Showing papers on "Resource management published in 1972"
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TL;DR: In this article, the determination of optimal resource allocation for invention will depend on the technological characteristics of the invention process and the nature of the market for knowledge, which is interpreted broadly as the production of knowledge.
Abstract: Invention is here interpreted broadly as the production of knowledge. From the viewpoint of welfare economics, the determination of optimal resource allocation for invention will depend on the technological characteristics of the invention process and the nature of the market for knowledge.
7,747 citations
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31 Jul 1972TL;DR: An introduction to computer-to-computer networks and resource sharing is provided and some aspects of distributed computation are discussed.
Abstract: The development of resource-sharing networks can facilitate the provision of a wide range of economic and reliable computer services. Computer-communication networks allow the sharing of specialized computer resources such as data bases, programs, and hardware. Such a network consists of both the computer resources and a communications system interconnecting them and allowing their full utilization to be achieved. In addition, a resource-sharing network provides the means whereby increased cooperation and interaction can be achieved between individuals. An introduction to computer-to-computer networks and resource sharing is provided and some aspects of distributed computation are discussed.
73 citations
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01 Nov 1972
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive survey of resource management in the former Soviet Union is presented, analysing attitudes and accomplishments in the field of conservation of natural resources, including land and soil resources, nature reserves, wildlife and fish management, mineral and forestry resources and environmental pollution.
Abstract: First published in 1972 this was a systematic and comprehensive survey in English of resource management in the former Soviet Union, analysing attitudes and accomplishments in the field of conservation of natural resources. The book reviews the most important and unique features of Soviet natural resource management and conservation, examines approaches toward the use of natural resources and the consequent problems, and attempts to define the meaning of 'conservation' in the Soviet Union. Early chapters discuss the historical background of natural resource management in tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union, and the legal and institutional framework. Successive chapters deal with land and soil resources, nature reserves, wildlife and fish management, mineral and forestry resources and environmental pollution. The final chapter evaluates conservation attitudes and the political and philosophical implications of Soviet conservation. The book includes an extensive bibliography of Soviet and foreign literature and a large and varied group of appendices covering key terminology, legal documents, and resource and environmental data.
51 citations
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42 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the use of the domestic resource cost (DRC) and the effective rate of protection (ERP) measures for project selection and for evaluating the cost of protection is examined.
Abstract: This paper examines some questions relating to the use of the domestic resource cost (DRC) and the effective rate of protection (ERP) measures for project selection and for evaluating the cost of protection. It is shown that, while DRC and ERP give the same results under optimal policies, the choice between them becomes relevant in a nonoptimal situation. Morover, if nonoptimal policies can be expected to persist during the life of the project, one needs to utilize shadow prices reflecting these policies in preference to first-best shadow prices. The paper finally considers the applicability of ERP and DRC under alternative assumptions.
37 citations
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01 Jan 1972
25 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors show that knowledge already available about the relationships governing the supply of and demand for resources is sufficient to develop a frame work, a simulation model, which can form the basis for more meaningful analysis of long-term resource usage.
Abstract: The limited reserves of mineral resources will soon become a problem facing all the countries of this globe. In an attempt to plan for the needed supply, the static reserve life index of a resource has been used as a measure of future availability. This static index is an inadequate measure of resource availability, one which could cause severe misjudg ments concerning resource supplies. Long-term re source planning requires a better understanding than that afforded by the static reserve life index. This paper illustrates that knowledge already available about the relationships governing the supply of and demand for resources is sufficient to develop a frame work, a simulation model, which can form the basis for more meaningful analysis of long-term resource utili zation.
