Topic
Reverse osmosis
About: Reverse osmosis is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 20780 publications have been published within this topic receiving 299185 citations. The topic is also known as: RO.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors evaluated conventional drinking water treatment processes under typical water treatment plant conditions to determine their effectiveness in the removal of seven common antibiotics: carbadox, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, sul-famethazine and trimethoprim.
Abstract: Conventional drinking water treatment processes were evaluated under typical water treatment plant conditions to determine their effectiveness in the removal of seven common antibiotics: carbadox, sulfachlorpyridazine, sulfadimethoxine, sulfamerazine, sul- famethazine, sulfathiazole, and trimethoprim. Experiments were conducted using synthetic solutions prepared by spiking both distilled/ deionized water and Missouri River water with the studied compounds. Sorption on Calgon WPH powdered activated carbon, reverse osmosis, and oxidation with chlorine and ozone under typical plant conditions were all shown to be effective in removing the studied antibiotics. Conversely, coagulation/flocculation/sedimentation with alum and iron salts, excess lime/soda ash softening, ultraviolet irra- diation at disinfection dosages, and ion exchange were all relatively ineffective methods of antibiotic removal. This study shows that the studied antibiotics could be effectively removed using processes already in use in many water treatment plants. Additional work is needed on by-product formation and the removal of other classes of antibiotics.
602 citations
TL;DR: A model that accounts for both hindered diffusion of salt ions and altered hydrodynamics within colloidal deposit layers is presented and successfully links permeate flux and salt rejection to cake-enhanced concentration polarization and provides new insight into the mechanisms through which salt-rejecting membranes foul.
Abstract: Results from well-controlled colloidal fouling experiments with reverse osmosis (RO) and nanofiltration (NF) membranes suggest the existence of a new source of flux decline for salt-rejecting membr...
598 citations
TL;DR: This review focuses on nanostructured materials that are directly involved in the separation of water from salt as opposed to mitigating issues such as fouling and can potentially enable the development of next-generation desalination systems with increased efficiency and capacity.
Abstract: Desalination of seawater and brackish water is becoming an increasingly important means to address the scarcity of fresh water resources in the world. Decreasing the energy requirements and infrastructure costs of existing desalination technologies remains a challenge. By enabling the manipulation of matter and control of transport at nanometer length scales, the emergence of nanotechnology offers new opportunities to advance water desalination technologies. This review focuses on nanostructured materials that are directly involved in the separation of water from salt as opposed to mitigating issues such as fouling. We discuss separation mechanisms and novel transport phenomena in materials including zeolites, carbon nanotubes, and graphene with potential applications to reverse osmosis, capacitive deionization, and multi-stage flash, among others. Such nanostructured materials can potentially enable the development of next-generation desalination systems with increased efficiency and capacity.
593 citations
TL;DR: A survey of polymers considered for such applications is provided in this paper, where a solution diffusion model is used as a framework for discussing structure/property relations in polymers related to water and salt transport properties.
573 citations
TL;DR: This paper reviews membrane fouling types and fouling control strategies, with a focus on the latest developments, including biofouling, organic fouling, inorganic scaling and colloidal fouling.
567 citations