Showing papers on "Rice bran oil published in 2004"

Gamma-oryzanol from rice bran oil – A review

Abstract: Rice bran oil is unique among edible oil due to its rich source of commercially and nutritionally important phytoceuticals such as, oryzanol, lecithin, tocopherols, and tocotrinols. However, most of these phytoceuticals are removed from the rice bran oil as waste byproducts during the refining process. �-oryzanol is one of such component having the potential to be used in nutraceutical, pharmaceutical and cosmoceutical preparations. It is a mixture of ferulic acid esters of sterol and triterpene alcohols. It occurs in rice bran oil at a level of 1-2 per cent where it serves as natural antioxidant. The article describes the production of rice bran oil from rice bran and different methods of extraction of �-oryzanol from rice bran oil. It also reviews the health care properties of �-oryzanol.

First approach on rice bran oil extraction using limonene

Abstract: Edible oil extraction with petroleum derivatives as solvents has caused safety, health, and environmental concerns everywhere. Thus, finding a safe alternative solvent will have a strong and positive impact on environments and general health of the world population, considering the scale of oil extraction operations worldwide. The extraction of oil from rice bran by d-limonene and hexane (for comparison) has been carried out at their respective boiling points at various solvent-to-meal ratios and for various extraction times. The preliminary data suggested that the optimum solvent-to-meal ratio and extraction time required for d-limonene extraction of rice bran oil to be 5:1 and 1 h respectively. The initial quality characteristics (free fatty acid content, oil color, phospholipid content) of crude oil extracted under these optimum conditions were analyzed using various analytical methods based on the standard methods of AOCS and were found to be comparable to the oil extracted with hexane. The initial positive result has paved the way for further studies on issues related to meal qualities as well as to a scale-up of the method in the near future.

Detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in commonly consumed edible oils and their likely intake in the Indian population

Abstract: Edible oils such as coconut, groundnut, hydrogenated vegetable, linseed, mustard, olive, palm, refined vegetable, rice bran, safflower, sesame, soybean, and sunflower were analyzed for the presence of light and heavy polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) residues using liquid-liquid extraction, cleanup on a silica gel column, and resolution and determination by HPLC using a fluorescence detector. Ten PAH viz. acenaphthene, anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(e)pyrene, benz(ghi)perylene, chrysene, coronene, cyclopenta(def)phenanthrene, phenanthrene, and pyrene were monitored. Analysis of 296 oil samples showed that 88.5% (262) samples were contaminated with different PAH. Of 262 contaminated edible oil samples, 66.4% of the samples showed PAH content of more than the 25 μg/kg recommended by the German Society for Fat Science. The total PAH content was highest in virgin olive oil (624 μg/kg) and lowest in refined vegetable oils (40.2 μg/kg). The maximum content (265 μg/kg) of heavy PAH was found in olive oil and the minimum (4.6 μg/kg) in rice bran oil. Phenanthrene was present in 58.3% of the oil samples analyzed, followed by anthracene (53%). Among the heavy PAH, benzo(e)pyrene was observed in 31.2% of the samples followed by benzo(a)pyrene (25.5%). The intake of PAH was highest through olive oil (20.8 μg/day) followed by soybean oil (5.0 μg/day) and lowest through refined vegetable oil (1.3 μg/day). Based on these monitoring studies, international and national guidelines for permissible levels of PAH can be prepared so as to restrict the intake of these toxic contaminants.

The in vitro hydrolysis of phytosterol conjugates in food matrices by mammalian digestive enzymes.

