Showing papers on "Rice bran oil published in 2005"
TL;DR: A study was undertaken to examine the effect of temperature, moisture and storage time on the accumulation of free fatty acid in the rice bran and found that most triacylglyceride was hydrolyzed andFree fatty acid (FFA) content was raised up to 76% in six months.
355 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that gamma-oryzanol is an organic radical scavenger able to prevent AMVN-triggered lipoperoxidation and may have a potential application for the stabilization of lipidic raw materials.
239 citations
TL;DR: The extraction yield of carotenoids in sunflower oil was significantly influenced by level of oil to waste, time of heating, temperature of heating and oil level to waste.
198 citations
TL;DR: In this article, two commercially available immobilized lipases, Novozym 435 and IM 60, were employed as catalyst for the reaction of rice bran oil and methanol.
Abstract: Biodiesel has attracted considerable attention as an alternative fuel during the past decades. The main hurdle to the commercialization of biodiesel is the cost of the raw material. Use of an inexpensive raw material such as rice bran oil is an attractive option to lower the cost of biodiesel. Two commercially available immobilized lipases, Novozym 435 and IM 60, were employed as catalyst for the reaction of rice bran oil and methanol. Novozym 435 was found to be more effective in catalyzing the methanolysis of rice bran oil. Methanolysis of refined rice bran oil and fatty acids (derived from rice bran oil) catalyzed by Novozym 435 (5% based on oil weight) can reach a conversion of over 98% in 6 h and 1 h, respectively. Methanolysis of rice bran oil with a free fatty acid content higher than 18% resulted in lower conversions (<68%). A two-step lipase-catalyzed methanolysis of rice bran oil was developed for the efficient conversion of both free fatty acid and acylglycerides into fatty acid methyl ester. More than 98% conversion can be obtained in 4–6 h depending on the relative proportion of free fatty acid and acylglycerides in the rice bran oil. Inactivation of lipase by phospholipids and other minor components was observed during the methanolysis of crude rice bran oil. Simultaneous dewaxing/degumming proved to be efficient in removing phospholipids and other minor components that inhibit lipase activity from crude rice bran oil. Copyright © 2005 Society of Chemical Industry
180 citations
TL;DR: RBO supplementation at ca.
Abstract: Background
The cholesterol lowering properties of rice bran oil (RBO) containing differing amounts of non–saponifiable components have not been studied in humans, to our knowledge.
171 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that TRF supplementation has significant health benefits through the modulation of physiological functions that include various atherogenic lipid profiles and antioxidants in hypercholesterolemia.
169 citations
TL;DR: Rice bran oil, not fiber, lowers cholesterol in healthy, moderately hypercholesterolemic adults; there were no substantial differences in the fatty acid composition of the diets; therefore, the reduction of cholesterol was due to other components present in the rice branOil, such as unsaponifiable compounds.
166 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of defatted rice bran for the production of proteins, carbohydrates, phytochemical, and the isolation and purification of value added nutraceutical generated during BD production from RBO is discussed.
Abstract: Biodiesel (BD) is receiving increased attention as an alternative, non-toxic, biodegradable, and renewable diesel fuel. Exploring new energy resources, such as BD fuel, is of growing importance in recent years. The main concern with BD fuel is its high price. One of the future aims in BD research is on the selection of inexpensive feedstock with high value-added byproducts. Rice bran is a by-product of rice milling that contains 15-23% lipids and a significant amount of nutraceutical compounds. Due to the presence of active lipase in the bran and the lack of economical stabilization methods, most bran is used as livestock feed or boiler fuel and most rice bran oil (RBO) produced is not of edible grade. Thus RBO is relatively an inexpensive raw material for the production of BD. The utilization of by-product such as defatted rice bran for the production of proteins, carbohydrates, phytochemical, and the isolation and purification of value added nutraceutical generated during BD production from RBO are attractive options to lower the cost of BD. Production of BD from RBO can be carried out either via in situ esterification, lipase-catalyzed esterification, acid-catalyzed or base-catalyzed reactions. A single step reaction for the conversion of RBO with high free fatty acid content into BD, via acid-catalyzed, base-catalyzed or lipase-catalyzed, fails to attain high conversion in reasonably short time. Pretreatment of crude RBO such as dewaxing/degumming is a crucial step because of its efficient methanolysis. The fatty acid composition of dewaxed/degummed RBO is similar to that of other vegetable oils, which are used as BD feedstock. Various byproducts generated from the rice bran during the production of BD and their applications are also addressed.
