultural Invariance. Resource Needs and Life Satisfaction: R. Blieszner, Resource Exchange in the Social Networks of Elderly Women. K.Y. Tornblom and B.O. Nilsson, The Effect of Matching Resources to Source on Their Perceived Importance and Sufficiency. J.H. Berg and F.A. Wiebe, Resource Exchange in the Workplace: Exchange of Economic and Interpersonal Resources. K.D. Rettig, S.M. Danes, and J.W. Bauer, Gender Differences in Perceived Family Life Quality among Economically Stressed Farm Families. M. Teichman, H. Glaubman, and M. Garner, From Early Adolescence to Middly-Age Adulthood: The Perceived Need for Interpersonal Resources in Four Developmental Stages. Applications and Integrations: J.H. Berg, K.E. Piner, and S.M. Frank, Resource Theory and Close Relationships. K. Tornblom, P. Sten, K. Pirak, A. Pudas and E. Tornlund, Type of Resource and Choice of Comparison Target. D. Brinberg and S. Ganesan, An Application of Foa's Resource Theory to Product Positioning. L.L'Abate and T. Harel, Deriving, Developing, and Expanding a Theory of Developmental Competence from Resource Exchange Theory. R.A. Hinde, Epilogue. Appendix: A Bibliography of Uriel G. Foa's Publications.

94 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of EDI use on the trading relationships between car manufacturers and their suppliers based on a series of case studies in the German and UK automotive industries is assessed.
Abstract: Electronic data interchange (EDI) is an important prerequisite for inter-organizational coordination in the automotive industry. It not only affects the efficiency of coordination but also power-dependency and structural aspects of inter-organizational relationships. This study assesses the impact of EDI use on the trading relationships between car manufacturers and their suppliers based on a series of case studies in the German and UK automotive industries. The analysis is based on a multi-perspective research framework integrating three major approaches: transaction cost analysis, resource dependence theory and the network perspective. Findings suggest that EDI enables both parties to rationalise their operations. However, manufacturers still optimise their production at the expense of their suppliers. This may have a negative impact on cooperation with suppliers preventing long-term ‘true’ partnerships.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study analysis of a number of public and private sector tourism marketing collaborative organizations is presented, showing that the organizations studied had developed structures and processes which had the characteristics of an emerging network organization, and the benefits that can be obtained from this process when compared to in-house marketing.
Abstract: Observes that there has been considerable recent interest in evolving forms of network organizations, and notes the suggestion that organizations are developing increasingly fuzzy external boundaries as ongoing relationships with external subcontractors are developed. Identifies a number of network models that have been proposed which combine systems theory, resource dependency theory and strategic contingencies theory, but notes there has been little empirical analysis of the effects of an organization’s external relationships on its internal relationships, or vice versa. Summarizes briefly recent theoretical developments in the network literature and then reports on a case study analysis of a number of public‐private sector tourism marketing collaborative organizations. Looks at the reasons why public and private sector organizations collaborate to market a local tourism destination and the benefits that can be obtained from this process when compared to in‐house marketing. Concludes that the organizations studied had developed structures and processes which had the characteristics of an emerging network organization.

Book
05 Feb 1996
TL;DR: The authors examines the profound impact of World War II on American government and argues that the wartime and immediate postwar experiences of the 1940s transformed and redirected the policies and government institutions of the New Deal.
Abstract: This text examines the profound impact of World War II on American government. It argues that the wartime and immediate postwar experiences of the 1940s transformed and redirected the policies and government institutions of the New Deal. The author proposes a new model of the state and of "state-building"; he then applies this model, which derives from the resource dependence perspective, to the historical record of four areas of public policy: social security, labour-management relations, public finance and military procurement.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors combined resource dependence and agency theories with previous research on executive salaries to develop an explanatory model of director compensation, and found that four variables were found to have a significant relationship with director compensation: firm size, firm profitability, equity ownership by directors, and resource richness of the board.
Abstract: Executive compensation has recently become the subject of extensive scrutiny by the popular press. However, compensation for corporate directors is one area which has only received little attention or research. The present study combined resource dependence and agency theories with previous research on executive salaries to develop an explanatory model of director compensation. Data were collected from US firms at two points in time to assess the stability of these predictors. Four variables were found to have a significant relationship with director compensation: firm size, firm profitability, equity ownership by directors, and resource richness of the board. However, the explanatory power of these variables appear to decline over time. Practical implications of these results are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the core competence organizational model (Prahalad & Hamel 1994) is described and conceptual shifts implicit in this model in relation to other theories: resource dependence, traditional strategic thinking, and the resource-based view of the firm.