Abstract: All fruits, vegetables, and grains contain phytosterols Numerous clinical studies have documented that phytosterols lower LDL-cholesterol levels and thereby reduce the risk of cardiovascular disease Most experts believe that the cholesterol-lowering mechanism of phytosterols requires that they be in their "free" form In addition to their occurrence in the free form, phytosterols also occur as four common phytosterol conjugates: (i) fatty acyl esters, (ii) hydroxycinnamate esters, (iii) steryl glycosides, and (iv) fatty acylated steryl glycosides This study was undertaken to investigate the extent of hydrolysis of four common phytosterol conjugates by mammalian digestive enzymes (cholesterol esterase and pancreatin, a mixture of pancreatic enzymes) and for comparison purposes, by KOH Two types of purified hydroxycinnamate esters (sitostanyl ferulate and oryzanol, a mixture of hydroxycinnamate esters purified from rice bran oil) were hydrolyzed by cholesterol esterase and by pancreatin Both cholesterol esterase and pancreatin hydrolyzed the phytosteryl esters in two functional food matrices, and they hydrolyzed the hydroxycinnamate esters in corn fiber oil This is the first report to demonstrate that phytostanyl ferulate esters (which are present at levels of 3-6% in corn fiber oil) are hydrolyzed by pancreatic cholesterol esterase It is also the first report that pancreatin contains enzymes that hydrolyze the fatty acyl moiety of fatty acylated steryl glycoside, converting it to steryl glycoside Pancreatin had no effect on steryl glycosides The ability of pancreatin to hydrolyze three other types of lipid conjugates was also evaluated Phospholipids were completely hydrolyzed About half of the galactolipids were hydrolyzed, and less than 10% of the polyamine conjugates were hydrolyzed The extents of hydrolysis of phytosteryl esters by base (saponification) were also studied, and conditions commonly used for the saponification of acyl lipids (15 N methanolic KOH, 30 min at 70 degrees C), were found to result in a nearly 100% hydrolysis of TAG but only about 35-45% hydrolysis of the phytosteryl fatty acyl esters or phytosteryl hydroxycinnamate esters

Zero-trans shortening using palm stearin and rice bran oil

Abstract: Several pilot-scale trials reported in this paper, using palm stearin-rice bran oil (PS-RBO) blends, obviously did not contain trans FA (TFA), whereas the commercial products were found to contain 18–27% TFA. The effects of processing conditions such as rate of agitation, crystallization temperature, and composition of the blends on the crystal structure of shortenings were studied. The products were evaluated for their physicochemical characteristics using DSC, X-ray diffraction (XRD), HPLC, and FTIR techniques. The formulation containing 50% PS and 50% RBO showed melting and cooling characteristics similar to those of hydrogenated commercial “vanaspati” samples. Analysis of the FA composition revealed that the formulated shortenings contained 15–19% C18∶2 PUFA. Tocopherol and tocotrienol contents of the experimental shortenings were in the range of 850–1000 ppm with oryzanol content up to 0.6%. XRD studies demonstrated that the crystal form in the shortenings was predominantly the most stable β′ form, and there was less of the undesirable β form.

Rice bran FFA determination by diffuse reflectance IR spectroscopy.

Abstract: Rice bran with FFA levels above 0.1% cannot be used as a food ingredient due to oxidative off-flavor formation. However, extracting high FFA oil from bran by in situ methanolic esterification of rice bran oil to produce methyl ester biodiesel produces greater yields relative to low-FFA rice bran oil. Therefore, high-FFA bran could be exploited for biodiesel production. This study describes an FTIR spectroscopic method to measure rice bran FFA rapidly. Commercial rice bran was incubated at 37°C and 70% humidity for a 13-d incubation period. Diffuse reflectance IR Fourier transform spectra of the bran were obtained and the percentage of FFA was determined by extraction and acid/base titration throughout this period. Partial least squares (PLS) regression and a calibration/validation analysis were done using the IR spectral regions 4000-400 cm−1 and 1731-1631 cm−1. The diffuse reflectance IR Fourier transform spectra indicated an increasing FFA carbonyl response at the expense of the ester peak during incubation, and the regression coefficients obtained by PLS analysis also demonstrated that these functional groups and the carboxyl ion were important in predicting FFA levels. FFA rice bran changes also could be observed qualitatively by visual examination of the spectra. Calibration models obtained using the spectral regions 4000-400 cm−1 and 1731-1631 cm−1 produced correlation coefficients R and root mean square error (RMSE) of cross-validation of R=0.99, RMSE=1.78, and R=0.92, RMSE=4.67, respectively. Validation model statistics using the 4000-400 cm−1 and 1731-1631 cm−1 ranges were R=0.96, RMSE=3.64, and R=0.88, RMSE=5.80, respectively.