141 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined the phytosterol content and composition of various cereal by-products and extracted total lipids in rice bran, wheat bran and wheat germ, wheat germ mixture, durum wheat, oat hull, and corn fine fiber.
Abstract: Phytosterols are hypocholesterolemic. Like corn fiber oil, the lipid extracts of certain cereal by-products may be rich sources of these health-promoting compounds. The objective of this research was to examine the phytosterol content and composition of various cereal by-products. Total lipids in rice bran, wheat bran, wheat germ, durum wheat (bran and germ mixture), oat bran, oat hull, and corn fine fiber were extracted, and the sterol profiles of the extracted lipids were analyzed by GC. Rice bran contained the most lipids (22.2%), followed by wheat germ, durum wheat, oat bran, wheat bran, and oat hull; corn fine fiber contained the least amount of lipids (1.7%). Sitosterol, campesterol, and stigmasterol were the major phytosterols in these lipid extracts, whereas brassicasterol was detected only in wheat samples. Rice bran oil contained considerable amounts of cycloartenol and 24-methylenecycloartanol, which were unique to these samples. Total sterol concentrations in extracted lipids were similar for rice bran, wheat bran, wheat germ, and durum wheat (21.3–15.1 mg/g), but they were very low in oat bran lipids and oat hull lipids (3.4 and 8.2 mg/g, respectively). Corn fine fiber lipids contained the highest amount of sterols (48.3 mg/g). Rice bran appears to be the best source of phytosterols, with the highest oil content and high concentration of sterols.
130 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a batch supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of rice bran with CO2 was performed at different operational conditions (from 100 to 400 Â bar, 50 and 60 Â c) and the extract yields were in the range of 20%.
Abstract: Rice bran is a by-product of rice processing, obtained through the polishing of the rice grain. It presents a considerable high oil content (between 20 and 25%) and it is considered an excellent source of nutritionally beneficial compounds, such as tocotrienols, tocopherols and sterols. Batch supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of rice bran with CO2 was performed at different operational conditions (from 100 to 400 bar, 50 and 60 °C) and the extract yields were in the range of 20%. The next step corresponded to the deacidification of the obtained oil in a countercurrent (CC) column, where the experiments were carried out at 250 bar and 67 °C. The results have shown that the free fatty acids (FFA) removal from the crude rice bran oil (RBO) was successfully achieved. Deacidified RBO with <1% FFA could be obtained by applying the described process. To conclude this work, an industrial process has been proposed which couples batch SFE of rice bran with CC-SFE of the extracted oil obtained, in order to isolate the undesired FFA fraction from the raffinated oil, composed mainly by triglycerides (TG).
87 citations
[...]
15 Jul 2005
TL;DR: Rice bran is an underused coproduct of rice milling and its value is partially captured through extraction and refining of the rice bran oil as discussed by the authors, which is a mixture of antioxidants and promotes cholesterol reduction beyond that of more unsaturated oils.
Abstract: Rice bran is an underused coproduct of rice milling. The value is partially captured through extraction and refining of the rice bran oil. The capital costs have limited the ability of the U.S. rice milling industry to capture this value. However, rice bran oil has performance properties competitive to other widely used oils. An additional advantage of rice bran oil is certainly its nutritional benefits, which include a balance of fatty acids meeting AHA recommendations. Rice oil contains a mixture of antioxidants and promotes cholesterol reduction beyond that of more unsaturated oils. Its taste and performance is complementary to salad, cooking, and frying applications.
This chapter reviews the source and composition of rice bran oil, its nutritional characteristics, production, and refining of the oil and its applications.
Keywords:
rice oil;
rice bran oil;
rice milling;
nonstarch lipids;
oil refining;
antioxidants
TL;DR: In this article, d-Limonene, a safe agricultural byproduct, was used to extract rice bran oil and compared against hexane, a petroleum product widely used as a solvent for extracting edible oil.