12 citations
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7 citations
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7 citations
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01 Jan 1972
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TL;DR: The paper's thesis is that resource consumption must become goal-oriented rather than process-oriented, and cost-effectiveness approaches to program design are illustrated.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to identify and examine major issues related to the concept of the offender as a consumer of resources. These perspectives should contribute to increased effectiveness of correctional planning and program manage ment.The immediate problem is two-fold: the costs of dealing with the offender are enormous and increasing and there are virtually no indications that present correctional methods are effective interventions in criminal careers. A complicating set of additional problems arises from the failure to define and synthesize the goals of criminal justice and correction. This paper proposes a number of goal-setting assumptions and illustrates cost-effectiveness approaches to program design. Im portani related questions of resource management are raised. The paper's thesis is that resource consumption must become goal-oriented rather than process-oriented.
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01 Jan 1972
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a scheme for utilizing remote sensing technology in an operational program for regional land use planning and land resource management program applications, which utilizes remote sensing imagery as one of several potential inputs to derive desired and necessary data, and considers several alternative approaches to the expansion or reduction and analysis of data, using automated data handling techniques.
Abstract: Development of a scheme for utilizing remote sensing technology in an operational program for regional land use planning and land resource management program applications. The scheme utilizes remote sensing imagery as one of several potential inputs to derive desired and necessary data, and considers several alternative approaches to the expansion and/or reduction and analysis of data, using automated data handling techniques. Within this scheme is a five-stage program development which includes: (1) preliminary coordination, (2) interpretation and encoding, (3) creation of data base files, (4) data analysis and generation of desired products, and (5) applications.
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors examine some of the planning problems faced by managers of individual state parks and show that the management of public resources for outdoor recreation is a problem of staggering proportions.
Abstract: The management of public resources for outdoor recreation is a problem of staggering proportions. This article examines some of the planning problems faced by managers of individual state parks and...
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a survey of the use of the term "new town" in the context of nine very varied countries (UK, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, France, USA, Poland, and Hungary) and present a brief summary of the official planning structure and regional planning history so far as the planning process is concerned.
Abstract: The term 'new town' must surely be one of the most loosely used labels in the terminology of planning. What exactly does it mean, what is implied in terms of content and function, and what are the typical circumstances which have led to the widespread adoption of 'new towns' as planning measures? Professor Merlin's book sets out to answer these important questions in the context of nine very varied countries (UK, Sweden, Denmark, Finland, the Netherlands, France, USA, Poland, and Hungary) and for this reason alone the book seems assured of a wide and interested audience. Beyond this general readership, however, more specialized interest is likely to focus around two particular themes—urban design and its details, and the tools, mechanisms, and agencies of the planning process itself as it operates at what Hall (1970) has called regional/national and regional/local levels. For both these interests the book provides welcome detail, which is arranged under broadly consistent themes (design policy, building mechanism, housing, administration, finances, employment, population, social life, and so on) in the case of town construction and content and which is presented as a brief summary of the official planning structure and regional planning 'history' so far as the planning process is concerned. Neither of these subjects is particularly easy to present. The first can too easily become a catalogue whilst the complexities of the latter are difficult enough to deal with in one's own language, let alone somebody else's, and it must be admitted that the book does not always escape the first of these pitfalls and is often rather overwhelmed by the second. On the designdetail side, comprehension is not helped by half-a-dozen town plans devoid of any key, or more fundamentally, the almost total absence of local maps naming the features described and illustrating their relationship to each other. If the reader's knowledge of suburban Stockholm or Upper Silesia is somewhat vague, or nonexistent, he will get little help from this book, and the many new place names will remain only dimly associated with real places and situations. The more widespread difficulties encountered with the description of the planning process seem to arise partly from an attempt to deal too briefly with very complex situations, and partly in the translation from the original French text, for there are many passages which make difficult reading and some whose true meaning is quite obscure. In this manner, intriguing and important ideas such as the existence around Paris at one stage of a 'carcan' (though not translated, this means 'iron collar', was it a sort of urban fence?) are touched upon but not elaborated, and in the section on Britain, where the reviewer can judge more freely, one is often left with a feeling of a somewhat misplaced emphasis in the description of the new town and expanded town situation. Even so this is a very difficult problem to tackle and the reader's sympathies are likely to be with Merlin in his pioneering attempt to present a rare comprehensive picture. After reading the book one scarcely knows whether to be appalled or reassured that in none of the countries described does this type of planning appear to be free from the confusion of plan, new plan, strategy, revised strategy, false starts, and fresh starts which are not unknown here—and Britain's record as described in the book emerges as well as any. Difficulties or not, there is much salutory reading here for 'regional planners'.