Storage Studies on Plant Oils and Their Methyl Esters

Abstract: Esters of plant oils are preferred to parent oils if used as fuels in diesel engines because esterification reduces the viscosity of plant oils and makes it comparable to that of diesel. The present work mainly deals with the effect of storage time on the quality of plant oils and their esters with respect to mainly FFA content, viscosity and change in weight. The study was carried out for a period of one and a half-year. Maximum change in FFA content (%) was observed in case of linseed oil ester followed by sunflower oil ester and rice bran oil ester. Minimum change was observed in the case of Jatropha curcas oil ester. In all the four esters, the increase in FFA content (%) after one year was found to be below the BIS requirements. Initially all the four plant oil esters had comparable viscosity values. In case of linseed oil ester and sunflower oil ester, the increase in viscosity was 1.6 times after a storage period of six months whereas in case of rice bran oil ester and Jatropha curcas oil ester, the increase was 1.4 and 1.3 times respectively. During storage, linseed oil ester, sunflower oil ester and rice bran oil ester showed increase in weight indicating absorption of moisture or reaction with oxygen in air. However, in case of Jatropha curcas oil ester, the increase in weight was negligible. The effect of selected plant oil ester on various engine parts (metallic and non-metallic) was also studied. No significant change in weight of metal components was observed during contact period of two months (i.e. components kept dipped in ester for two months) in any of the four esters. In case of non-metallic components, signficant changes were observed in the rubber parts during the contact period of two months in all the four plant oil esters.

Hydrolysis of rice bran oil using an immobilized lipase from Candida rugosa in isooctane.

Abstract: The kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of rice bran oil in isooctane by immobilized Candida rugosa lipase in a batch reactor showed competitive inhibition by isooctane with a dissociation constant, KI, of 0.92 M. Continuous hydrolysis of rice bran oil was performed in recycling, packed bed reactor with 4352 U of immobilized lipase; the optimum recycle ratio was 9 and the operational half-life was 360 h without isooctane but 288 h with 25% (v/v) isooctane in rice bran oil.

Mass transfer effects in immobilized lipase packed bed reactor during the hydrolysis of rice bran oil

Abstract: External mass transfer effects during the hydrolysis of rice bran oil using immobilized lipase enzyme were studied in a differential recirculation reactor. On set of external mass transfer limitations were found to be responsible for the optimum activity with respect to the enzyme loading. Particle dimension influences global reaction rate more at lower flow rates than at higher flow rates. Experiments performed in continuous immobilized lipase packed bed reactor to study the influence of substrate concentration and flow rate on fractional hydrolysis of rice bran oil showed that the apparent kinetic constants vary with flow rates.

Comparative esterification of agricultural oils for biodiesel blending

Abstract: A well established batch procedure was used to develop technical and economic data for the production of biodiesel from chicken fat fractions, as well as various grades of refined and unrefined rice bran and soybean oils. Material balance calculations showed that the yield of biodiesel increases with increasing quality of oil/fat. Refined, bleached soybean oil, degummed soybean oil, refined, bleached rice bran oil and high yield chicken fat produced the most biodiesel, yielding an average of 0.88 ml of biodiesel per ml of oil/fat. All of the samples tested met the standards for cetane number, heat of combustion, cloud point and copper corrosion, while only some of the samples met the standards for kinematic viscosity, flash point and sulfated ash. Excluding byproduct value, high-yielding chicken fat is the least cost feedstock for biodiesel production ($1.17/gal, excluding processing costs). However, chicken fat derived biodiesel may exceed ASTM sulfated ash limits. A mixture of 58% degummed soybean oil and 42% chicken fat is the least cost feedstock ($1.50/gal) meeting this limit. Disposal of byproducts increases the cost by $0.03/gal. If the glycerin byproduct is sold, the cost of biodiesel can drop to between $0.85 and $1.50/gal.