Abstract: d-Limonene, a safe agricultural by-product, was used to extract rice bran oil and compared against hexane, a petroleum product widely used as a solvent for extracting edible oil. The yield of crude rice bran oils extracted with both solvents in percentage by weight was obtained. The quality of crude rice bran oil was analyzed. The yield and quality of crude rice bran oil from the limonene-based solvent extraction were almost equivalent to those from the hexane-based operation. The optimum solvent-to-rice bran ratio and extraction time required for d-limonene extraction of oil, based primarily on crude rice bran oil yield, have been determined to be 5:1 and 0.5 hr, respectively. Despite the absence of antioxidants during the limonene recovery step with vacuum evaporation, the quantity of the oxidation products in the recovered limonene was <1% (wt) of the original limonene solvent. The application of d-limonene solvent as an alternative to hexane in edible oil extraction could potentially eliminat...
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemiceffect of physically refined rice bran oil (COCO, CANOLA or PRBO) compared to other vegetable oils.
Abstract: Physically refined rice bran oil containing 2–4% nontriglyceride components as compared to other vegetable oils appears to be associated with lipid lowering and antiinflammatory properties in several rodent, primate and human models. These experiments were designed to investigatepossiblemechanismsfor thehypocholesterolemiceffectofthephysicallyrefinedricebranoilandtoexamineitseffectonaorticfatty streak formation. In the first experiment, 30 hamsters were fed, for 8 weeks, chow-based diets plus 0.03% added cholesterol and 5% (wt/wt) coconut, canola, or physically refined rice bran oil (COCO, CANOLA or PRBO animal groups, respectively). Both plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly reduced in PRBO but not in CANOLA relative to COCO. PRBO also showed a significant 15–17% reduction in cholesterol absorption and significant 30% increase in neutral sterol (NS) excretion with no effect on bile acid (BA) excretion. Both CANOLA and PRBO showed a significant 300–500% increase in intestinal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and significant (N25%) decrease in hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activities with respect to COCO. In a second experiment, 36 hamsters were fed chow-based diets with 0.05% added cholesterol, 10% coconut oil and 4% additional COCO, CANOLAorPRBO.RelativetoCOCOandCANOLA,plasmaTCandLDL-CweresignificantlyreducedinPRBO.Earlyatherosclerosis(fatty streak formation) was significantly reduced (48%) onlyin PRBO,relative to the other two. These results suggest that the lipid lowering foundin PRBO is associated with decreased cholesterol absorption, but not hepatic cholesterol synthesis, and that the decrease in fatty streak formation with this oil may be associated with its nontriglyceride components not present in the other two diets. D 2005 Published by Elsevier Inc.
TL;DR: The results suggest that the lipid lowering found in PRBO is associated with decreased cholesterol absorption, but not hepatic cholesterol synthesis, and that the decrease in fatty streak formation with this oil may be associated with its nontriglyceride components not present in the other two diets.
Abstract: Physically refined rice bran oil containing 2-4% nontriglyceride components as compared to other vegetable oils appears to be associated with lipid lowering and antiinflammatory properties in several rodent, primate and human models. These experiments were designed to investigate possible mechanisms for the hypocholesterolemic effect of the physically refined rice bran oil and to examine its effect on aortic fatty streak formation. In the first experiment, 30 hamsters were fed, for 8 weeks, chow-based diets plus 0.03% added cholesterol and 5% (wt/wt) coconut, canola, or physically refined rice bran oil (COCO, CANOLA or PRBO animal groups, respectively). Both plasma total cholesterol (TC) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were significantly reduced in PRBO but not in CANOLA relative to COCO. PRBO also showed a significant 15-17% reduction in cholesterol absorption and significant 30% increase in neutral sterol (NS) excretion with no effect on bile acid (BA) excretion. Both CANOLA and PRBO showed a significant 300-500% increase in intestinal 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase and significant (>25%) decrease in hepatic HMG-CoA reductase activities with respect to COCO. In a second experiment, 36 hamsters were fed chow-based diets with 0.05% added cholesterol, 10% coconut oil and 4% additional COCO, CANOLA or PRBO. Relative to COCO and CANOLA, plasma TC and LDL-C were significantly reduced in PRBO. Early atherosclerosis (fatty streak formation) was significantly reduced (48%) only in PRBO, relative to the other two. These results suggest that the lipid lowering found in PRBO is associated with decreased cholesterol absorption, but not hepatic cholesterol synthesis, and that the decrease in fatty streak formation with this oil may be associated with its nontriglyceride components not present in the other two diets.
