Showing papers on "Resource management published in 1991"

Organizational Innovation: A Meta-Analysis Of Effects Of Determinants and Moderators

Abstract: A meta-analysis of the relationships between organizational innovation and 13 of its potential determinants resulted in statistically significant associations for specialization, functional differe...

Exploration and Exploitation in Organizational Learning

Abstract: Examines the correlation between the exploration of new possibilities and the exploitation of old certainties in organizational learning. Also discusses the difficulty in balancing resource management between gaining new information about alternatives to improve future returns (i.e., exploration) and using information currently available to improve present returns (i.e., exploitation). Two models which evaluate the formation and use of knowledge in organizations are developed. The first is a model of mutual learning in a closed system having fixed organizational membership and stability. The second is a model which considers the ways in which competitive advantage is affected by knowledge accumulation. The analysis indicates that the choice to rapidly develop exploitation over exploration might be effective in the short term, but is potentially detrimental to the firm in the long term. (SFL)

The management of human resources

Abstract: Part 1 The Strategic Importance of Human Resource Management: The Role of Human Resource Management in Organizations Strategic Human Resource Management Human Resource Laws and Regulations. Part 2 Employee Selection and Placement: Strategic Human Resource Planning Job Analysis and Strategic Recruitment Strategic Staffing - The Selection Process. Part 3 Performance Management: Evaluating Performance Principles of Training and Development Training and Development Programs. Part 4 Compensation and Benefits: Wage and Salary Administration Financial Incentives Employee Benefits, Pensions, and Pay Regulations. Part 5 Employee and Labour Relations: Labour Relations Grievance and Discipline Procedures. Part 6 Safety and Health: Employee Safety and Health.

The Role of Information Systems in the UK National Health Service: Action at a Distance and the Fetish of Calculation

Abstract: This paper examines some fundamental issues pertaining to the use of, as well as to the distinctive characteristics of, information technology in relation to the development of information systems within the UK National Health Service (NHS). The paper refers to the current Resource Management Initiative in the NHS, which involves the fabrication of information systems to connect medical activity to resource usage, and thus to costs. Examining the features of some of the rival inscriptions undergoing development to make this connection visible, the paper highlights the properties of information technology in enhancing their mobilization. It also addresses the immutability and combinability of these inscriptions, and discusses some of the implications, in terms of medical practice and knowledge, which may follow from their use.

Using normative data to develop evaluative standards for resource management: a comment on three recent papers.

Abstract: (1991). Using Normative Data to Develop Evaluative Standards for Resource Management: A Comment on Three Recent Papers. Journal of Leisure Research: Vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 173-187.

Broadband ISDN resource management: the role of virtual paths

Abstract: It is shown that virtual paths will be a substantial component of a resource management control hierarchy for the B-ISDN. Other components of this hierarchy include connection admission, usage parameter control, and reactive congestion control. An overview of this control hierarchy is provided. The role of virtual paths for cost-effective resource management and connection admission control in the B-ISDN is examined. Some strategies for reserving capacity on virtual paths are identified, and the use of virtual paths to simplify connection admission control is discussed. The reservation of capacity on virtual path connections is shown to result in substantial network cost savings for the case study considered. >

Greed, Efficiency and Fairness in Resource Management Situations

Abstract: Whereas rational choice theory predicts that harvesting in resource management situations is completely determined by greed, being the dominant choice, the GEF hypothesis predicts that although individuals are greedy (G), their greed is constrained by two other motives: the desire to use the resource efficiently (E) and the desire to realize fairness (F), referring to equal outcomes for all participants. The GEF hypothesis was corroborated by results from several computer-controlled experiments. It can account for (a) the pattern of individual responses to choices made by other group members, the impact of (b) environmental uncertainty and (c) social uncertainty, and (d) the conditions under which freedom of access is abandoned in favor of leadership.

Communities as institutions for resource management

Abstract: A CASS Occasional Paper/ Conference Paper on rural environmental management by involving the participation of the community in the management of their shared environs. This paper was initially presented to the National Conference on Environment and Development, Maputo, Mocambique, 7-11 October, 1991.

A resource-based prediction of new venture survival and growth.

Abstract: This study proposed a predictive model of new venture failure, survival and growth based on measures of resources discernible at the point of startup. Using a multinomial logit model, we achieved s...

Biodiversity, culture, conservation and ecodevelopment

Abstract: The dual themes of conservation of biological resources and rural development are explored in this book by biologists, anthropologists, agricultural scientists and policy analysts. Using traditonal resource management systems as the basis of study, the contributors assess traditional management of plant and animal diversity, explore the rationale for "in situ" conservation and discuss existing and possible linkages between development and conservation.