The manufacturing processes and techniques of the organic compound fertilizer made from the natural organic minerals and the oil cakes of several kinds of seeds

Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for making a natural organic composite fertilizer using natural pure raw materials is provided to improve the quality of crops, to exclude the use of chemical fertilizers and to reduce the appearance of harmful insects CONSTITUTION: The organic composite fertilizer is obtained by fermenting a mixed raw material composition, wherein the composition is prepared by forming an oil cake mixture having a water content of 15 wt% or less by using two or more materials selected from the group consisting of a castor oil cake, a soy bean oil cake, a rice bran oil cake, a seed oil cake and a kapok oil cake; mixing the oil cake mixture with langbeinite having a water content of 10 wt% or less and phosphate having a water content of 10 wt% or less to form a raw material mixture; and mixing uniformly to obtain the ratio of nitrogen : phosphate : potassium of 4:3:2

디젤기관에 있어서 개선 미강유 연료의 배기 배출물 특성에 관한 연구

Abstract: The effects of improved rice bran oil on the characteristics of exhaust emissions have been experimentally examined by a single cylinder, four cycle, direct injection, water-cooled agricul- tural diesel engine operating at several loads and speeds. The experiments are conducted with light oil, rice bran oil, and improved rice bran oil as a fuel. The fuel injection timing is fixed to 22° BTDC regardless of fuel types, engine loads and speeds. To reduce the viscosity of rice bran oil, it is used with the methods of heating, methyl ester and ultrasonic system in a highly viscous rice bran oil. In this study, it is found that the brake specific fuel consumption rate of light oil is the lowest and that of improved rice bran oils is lower than that of pure rice bran oil, and NOX emissions of light oil are the lowest and those of pure rice bran oil are the high- est, while soot emissions of light oil are the highest and those of pure and improved rice bran oils are lower than that of light oil. However these results are not amply satisfied with the emissions regulation limit using the pure and improved rice bran oil as fuels in diesel engines.

Effect of Extraction Method on The Level of Important Antioxidants in Rice Bran Oil

Abstract: Rice bran oil is one of the healthiest edible oils due to higher levels of antioxidants, which have beneficial health effects. Extraction procedures significantly affect the concentration of the antioxidants and yield of lipids from bran. Compared to conventional solvent extraction, environmentally friendly supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) procedures are gaining increased acceptance for extraction of nutraceutical compounds from biological materials. Rice husk ash obtained after burning of husk in the energy generation system exhibit absorbent properties for lipid components such as free fatty acids, phospholipids, lutein etc. In the present study three different extraction methods (1) Soxhlet extraction with petroleum ether (2) SFE (3) SFE coupled with adsorption on rice hull ash; were investigated for their effect on level of antioxidants in the rice bran oil and oil yield. In soxhlet extraction time of extraction was varied from 6 to 10 hrs. During SFE extraction pressure (6000 and 8000 psi) and flow rate (45 and 65 g/min) of carbon dioxide were varied where as temperature was kept constant at 40 oC. Antioxidants level was higher with SFE extractions, where as oil yield was higher with soxhlet extraction. Pressure increase improved concentrations of antioxidants in SFE extractions where as flow was not having significant influence on it. Oil yield increased with both pressure and flow. Hull ash was having mixed effect on antioxidant concentrations. Further experiments are in progress at other extraction conditions.