TL;DR: A new process for the physical refining of rice bran oil through combined degumming and dewaxing was developed on a laboratory scale and then demonstrated on a commercial scale as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: A new process for the physical refining of rice bran oil through combined degumming and dewaxing was developed on a laboratory scale and then demonstrated on a commercial scale. The simultaneous degumming and dewaxing of the crude oil with a solution of water and CaCl2, followed by crystallization at a low temperature (20°C), facilitated precipitation of the hydratable and nonhydratable phosphatides along with the wax, which enabled its separation and reduction to a greater extent. Bleaching and subsequent winterization (20°C) of this oil further reduced the phosphorus content to less than 5 ppm. Thus, these pretreatment steps enabled the physically refined rice bran oil to meet commercially acceptable levels for color, FFA content, and cloud point values (10–12 Lovibond units in a 1-in, cell, <0.25%, and 4–5°C, respectively) with very low neutral oil loss; this has not been observed hitherto. Rice bran oil is known for its high levels of bioactive phytochemicals, such as oryzanol, tocols, and sterols. The process reported here could retain more than 80% of these micronutrients in the end product.
TL;DR: BRBO may play a protective role against the alteration caused by hypercholesterolemic diet in the rat, and recovered the activities of serum aspartate aminotransferase which was elevated in rats by a high-cholesterol diet.
TL;DR: This work established methods and to compare C18 and C30 silica stationary phases in order to separate and detect tocopherols, carotenoids, and gamma-oryzanol in one single run and identified compounds on the basis of their UV-spectra.
Abstract: Crude rice bran oil contains tocopherols (vitamin E), carotenoids (vitamin A), and phytosterols, which possess antioxidant activities and show promising effects as preventive and therapeutic agents. The aim of this work was to establish methods and to compare C18 and C30 silica stationary phases in order to separate and detect tocopherols, carotenoids, and γ-oryzanol in one single run. Comparing RP-LC on silica C18 and C30, higher resolution between all target compounds was obtained using the C30 stationary phase. Methanol was used as eluent and the elution strength was increased by the addition of tert-butyl methyl ether for highly hydrophobic analytes such as γ-oryzanol. Detection was accomplished by diode array detection from 200 to 500 nm. Absorbance maxima were found at 295 nm for tocopherols, 324 nm for γ-oryzanol, and 450 nm for carotenoids. Furthermore, compounds were characterized and identified on the basis of their UV-spectra. Both RP systems were coupled to MS (LC-MS) by using an atmospheric pressure chemical ionization interface.
TL;DR: Testing the hypothesis that rice bran oil lowers plasma lipid concentrations, alters lipoprotein composition, and improves insulin sensitivity in mares found that consumption of experimental diets lowered S(I), but glucose dynamics were not affected by oil supplementation.