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined whether athletic departments are perceived to be controlled by the funding sources in their environment according to their relative resource dependence upon those sources and found that significant Spearman rank order correlations reveal the resource dependence-based perceived control of the university central administr...
Abstract: Organizational autonomy of the interuniversity athletic department, university responsibility for athletics, and pressure from nonuniversity individuals, groups, and organizations are all concerns related to the department's dependence on various sources in its environment for financial support. The Emerson (1962) power-dependence theory of social exchange relations, and its adaptation to the study of organization-environment relations (Pfeffer & Salancik, 1978; Thompson, 1967), guided an examination of funding and control in Canadian university athletics. This study examined whether athletic departments are perceived to be controlled by the funding sources in their environment according to their relative resource dependence upon those sources. Financial resource dependence and perceived control data were obtained from athletic directors (ADs) at 34 Canadian universities. Significant Spearman rank order correlations reveal the resource dependence-based perceived control of the university central administr...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the associations between contextual factors (characteristics of the relationship, the firm, and of the environment) and the use of cooperative and non-cooperative strategies were tested empirically in the drug wholesaler-pharmacy dyad.
Abstract: We developed hypotheses to predict the associations among contextual factors and conflict resolution strategies within interfirm relationships. The hypotheses were based on relational exchange theory, resource dependence theory, power theory, and related literature. Specifically, the associations between contextual factors (characteristics of the relationship, the firm, and of the environment) and the use of cooperative and noncooperative strategies were tested empirically in the drug wholesaler-pharmacy dyad. The findings show that relationship characteristics have the most effect on the use of conflict resolution strategies. Trust had significant relations with both types of strategies, relationalism was associated with cooperative strategies, and exercised seller power was related to the use of noncooperative strategies.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Human resource development, when practiced in productive organizations, should strive to contribute directly to the organizations' performance goals as mentioned in this paper, which is the goal of human resource development in any organization.
Abstract: Human resource development, when practiced in productive organizations, should strive to contribute directly to the organizations' performance goals.

Journal Article
TL;DR: This analysis challenges the utility of a multiple resource framework for predictive workload assessments by suggesting that ratings of efforts required to use the seven postulated resource channels could have little validity.
Abstract: BACKGROUND: During the design process, operator workload assessments sometimes require subject matter experts (SME's) to predict the amount of physical and mental demands they expect during system employment. Often, these subjective estimates are considered within the context of models that partition human capabilities into discrete resources. Such models require the SME's to rate tasks on how they affect resource consumption. This type of assessment technique is based upon the premise that raters can effectively discriminate their own resources. METHODS: Subjective workload ratings based on multiple resource theory were collected independently from two highly experienced pilots for 225 different tasks of an anticipated mission for a future advanced strike aircraft. The data were examined using a factor analytic approach. RESULTS: Factor analysis of their responses suggest that while such ratings have high face validity and even high inter-rater reliabilities, the ratings could have little validity in terms of efforts required to use the seven postulated resource channels (i.e., visual or auditory input, spatial, verbal or analytical cognition, and manual or speech output). Ratings of efforts required for the cognitive resource channels were particularly suspect. We identified four independent factors for each pilot that accounted for virtually all of the intercorrelations among the 7 resource channels. Three factors (i.e., visual-spatial, verbal communications, and manual and speech output) were identical for both pilots and accounted for most of the explainable variance. CONCLUSION: Given these results, this analysis challenges the utility of a multiple resource framework for predictive workload assessments. Language: en