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TL;DR: In this article, the concept of integrated water resources management is developed in some detail through many aspects such as the need for, and type of, governmental involvement; institutional arrangements; judicial and economic policies; technical measures; the importance of socio-economic considerations; and the need to consider the widest possible range of alternatives.
Abstract: In this review the concept of integrated water resources management is developed in some detail through many aspects such as the need for, and type of, governmental involvement; institutional arrangements; judicial and economic policies; technical measures; the importance of socio‐economic considerations; and the need to consider the widest possible range of alternatives. Approaches to this type of water resources management in three western European countries, Canada, and the United States arc discussed.
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01 Apr 1972
TL;DR: In the long run, however, a totally new approach to the problems of development seems mandatory to me as mentioned in this paper, based on a number of apparently quite independent, yet convergent trends and evolutions.
Abstract: as this, must not detract attention from the shortand medium-range goals that must be met in the immediate future, such as those put forward in the Strategy. In the long run, however, a totally new approach to the problems of development seems mandatory to me. It would seem to be based on a number of apparently quite independent, yet convergent trends and evolutions. Before dealing with the proposal itself, I shall briefly survey these trends. 1) While foreign aid will probably grow during the next years, it will, by itself, not basically alter the problem. Foreign aid is a stop-gap solution, nothing else. It is not so much the quantity of foreign aid that is in question at the moment as it is the quality: i.e., the very concept of foreign aid ac a basis for economic development. A shift from bilateral to multilateral aid would not basically change the situation. Undoubtedly it would remove certain political inconveniences; yet ’aid’ would still be ’external’, it still would come from ’rich’ to ’poor’ nations. In this sense it still would be bilateral.
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TL;DR: The Critical Path Method (CPM) as discussed by the authors is one of the most useful tools available today for planning and has been used extensively for water resource management in the Alberta Water Resources Division.
Abstract: . The task of resource management, in this case water resources, is rapidly becoming more complex, particularly because decision making is often contingent upon various prior activities and sets of data. Comprehensive planning is required in order to prevent misallocation of resources or mismanagement in resource development. Such planning involves five general phases which are applicable to any problem faced by society: (1) problem identification; (2) formulation of alternatives; (3) evaluation of alternatives; (4) implementation; (5) review. There have been many attempts to simplify the planning process and effectively carry out these five phases. The experience of the Alberta Water Resources Division has been that the Critical Path Method is one of the most useful tools available today for planning. It involves two basic steps: (1) preparation of a network diagram which (a) identifies all the activities necessary for the completion of a project, (b) correctly sequences these activities, (c) allocates resources; and (2) mathematical computations for scheduling the activities. In other words, this approach breaks a task down into smaller units or activities for easier organization, scheduling, and performance for eventual completion of the project. This paper will illustrate the effectiveness of the Critical Path Method by discussing its application to actual water resources projects.
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TL;DR: In this article, four major research institutes on the shores of Chesapeake Bay have combined forces to mount a broad multidisciplinary study of the human impact on this body of water.
01 Jan 1972
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29 Sep 1972
TL;DR: In this article, the use of ERTS-1 imagery and aerial photography in identifying different crops and field conditions is discussed, and five examples are given of use of the imagery and imagery for identifying different fields and conditions.
Abstract: There are no author-identified significant results in this report. ERTS-1 information will be utilized by resource management groups working in the fields of forestry, hydrology, range management, and agriculture to develop resource inventories of the state of California. Five examples are given of the use of ERTS-1 imagery and aerial photography in identifying different crops and field conditions.