Abstract: Plasma lipid concentrations, lipoprotein composition, and glucose dynamics were measured and compared between mares fed diets containing added water, corn oil (CO), refined rice bran oil (RR), or crude rice bran oil (CR) to test the hypothesis that rice bran oil lowers plasma lipid concentrations, alters lipoprotein composition, and improves insulin sensitivity in mares. Eight healthy adult mares received a basal diet fed at 1.5 times the DE requirement for maintenance and each of the four treatments according to a repeated 4 x 4 Latin square design consisting of four 5-wk feeding periods. Blood samples were collected for lipid analysis after mares were deprived of feed overnight at 0 and 5 wk. Glucose dynamics were assessed at 0 and 4 wk in fed mares by combined intravenous glucose-insulin tolerance tests. Plasma glucose and insulin concentrations were measured, and estimated values of insulin sensitivity (SI), glucose effectiveness, and net insulin response were obtained using the minimal model. Mean BW increased (P = 0.014) by 29 kg (range = 10 to 50 kg) over 5 wk. Mean plasma concentrations of NEFA, triglyceride (TG), and very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) decreased (P < 0.001) by 55, 30, and 39%, respectively, and plasma high-density lipoprotein and total cholesterol (TC) concentrations increased (P < 0.001) by 15 and 12%, respectively, over 5 wk. Changes in plasma NEFA (r = 0.58; P < 0.001) and TC (r = 0.44; P = 0.013) concentrations were positively correlated with weight gain over 5 wk. Lipid components of VLDL decreased (P < 0.001) in abundance over 5 wk, whereas the relative protein content of VLDL increased by 39% (P < 0.001). Addition of oil to the basal diet instead of water lowered plasma NEFA and TG concentrations further (P = 0.002 and 0.020, respectively) and increased plasma TC concentrations by a greater magnitude (P = 0.072). However, only plasma TG concentrations and VLDL free cholesterol content were affected (P = 0.024 and 0.009, respectively) by the type of oil added to the diet. Mean plasma TG concentration decreased by 14.2 mg/dL over 5 wk in the CR group, which was a larger (P < 0.05) decrease than the one (-5.3 mg/dL) detected in mares that received water. Consumption of experimental diets lowered S(I), but glucose dynamics were not affected by oil supplementation. Addition of oil to the diet altered blood lipid concentrations, and supplementation with CR instead of water specifically affected plasma TG concentrations and VLDL free cholesterol content.
TL;DR: In this paper, the hexane-extracted oil content of four varieties of rice ( Oryza sativa ) viz. Super Kernel, 386, 385 and Basmati, bran was ranged 14.70-19.10 %.
Abstract: The hexane-extracted oil content of four varieties of rice ( Oryza sativa ) viz. Super Kernel, 386, 385 and Basmati, bran was ranged 14.70-19.10 %. Other physical and chemical parameters of the extracted oils were as follow: Iodine value 112.40, 109.80, 105.1 and 103.70; refractive index ( 40 °C ) 1.4650, 1.4680, 1.4657 and 1.4660; density ( 40 °C ) 0.919, 0.913, 0.909 and 0.911; saponification value 183, 177, 186 and 190; unsaponifiable matter 6.15, 5.60, 4.98 and 5.40 % respectively. Tocopherols ( α, γ and δ) in the oils were: 284.00, 175.12, 180.42, 300.06; 83.40, 98.70, 120.70, 90.60; 75.16, 57.20, 39.32, 83.00 mg/kg respectively. The contents of tocotrienols ( α, γ and δ) in the oils were: 120.30, 106.00, 95.20, 135.74; 196.00, 125.00, 210.0, 276.41; 72.50, 20.00, 39.30, 64.00 mg/kg respectively. The amount of γ - Oryzanol in the investigated oils was ranged 415.12-802.05 The induction periods (Rancimat, 20 L/h, 120 °C ) of the crude oils were 6.81, 5.99, 6.39 and 7.40 h respectively. The major sterol fractions of the oils consisted of campesterol ranged (10.10-19.20%), stigmasterol (14.00-19.28 %), b -sitosterol (49.30-58.20 %), and D5 ,avenasterol (8.14-13.05 %). The investigated varieties ( Super Kernel, 386, 385 and Basmati) of rice bran oil were found to contain high levels of oleic acid 42.67, 38.59, 40.68 and 36.78 % followed by linoleic and palmitic acids 31.58, 33.80, 28.70, 30.51 and 17.00, 14.88, 19.63, 20.00 % respectively. The contents of myristic, stearic and arachidic acids was 1.50, 2.02, 4.28, 1.00; 2.64, 2.87, 4.02, 7.48; and 1.28, 3.00, 1.00, 1.00 % respectively. A number of parameters of the investigated rice bran oils indigenous to Pakistan were comparable to those of typical rice bran and some other vegetable oils, reported in the literature. The results of the present analysis as compared with those of different vegetable oils demonstrated rice bran to be a potential oil source and thus could be useful for the establishment of a globalized database of this valuable crop.