A manufacturing process of organic fertilizer with an additional humic acid

Abstract: PURPOSE: A production method of granular oil cake fertilizer is provided, which is characterized by using humic acid-added binder unlike a conventional binder in forming granules comprising various kinds of oil cakes. Accordingly, the oil cake fertilizer improves soil, promotes the growth of plants, and decreases the use of fertilizers and agricultural chemicals. CONSTITUTION: The humic-acid added oil cake fertilizer is produced by the following steps of: mixing 45% of castor oil cake, 35% of seed oil cake, 10% of bean oil cake and 10% of rice bran oil cake; grinding the mixture to powder with a size of 1.5mm; spraying 10wt.%(based on raw materials) of humic acid-added binder to mixed oil cakes, wherein the humic acid-added binder is obtained by diluting 300g of humic acid with 20L of water to be 0.1wt.%(based on total amounts of oil cakes) of humic acid and adding 10wt.% of prepared humic solution to binders such as molasses, guar gum and carboxymethyl cellulose; forming it to a shape of granule by pelleting machine; cooling at 5deg.C and drying.

Solvent extraction process of oryzanol

Abstract: A method of extractingoryzanolby a solvent method. First, preheat the crude rice bran oil, refine physically the pretreated bran oil to remove free fatty acid, add basic methanol into the refined bran oil and refluently extract continuously, adding acid into the mother methanol liquid, crystallizing oryzanol, after separation, obtain oryzanol. The production rate of refined oil could improve from 50i½55uN to 60i½65uN, that of oryzanol could improve from 35i½40uN to 60i½70uN. In the invention, the amount of methanol is reduced, no lipidal matters are discharged.

Identification of Physically Refined Rice Bran Oil and Its Simple Detection in Other Oils

Abstract: The issue of purity of the edible oils is becoming increasingly important in the food industry. Many branded oil products are being sold at a premium price on the basis of their purity and quality, or on the basis of their health-boosting effects. Undue financial advantage is also taken by deliberately mislabeling or adulterating the oils and presenting them as quality products in the market. In the present paper a new, very simple, rapid, reliable and highly economical qualitative technique is being reported. By means of this test, adulteration of rice bran oil in other oils can be detected within one minute. A small quantity of alkaline solution of suspected oil sample when treated with small quantity of benzenediazonium chloride solution at 0-5°C followed by shaking of the mixture, a brilliant orange-red colour of 5-phenylazo-γ -oryzanol or 5-phenylazoferulic acid (which is indeed a dye material) develops within the next few seconds indicating the presence of rice bran oil adulteration in the test sample. Upto 2.5% rice bran oil adulteration can be detected with this new technique.

Study on Extracting Rice Bran Oil from Rice Bran by Aqueous Enzymatic Method

Abstract: In this article, the procedure of extracting rice bran oil from rice bran by aqueous enzymatic method was studied.Under the conditions of steam pretreatment, 0.5% of amylase, 0.2% of protease and extraction time 6h, the optimum technicalconditions of enzymatic extraction of rice bran oil were: extraction temperature 60℃, 1.2% of cellulase, pH 5.0 and the ratio ofsubstrate to solution as 1:5. Under these conditions, the yield of rice bran oil was 85.76%. Among the above factors, the quantityof the cellulase used was the most important one, and others in proper order as concentration of substrate, pH and temperatureas the least.

Rice bran oil-derived raw material composition for cosmetic

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a novel rice bran oil-derived raw material composition for cosmetics applying excellent properties of the rice bran oil-derived fatty acids capable of maintaining a solid form of a bar soap not only with excellent storage stability but also excellent feeling of use and anti-cracking property, and a toilet lotion, a treatment preparation, a facial cleansing foam, a shampoo, a milky lotion, a hand cream and a moisturizing cream without a trouble such as storage stability or odor. SOLUTION: The rice bran-derived raw material for cosmetics of the present invention provides a bar soap composed of a higher fatty acid salt derived from the rice bran and at least one component derived from the rice bran. The higher fatty acid component forming the bar soap has a range of 50-92 of iodine values and composed of 55-75 wt.% of 18C unsaturated higher fatty acids to the total higher fatty acids and 45-60 wt.% of oleic acid. The higher fatty acid salts can be obtained by saponification of hydrogenated rice bran oil solely prepared by reduction of the unsaturated fatty acid component, or saponification of a mixed fat of the rice bran oil and the hydrogenated rice bran oil. The rice bran derived components such as γ-oryzanol and tocopherol may be illustrated. COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Functional concentrate of non-saponifiable material of rice bran oil

