Topic
Reverse osmosis
About: Reverse osmosis is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 20780 publications have been published within this topic receiving 299185 citations. The topic is also known as: RO.
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TL;DR: Nanofiltration is a pressure driven membrane process between reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration for removal of color and TOC from Florida surface water, removal of hardness, radium, and sulfate from well water, and simultaneous removal of sodium chloride and concentration of organics with molecular weight 300–1000 in the food and pharmaceutical industries.
Abstract: Nanofiltration is a pressure driven membrane process between reverse osmosis and ultrafiltration. The rejection is low for salts with monovalent anion and nonionized organics with molecular weight below 150 while high for salts with di- and multivalent anions and organics with molecular weight above 300. Examples of applications are removal of color and TOC from Florida surface water, removal of hardness, radium, and sulfate from well water, removal of sulfate from seawater and simultaneous removal of sodium chloride and concentration of organics with molecular weight 300–1000 in the food and pharmaceutical industries. The investment cost for a nanofiltration plant is about the same as for a brackish water reverse osmosis plant, but the energy savings can be considerable by using nanofiltration instead of reverse osmosis.
286 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated for the first time that up to 83% of the energy used for charging the electrodes during desalination can be recovered in the regeneration step, and MCDI is more energy efficient for treatment of brackish water than reverse osmosis.
Abstract: Membrane capacitive deionization (MCDI) is a water desalination technology based on applying a cell voltage between two oppositely placed porous carbon electrodes. In front of each electrode, an ion-exchange membrane is positioned, and between them, a spacer is situated, which transports the water to be desalinated. In this work, we demonstrate for the first time that up to 83% of the energy used for charging the electrodes during desalination can be recovered in the regeneration step. This can be achieved by charging and discharging the electrodes in a controlled manner by using constant current conditions. By implementing energy recovery as an integral part of the MCDI operation, the overall energy consumption can be as low as 0.26 (kW·h)/m3 of produced water to reduce the salinity by 10 mM, which means that MCDI is more energy efficient for treatment of brackish water than reverse osmosis. Nevertheless, the measured energy consumption is much higher than the thermodynamically calculated values for desa...
284 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, pure water direct contact membrane distillation (DCMD) experiments were used to measure the permeability parameter associated with the molecular diffusion in MD. And the results showed that the resulting DCMD fluxes were two to three times higher than those reported in the literature for either DCMD or reverse osmosis.
283 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an innovative system that combines three different membrane processes for reclamation and reuse of wastewater in future space missions was evaluated, and the conditions for minimum energy consumption were determined and used in estimating the specific energy cost of treating the wastewater generated in space.
283 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented an overview of recent research as well as different technologies available at several scales to overcome the environmental problems and evaluate profitability related to discharge of RO concentrates.
283 citations