23 Oct 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, experimental investigations have been carried out to examine the combustion characteristics of a direct injection transportation diesel engine running with diesel, and 20% blend of rice bran oil (ROME) with diesel.
Abstract: The methyl esters of vegetable oils, known as biodiesel are becoming increasingly popular because of their low environmental impact and potential as a green alternative fuel for diesel engines. They do not require significant modification in existing engine hardware. Methyl ester of rice bran oil (ROME) is prepared through the process of transesterification. Previous research has shown that ROME has comparable performance, lower bsfc in comparison to diesel. There was reduction in the emissions of CO, HC, and smoke but NOx emissions increased. In the present research, experimental investigations have been carried out to examine the combustion characteristics of a direct injection transportation diesel engine running with diesel, and 20% blend of ROME with diesel. A four-stroke, four-cylinder, direct-injection transportation diesel engine (MDI 3000) was fully instrumented for the measurement of combustion pressure, rate of pressure rise and other combustion parameters such as instantaneous heat release rate, cumulative heat release rate, mass fraction burned etc. Tests were performed at different loads ranging from no load to 100%, at constant engine speed. No engine hardware modification was carried out for the present study. A careful analysis of combustion and heat release parameters has been carried out, which gives precise information about the in-cylinder combustion of rice bran oil based biodiesel vis-a-vis mineral diesel.© 2006 ASME
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The use of rice bran oil as the main cooking oil significantly reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels and together with dietary and lifestyle modifications may have implications for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
Abstract: BACKGROUND The quantity and type of dietary fat is known to affect plasma lipid concentration and hence the choice of cooking oil is important to lower the risk of coronary heart disease. Rice bran oil, which was not popular worldwide, is slowly being recognized as a 'healthy' oil in India. We assessed if rice bran oil had hypolipidaemic effects in subjects with elevated lipid levels. METHODS The study had a cross-over design with subjects (n = 14) randomly assigned to consume either rice bran oil or refined sunflower oil in their homes, for a period of 3 months (period 1). After a washout period of 3 weeks, they were crossed over to the other oil (period 2). The serum lipid values were estimated at the beginning, on day 45 and day 90 of each phase. Additional parameters assessed included anthropometry, dietary and physical activity patterns. RESULTS The use of rice bran oil significantly reduced plasma total cholesterol and triglyceride levels compared with sunflower oil. The reduction in plasma LDL-cholesterol with rice bran oil was just short of statistical significance (p = 0.06). HDL-cholesterol levels were unchanged. CONCLUSION The use of rice bran oil as the main cooking oil significantly reduced serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels. The use of rice bran oil together with dietary and lifestyle modifications may have implications for reducing the risk of cardiovascular disease.
01 Jan 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of extraction parameters, extraction temperature and extraction time were assessed for microwave extraction of rice bran oil, and the results showed that the extraction time had a minimal effect on the vitamin E and rice bbran oil yield at all temperatures.
Abstract: Background The effects of extraction parameters, extraction temperature and extraction time were assessed for microwave extraction of rice bran oil. The objectives of the research were: to effectively extract rice bran oil from rice bran using microwave assisted extraction and to analyze the influence of temperature and extraction time on the rice bran oil and vitamin E yield. Results showed that the extraction time had a minimal effect on the vitamin E and rice bran oil yield at all temperatures. Temperature, on the other hand, had a significant effect on the oil and vitamin E yield. More vitamin E was extracted at 140°C (P less than 0.05.
TL;DR: In this paper, the suitability of Rice bran oil (RBO) in baked products by making cookies was evaluated by extracting RBO from stabilized rice bran by solvent extraction.