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for producing a concentrate of a lipid soluble component without having any crystallizing property by inhibiting the crystallizing property of sterols in the method for producing the concentrate of a non-saponifiable material in rice bran oil. SOLUTION: This method for producing the concentrate of the non-saponifiable material having an equivalent physiological property by inhibiting the crystallizing property is provided by performing de-acidification treatment for neutralizing the deodorization scum of the rice bran oil with a reduced amount of a necessary alkali by reducing the content of fatty acids by removing the fatty acids by distillation, and further performing decolorization or deodorization or both of them without reducing the amount of the non-saponifiable material to produce the concentrate containing less free sterols and much fatty acid esters. COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Method for producing concentrate of rice bran oil deodorized scum unsaponifiables

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a method for producing a fat-soluble concentrate capable of remaining uncrystallized in various uses by controlling the crystallinity of sterols in a method for producing a concentrate of rice bran oil unsaponifiables. SOLUTION: The method for producing the unsaponifiables concentrate having controlled crystallinity and equivalent physiological activity is one wherein the alkali excess ratio is suppressed by allowing distillation to precede the deacidification for neutralizing the rice bran oil deodorized scum, and the concentrate of a low free sterol content and a fatty acid ester content is prepared by subjecting the scum to decoloration and/or deodorization without decreasing the content of unsaponifiables. COPYRIGHT: (C)2005,JPO&NCIPI

Process for production of micronutrient rich zero trans shortenings

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the production of polyunsaturated fatty acid and micronutrient rich zero-trans shortening by chemical interesterification to produce nutritionally and fictionally superior shortening without hydrogenation, the process involving blending of palm oat and palm stearin with rice bran oil, interesterification in the presence of sodium methoxide catalyst, inactivation of the catalyst, washing with hot water, deodorization of the resultant product, and finally passing the interesterified product through margarine crystallizer under controlled conditions followed by packing and tempering.

In Vitro Antioxidant Activity of Stabilized Rice Bran and Its Fraction

Abstract: Some Researches indicated that oryzanol had antioxidant activity, however, the information about the oryzanol role in the prevention of low density lipoprotein (LDL) and human lymphocyte from oxidation under oxidative stress was still limited. The objective of this study was the investigate the antioxidant activity of oryzanol at concentrations based on rice bran beverage model in preventing LCL and lymphocyte from oxidation. Human plasma were supplemented with the samples of : rice bran oil (RBO), unsaponifiable matter and oryzanol IR-64, oryzanol IR-64 3x and oryzanol standard at the concentrations of 308.3, 22.2, 5.2, 10.4, and 10.4 A‚µg/ml, respectively. Afterward, the human LDL were collected by ultracentrifuge and diluted until a concentration of 200 A‚µg protein/ml was reached. Human LDL isolates were then oxidized with CuSO4 5 A‚µM for measuring antioxidant activity of the sample. The length of incubation, H2O2 concentration, period of sample supplemented into human lymphocyte culture were determined before the antioxidant activity of RBO and its fraction in lymphocyte was measured. The samples used in the lymphocyte were RBO IR-64, unsaponifiable matter IR-64, and oryzanol standard at the concentrations of 133.2 – 2, 132.0 A‚µg/ml, 9.6 – 153.6 A‚µg/ml, and 2.4 – 37.7 A‚µg/ml, consecutively. The result showed that malonaldehyde concentration in human LDL decreased significantly (α = 0.05), 15 – 41% and 39 – 56% compared to the control. The absorbance of living lymphocyte cell in culture was not influenced by the type and concentration of RBO and its fraction. The addition of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) 3 mM into culture sifnificantly lowered the absorbance as compared to culture without (H2O2). Key words :Oryzanol, oxidative stress, LDL-oxidized, lymphocyte and antioxidant activity.