Human resource management review

Abstract: ING AND INDEXING

Throughput in multiple service, multiple resource communication networks

Abstract: Communication networks that integrate multiple services using multiple resources are considered. In particular, the authors pose resource allocation problems, present a sensitivity analysis, and provide a glimpse of the possible behavior of such networks. The simplest discipline is assumed: a service request is accepted if the necessary resources are available; otherwise it is rejected. Two results are obtained. The first gives the sensitivity of throughput of service requests of type i with respect to offered traffic and service rates of type j. The second result is that the set of vectors of achievable throughput rates is a convex polyhedron given by an explicit set of linear inequalities. >

Hospitals in transition : the resource management experiment

Abstract: The result of an evaluation, commissioned by the Department of Health, that gave the authors access to the six acute hospital sites selected to pilot Resource Management (RM), over a three-year period. RM is currently being implemented in all major hospitals with the aim of improving patient care.

The Resource-Based Theory of Competitive Advantage: Implications for Strategy Formulation

Abstract: Constructs an analytical framework for a resource-based approach to strategy formulation. There are five stages in this framework: analyze resources, appraise capabilities, analyze competitive advantage, select strategy, and identify resource gaps. The concepts of this framework are illustrated by reference to existing U.S. firms such as IBM, Xerox, Harley-Davidson, and 3M. This framework uses resources and capabilities as the foundation for a firm's long-term strategy because they provide direction for firm strategy and serve as the primary source of firm profit. Resources are defined as the inputs into the production process and include items of capital equipment and skills of individual employees. Capabilities are defined as the capacity for a team of resources to perform some task or activity. When analyzing the competitive advantage of a firm, durability, transparency, transferability, and replicability are considered important factors. To be successful, firms must develop strategies which utilize their unique characteristics. (SRD)

The Bureau of Reclamation's new mandate for irrigation water conservation: Purposes and policy alternatives

Abstract: Although the Bureau of Reclamation adopted a new mission as a water management agency, social purposes of the mission and methods of accomplishing the purposes remain undefined. A broad consensus agrees that a central feature of the agency's management program should be irrigation water conservation. This paper describes three purposes of irrigation water conservation: achieving economic efficiency of water allocation, improving environmental quality of western river systems, and satisfying outstanding Native American water claims. Five policy instruments are described as alternative methods of inducing conservation: quantity-based regulation, price-based regulation, transferable water use permits, conservation subsidies, and decentralization of ownership of Reclamation facilities. Two findings are: (1) price-based regulation may not produce water conservation and (2) conservation policy instruments should be chosen with reference to their ability to achieve the purposes of federal water conservation policy. An example illustrates quantitative effects on farm income of the alternative instruments.

Effective logistics management

Abstract: Key components of the logistics mix are described in an effort to create an understanding of the total logistics concept. Chapters include an introduction to logistics; the strategic role of logistics, customer service levels, channel relationships, facilities location, transport, inventory management, materials handling, interface with production, purchasing and materials management, estimating demand, order processing, systems performance, leadership and team building, business resource management.

Evaluation model for developing, implementing, and assessing conservation education programs: Examples from Belize and Costa Rica

Abstract: Evaluation of conservation education programs can: (1) provide accountability in demonstrating a program's worth, (2) offer an opportunity for receiving feedback and improving programs, (3) further our understanding of the process of program development, and (4) promote conservation education by substantiating claims about its benefits. The Planning-Process-Product systems evaluation model provides feedback needed for making decisions about the development, implementation, and outcome of a program. Planning evaluation was useful in assessing the needs, goals, opportunities, and constraints of a number of programs in Costa Rica and Belize, such as a forestry education project and a zoo outreach program. It provided a basis for making planning decisions incorporating specific objectives, such as the reforestation of a region or a change in knowledge and attitudes in program participants. Process evaluation provided a Costa Rican sustainable development program with feedback during its implementation and enabled it to modify and improve its newsletter for local farmers and its ecology classes for school children. Product evaluation assessed project accomplishments, such as the $700,000 raised by the Children's Rainforest group and the 20 miles of riparian land under conservation management as part of the Belize Community Baboon Sanctuary project. Outcomes are compared with the programs original monetary or land management objectives to determine the success of the programs and to provide feedback for improvement.

Evaluation of Natural Resource Education Materials: Implications for Resource Management

Abstract: Natural resource education materials for the elementary level were evaluated to determine their emphasis on educational content and instructional goals. The majority of materials addressed basic knowledge of ecological principles, with minimal coverage of resource management issues and the higher instructional goals of analytical skill development and environmental behavior. The strengths and weaknesses of the lessons were identified and related to teacher utilization of natural resource education materials and achievement of environmental education and natural resource management goals.