Abstract: Purpose – Aims to extract Rice bran oil (RBO) from Pakistani cultivar Basmati‐385 for efficient use of local rice industrial waste, i.e. rice bran to reduce the import of edible oil and to evaluate the suitability of RBO in baked products by making cookies.Design/methodology/approach – RBO was extracted from stabilized rice bran by solvent extraction. The RBO obtained was analyzed for different quality parameters and further applied into baked products such as cookies at various levels, i.e. 0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 per cent, by gradually replacing normal shortening to check its suitability as a shortening and its effectiveness in extending the shelf life of product due to its natural antioxidants. Five treatments of RBO and normal shortening (NS) (T1 = 100 per cent NS + 0 per cent RBO, T2 = 75 per cent NS + 25 per cent RBO, T3 = 50 per cent NS + 50 per cent RBO, T4 = 25 per cent NS + 75 per cent RBO and T5 = 0 per cent NS + 100 per cent RBO) were used to prepare cookies and 45 days, storage study was conduc...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used principal component analysis (PCA) to determine the changes in their physical and sensory characteristics during deep fat frying and found that successive fryings subdued the intensity of typical odour notes of the oil blends.
TL;DR: In this paper, simple, rapid and reliable colour tests such as Sodium azide test, Modified nitric acid test, Azo dye test, Boudouin test, Hexabromide test and Halphen's test, Molybdate method and Solvent partition test have been reported for the detection of adulterants in edible oils.
Abstract: In the present paper, simple, rapid and reliable colour tests such as Sodium azide test, Modified nitric acid test, Azo dye test, Boudouin test, Hexabromide test, Halphen’s test, Molybdate method and Solvent partition test have been reported for the detection of adulterants in edible oils. These are performed for synthetic mustard oil, argemone oil, physically refined rice bran oil, sesame oil, linseed oil, cottonseed oil, castor oil and palmolein respectively (respective sensitivity level as 0.1%, 0.1%, 2.5%, 0.2%, 1.0%, 0.5% and 2.0%).
Patent•
19 May 2005
TL;DR: A nutritive health-care rice without washing is prepared from fragrant rice, rich long-grained non-glutinous rice, glutinous rice and fragrant black rice through conventional technology.
Abstract: A nutritive health-care rice without washing is prepared from fragrant rice, rich long-grained non-glutinous rice, glutinous rice, fragrant black rice, buckwheat chip, corn chip, mung bean, red bean, black bean and rice bran oil through conventional technology.
TL;DR: In this paper, the form and size distribution of Rice bran oil (RBO) wax crystals were investigated using a laser diffraction technique, and it showed that high cooling rate and low temperature induces the formation of a great number of small nuclei.
Abstract: Rice bran oil (RBO) is well known for its high wax content (2–4%). A good separation of waxes must be ensured through the formation of crystals that can be removed with a minimal retention of oil to maintain high yields of refined oil. In the present study, the form and size distribution of RBO wax crystals were investigated using a laser diffraction technique. An attempt was made to study the effect of cooling on growth and size distribution of RBO wax crystals in hexane medium, and it showed that high cooling rate and low temperature induces the formation of a great number of small nuclei. In addition, experiments were performed to evaluate the effect on the growth of wax crystals of successive additions of gum and pure TG to the medium. The entire experiment was designed to optimize the temperature and incubation time of wax crystallization to facilitate the efficient separation of wax from crude RBO-hexane miscella using membrane technology.
Patent•
15 Mar 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide methods and formulations for treating an inflammatory disease or reducing an inflammatory reaction comprising administering a fortified formulation comprising stabilized rice bran derivative and a fortification agent.
Abstract: This invention provides methods and formulations for treating an inflammatory disease or reducing an inflammatory reaction comprising administering a fortified formulation comprising stabilized rice bran derivative and a fortification agent. Preferred rice bran derivatives are rice bran oil and the solubilized fraction of rice bran. Preferred fortification agents are glucosamine derivative, methylsulfonylmethane, yucca concentrate, and grape seed extract.
TL;DR: In this paper, an efficient and easy-to-scale-up chromatographic separation method for the production of γ-Oryzanol was developed, where column operation was optimized by using a silica gel column packed with small particles.