DOI
01 Jan 1996
TL;DR: Pai et al. as discussed by the authors examined the determinants of the new entry of an HMO into a Medicare risk contract using a resource dependence-diversification model using a non-experimental, panel design with one year time lag.
Abstract: DETERMINANTS OF THE NEW ENTRY OF HMOS INTO A MEDICARE RISK CONTRACT: A RESOURCE DEPENDENCE-DIVERSIFICATION MODEL By Chih-Wen Pai, Ph.D. A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University Medical College of Virginia Campus, Virginia Commonwealth University, 1 996 Major Director: Dolores G. Clement, Dr. P.H., Associate Professor The purpose of this study is to examine the determinants of the new entry of an HMO into a Medicare risk contract using a resource dependence-diversification model. x This study is conducted through a non-experimental, panel design with one year time lag. An HMO's market is defined as the service area. The primary sample for this study is composed of 440 HMOs that do not have a Medicare risk contract as of January 1 994. Data for the variables are extracted from the 1 994 and 1 995 InterStudy and Group Health Association of America (GHAA) directories, the 1 996 Area Resource File, the 1 994 County and City Data Book, the 1 993 County Business Patterns. Additional supplementary data on adjusted average per capita cost (AAPCC) and county-level Medicare beneficiaries are obtained from the Health Care Financing Administration. xi The dependent variable is discrete indicating an HMO's market entry. Independent variables are grouped into four categories: market structure, resource munificence, market price, and organizational attributes. Twelve hypotheses are tested using multivariate logistic regression. This analysis reveals that HMO enrollment size is a predominant, positive factor in predicting a new market entry. HMOs are also sensitive to the level of AAPCC rates in making a market entry decision. Results from hypothesis testing suggest that competition encourages a new market entry. The importance of resource munificence is not statistically supported. This study demonstrates the appropriateness of a panel design to verify a cause­ effect relationship and the applicability of the service area as an HMO's market. This study also contributes to the theoretical understanding of an HMO's market entry.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a large-scale study of 571 U.S. K-12 schools was used to test factors predicting schools' use of external networks for instructional purposes.
Abstract: Hypotheses from diffusion and resource dependence theory are applied to the explanation of participation in external networking (inter-networking) by schools. A national probability sample of 571 U.S. K-12 schools was used to test factors predicting schools’ use of external networks for instructional purposes. Early (vs late) adoption of computers did not predict later involvement in networking. Neither school spending nor rural region predicted network participation, except through the intervening variable of computer density. Thus, no matter how a school has acquired computers, once the base has been established it serves as an essential ingredient in taking the next step into external networking. The results were disappointing for diffusion theory and certainly point toward further investigation of this phenomenon. The findings also point to the importance of building a technological infrastructure in order to boost and leverage many of the instructional reform initiatives in education.

Book
25 Mar 1996
TL;DR: Tables and Figures Human Resource Planning Organizational Configurations Human Resources Planning in Defender Organizations Human resource planning in Prospector Organizations Human Resource planning in Analyzer Organizations Review and Implications References Name Index Subject Index
Abstract: Tables and Figures Human Resource Planning Organizational Configurations Human Resources Planning in Defender Organizations Human Resource Planning in Prospector Organizations Human Resource Planning in Analyzer Organizations Review and Implications References Name Index Subject Index

Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the Shapley-valur adaptor adapts a kind of Shapley valur adaptrd fa a hserarrhtca! organrzntion.
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Posted Content
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors apply factor analysis, logistic and multiple linear regression to a sample of 145 municipal charters in 1970 for cities with populations of at least 25,000 in 1960.
Abstract: Theory: According to transaction resource theory, constitutions are relational contracts that facilitate long-term relationships. Transaction resource theory identifies 1) three types of risk in cooperation: coordination, division, and defection; 2) contextual factors, such as increasing population size and heterogeneity, that hinder the ability of the primary parties to mitigate these risks; and 3) the ability of third-party governance to facilitate cooperation. Procedural safeguards in a constitution create incentives -- albeit at a cost -- that mitigate the risks of third-party governance in the relationship between a governor and the governed. In that relationship, the three risks take the form of instability, unresponsiveness, and inefficiency. The theory draws upon collective choice theory, bargaining theory, and the economics of information. Hypothesis: As contextual constraints increase the three risks of governance, constitutions are more likely to contain safeguards crafted to mitigate them: allocations of authority across the branches of government, as in the veto, safeguard against instability; electoral rules, as in district versus at-large elections, safeguard against unresponsiveness; and provisions for direct democracy, as in initiatives, referenda and recalls, safeguard against inefficiency. Method: Factor analysis, logistic and multiple linear regression are applied to a sample of 145 municipal charters in 1970 for cities with populations of at least 25,000 in 1960. Results: Factor analysis discriminates among procedural safeguards in municipal charters consistent with their predicted purposes in mitigating the three risks. Regression analysis reveals the interdependence of the safeguards and their heightened likelihood under conditions where contextual factors heighten the risks. Significant contextual factors include constraints on municipal competition under state laws and increasing population size and income inequality.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore the relationships between organizational communication and organization theory and propose a method for studying interorganizational communication and assesses several models of inter-organizational relations.
Abstract: Explores the relationships between organizational communication and organization theory. Focuses on interorganizational communication and assesses several models of interorganizational relations. Proposes and discusses a method for studying interorganizational communication.