Policy and Programs for Ecosystem Management in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem: An Analysis

Abstract: Yellowstone National Park and surrounding lands, known as the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, are at the center of a growing debate about the establishment of a region-wide ecosystem management policy, the contents of such a policy, and the administrative arrangements needed to implement it effectively. This paper (1) introduces the major natural resource agencies in the Greater Yellowstone Ecosystem, (2) reviews the problems obstructing improved management and uses case studies to illustrate the effectiveness of existing policies and programs in the ecosystem, and (3) describes and offers options for policy development and improved coordination among agency programs. Current resource management entities, dominated by federal agencies, are highly fragmented and operate under innumerable and often conflicting policies. Numerous problems exist, including the lack of shared problem definition by agencies and others, lack of unifying policy and goals, lack of interagency coordination, lack of data, and inability to use existing data efficiently. Varying recognition of problems by the agencies and their referent groups has led to a number of proposed solutions, which can be grouped as (1) development of consistent and comprehensive conservation policy and specific management goals, (2) generation and use of policy relevant knowledge, (3) reorganization and better management of agency bureaucracies, and (4) upgrading technical concepts and tools and improving information management. Effective ecosystem- wide coordinated management will ultimately depend upon well-articulated and well implemented regional policies, standards, and programs.

Are You Thinking What I Think You Are? A Study of Actual and Estimated Goal Priorities and Decision Preferences of Resource Managers, Environmentalists, and the Public

Abstract: Although public and interest group input to resource management policy and decisions is considered valuable and is ojien legally mandated, interactions between these groups and government agencies and officials are often marked by conflict and animosity. We examined two potential sources of conflict among these groups: differences among the decision preferences and values of resource managers, members of an environmental group, and the public; and discrepancies between the groups’ perceptions of each other's goal priorities or decision preferences and the actual responses. In general, the results provide evidence for a gulf not only between the actual responses of the three groups, but also between actual and expected responses. This indicates that finding a balance between the concerns of public and special interest groups and management mandates will involve not only assessing the positions of the three groups but also actively resolving discrepancies between expectations for others’ responses ...

Indigenous natural-resource management systems for sustainable agricultural development—a global perspective†

Abstract: Increasing pressure for food production due to the rapidly growing population has led to the gradual disappearance of numerous indigenous knowledge systems (IKSs) related to natural resource management. This process exposes the earths natural resources to constant ecological instability (such as loss of genetic diversity) and severe environmental vulnerability (such as soil degradation and soil erosion). Recent research on indigenous natural resource management systems indicates that they are highly sophisticated and complex reflecting generations of careful observations of the natural and physical environment. Keeping these in view a literature review has been conducted to identify major consequences of the disappearance of IKSs related to natural resource management. An attempt has been made to categorize indigenous natural resource management systems. IKSs documented from all over the globe and received at the Center for Indigenous Knowledge for Agriculture and Rural Development (CIKARD) were used to illustrate specific instances of locally adapted and economically viable indigenous natural resource management systems. Such examples were found in indigenous agronomic practices agroforestry indigenous genetic resources and pastoral management. An integrated natural resource management model has been developed with an overall goal of increasing food production by small-scale farmers with a least amount of deterioration to natures resource base. The salient features of the proposed model include promoting small-scale farmer participation recording indigenous knowledge systems related to natural resource management conducting diagnostic interviews evaluating modern technologies and conducting on-farm farmer-oriented research (OFFOR) trials for integrating indigenous and modern technologies. Careful implementation of such a model could contribute to ameliorating the growing natural resource problems of the developing world such as soil erosion environmental degradation and ecological destruction. (authors)

Rethinking Environmental Controls: Management Strategies for Common Resources

Abstract: How can we make sense of environmental law? Our legislators churn out great undigestible masses of statutes about the environment, which in turn are interpreted by mounds of regulations, all densely packed with bizarre terms and opaque acronyms.' One way to simplify this forbidding regulatory mass is to envision our environmental controls as exemplars or paradigms of a few generic strategies for managing resources. Through the use of these paradigms we can compare and critically analyze the strategies they represent. The first issue in such an enterprise concerns the characteristics that make resources \"environmental,\" so that they require some distinctive management. The conventional answer is that environmental resources present variants on \"commons\" problems, and in the first two Parts of this paper I explore that view. In Part III, I set out models of four generic strategies that may be used to manage \"commons\" resources.

Meaningful public participation in the planning and management of publicly owned forests

Abstract: Foresters responsible for the management of public forests in Canada need a new approach. Multiple resource management and meaningful public involvement in management decision making are the distinguishing characteristics of this approach. This paper examines public participation in the management of public forests by trying to answer three questions; 1. Why involve citizens in resource management at all?, 2. Who may participate?, and 3. How can the public participate? Deciding who may participate is a difficult task, but utilizing the concept of forest constituency may help. We suggest that the public must be involved not only in policy-making decisions, but also in management decisions. Doing so, however, requires the use of computerized decision aids designed specifically for cooperative exploration of management alternatives.

Economic Logistics: The Optimization of Spatial and Sectoral Resource, Production, and Distribution Systems

Abstract: Introduction: The Task Ahead Some Elements of Saddle-Point Theory (by W. W. Cooper and Sten Thore) The Spatial Dimension The Vertical Dimension The Time Dimension Price Formulations Resource Management by Goal Focusing Rigid Prices and/or Rigid Wages Chance-Constrained Activity Analysis and Chance-Constrained Production and Distribution Systems The Production and Distribution System as an Infinite Game Index