Abstract: γ‐Oryzanol is considered to be an important fraction in rice bran oil. Due to the low concentration levels (1–3%) of γ‐oryzanol in crude rice bran oil (CRBO), isolation and purification would be necessary before practical usage. This study developed an efficient and easy‐to‐scale‐up chromatographic separation method for the production of γ‐oryzanol. First, the CRBO was prepared using a Soxhlet extractor operated under an optimal extraction condition (using 130 mL of hexane for 2 hr per 15 g rice bran). The extraction yield was 16–18% (w/w) and the purity of γ‐oryzanol was 2.4–3.0% (w/w). Then, γ‐oryzanol in the CRBO was purified by preparative elution chromatography under the normal phase mode. Column operation was optimized by using a silica gel column packed with small particles (12 µm) and operated by a three‐step gradient elution mode, where the mobile phase composition of hexane/ethyl acetate was from 90:10 or 85:15 to 50:50 v/v to pure ethyl acetate. The injection amount was increased as la...
Dissertation•
01 May 2005
TL;DR: In this paper, the performance of an immobilized packed bed reactor for the hydrolysis of rice bran oil has been investigated and can be well described by: a dispersion model with average variance of 0.0388 and a dimensionless mass transfer correlation between the Sherwood number and the Reynolds number.
Abstract: The thesis deals with the enzymatic splitting of abundantly available raw material, rice bran oil into free fatty acids and glycerol in jacketed batch reactor and column reactor
packed with immobilized lipase from Candida rugosa.
Candida rugosa lipase has been immobilized by adsorption on acid washed glass beads.
It was observed that lipase loading of the support depends on the size of the particle, with smaller particle containing higher amount of lipase per unit weight. 62 % of the original activity has been retained upon immobilization of lipase. Experiments on deactivation kinetics of immobilized lipase were performed in stirred batch reactor using rice bran oil as the substrate and temperature as the deactivation parameter. The data were fitted in
first order deactivation model. The effect of temperature on deactivation rate was represented by Arrhenius equation. Initial reaction rate linearly varied up to enzyme
concentration of 17.25 U/rnl. Amount of free fatty acids produced was linearly proportional up to the enzyme loading of 1650 ug/g of bead. Achievement of chemical
equilibrium took longer time in the case of less lipase loading. Degree of hydrolysis was found to decrease in second and third consecutive batch operations on repeated use of immobilized lipase. The kinetics of enzymatic hydrolysis of rice bran oil in isooctane by immobilized lipase in a batch reactor showed competitive inhibition by isooctane with a dissociation constant, Kr , of 0.92 M. However, the batch reactor kinetics data obtained in
the absence of isooctane followed the simple Michaelis-Menten kinetics with Ki m=0.2328 Mand Vi max=O.0281 Mlmin.
External mass transfer effects during the hydrolysis of rice bran oil using immobilized lipase enzyme were studied in a differential recirculation reactor. Onset of external mass transfer limitations were found to be responsible for the optimum activity with respect to the enzyme loading. Particle size influences global reaction rate more at lower flow rates than at higher flow rates. Experiments performed in continuous immobilized lipase packed bed reactor to study the influence of substrate concentration and flow rate on fractional hydrolysis of rice bran oil showed that the apparent kinetic constants vary with flow rates. Experiments on the stability of emulsion in the continuous packed bed reactor showed an optimum flow rate of 8 ml/min with respect to fractional conversion.
A recycle packed bed reactor has been used to increase the fractional conversion of rice bran oil. An optimum recycle ratio was determined as 9. The operational stability of the
recycle reactor was estimated by continuously hydrolyzing the rice bran oil for 16 days.
The operational stability was found to decrease in the presence of isooctane. The experimentally determined operational half-life of'Iipase was 360 h without isooctane but 288 h with 25% (v/v) isooctane in rice bran oil.
The performance of an immobilized packed bed reactor for the hydrolysis of rice bran oil has been investigated and can be well described by: a dispersion model with average
standard deviation of 0.0388. Global mass transfer coefficients estimated using the model and experimental data ranged from 0.095-0.482 min", depending on substrate flow rates.
A dimensionless mass transfer correlation between the Sherwood number and the Reynolds number was obtained as NSh=3.96xNRe2
The reaction data were represented in dimensionless Eadie-Hofstee plot, which indicated the extent of film
diffusion in packed bed reactor. Film effectiveness factor was calculated experimentally in the packed bed reactor and compared with the theoretically predicted values.