Showing papers on "Rice bran oil published in 2016"
TL;DR: The consumption of germinated brown rice (GBR) is increasing in many Asian countries because of its improved eating quality and potential health-promoting functions, but there is still a lack of studies on the compositional and functional changes of the bioactive components during germination.
187 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the rice bran oil (RBO) has been converted into methyl ester with an aid of transesterification reaction, which means conversion of triglyceride molecule or a complex fatty acid into alcohol and ester by removing the glycerin and neutralizing the free fatty acids.
Abstract: In this study, the rice bran oil (RBO) has been converted into methyl ester with an aid of transesterification reaction. Chemically, transesterification means conversion of triglyceride molecule or a complex fatty acid into alcohol and ester by removing the glycerin and neutralizing the free fatty acids. The B20 blend samples [80% diesel + 20% biodiesel] were prepared for each methyl ester obtained from RBO and then the cerium oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles were added to the each B20 blend samples at a dosage of 50 ppm and 100 ppm with an aid of ultrasonicator. Moreover, in the absence of any engine modifications, the performance and emission characteristics of those blend samples have been investigated from the experimentally measured values such as density, viscosity, cloud point, pour point, and calorific value while the engine performance was also analyzed through the parameters like exhaust gas temperature (EGT), brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), brake thermal efficiency (BTE), exhaust emis...
109 citations
TL;DR: The results implied that the yield of rice bran oil was significantly influenced by ultrasound, and the oil extracted by ultrasound-assisted aqueous process had a lower content of free fatty acid and lower color imparting components than the hexane-extracted oil.
88 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the results of an attempt wherein ferrofluid is added with rice bran oil methyl ester in the way of analyzing its effects on emission features are presented.
75 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, food-grade oleogels were combined with palm oil at three replacement levels (17, 33, and 50%wt) to form a continuous fat phase reduced in saturated fatty acids.
Abstract: In this research, food-grade oleogels (differing in concentration of bees wax in rice bran oil) were combined with palm oil at three replacement levels (17, 33, and 50%wt) to form a continuous fat phase reduced in saturated fatty acids. We explored the crystallization and gelling behavior of the wax-based palm-blend mixtures, and those of the fillings containing sugar and hazelnut particles dispersed in these wax-based palm-blend fat phases. The wax-based palm-blends were different in chemical nature (unique triacyglycerols in hazelnut oil, rice bran oil, and palm oil; fatty esters, n-alkanes, free fatty acids, and free fatty alcohols in bees wax), resulting in the formation of different crystalline morphologies when oleogels and palm oil were crystallized together. The crystallization of BW-oleogel has proven its contribution to the gelation of the hybrid mixtures during the instant cooling step. The maximum amount of palm oil being replaced by wax-based oleogels was 17%, resulting in a system having similar gel strength with the reference (100% of palm oil). The gel strength obtained from rheological measurements was explained based on the information obtained from oil binding capacity, microstructure (polarized light microscopy), and thermal studies. The dilution effect was observed and the melting enthalpy decreased with the increasing oleogel fraction. The solid fat content of the final filling products at body temperature was lower than 2.0%wt, suggesting a non-waxy mouthfeel. This research provides imperative information involved in the use of oleogels for the engineering of low saturated-fat confectionery products. Practical applications: Food grade beeswax-oleogel was used in search of a novel alternative for palm oil to limit the consumption of saturated fat content in confectionery products, especially hazelnut filling. A fundamental understanding in the rheological behavior and thermal properties of wax-based palm-blend mixtures, and of the wax-based fillings is very important to evaluate the influence of BW-oleogel on the crystallization of the continuous fat phase. The obtained data are imperative for the achievement of low-saturated fat products with a well-defined structure. These findings will be interest to the readers who are working in the area of food lipid science and technology, especially the use of food-grade fat-based alternatives in chocolate and confectionary industry. In this research, food-grade oleogels (differing in concentration of bees wax in rice bran oil) were combined with palm oil at three replacement levels (17, 33, and 50%wt) to form a continuous fat phase reduced in saturated fatty acids. We explored the crystallization and gelling behavior of the wax-based palm-blend mixtures, and those of the fillings containing sugar and hazelnut particles dispersed in these wax-based palm-blend fat phases. This research provides imperative information involved in the use of oleogels for the engineering of low saturated-fat confectionery products.
64 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the adsorption characteristics of carotenoids and chlorophylls in the rice bran oil bleaching at different temperatures and activated earth concentrations (0.5-2.5% w/w) were investigated.
61 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, three types of nano particles such as conductive nano particles (CNP), Semiconductive nano Particles (SNP) and Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNP) were added with natural ester insulating fluids (NEIFs) like sunflower oil (SFO), soya bean oil(SBO), rape seed oil (RSO), rice bran oil (RBO), coconut oil (CO) and cotton seed oil(CSO).
Abstract: In this paper, three types of nano particles such as Conductive Nano Particles (CNP), Semiconductive Nano Particles (SNP) and Magnetic Nanoparticles (MNP) were added with natural ester insulating fluids (NEIFs) like sunflower oil (SFO), soya bean oil (SBO), rape seed oil (RSO), rice bran oil (RBO), coconut oil (CO) and cotton seed oil (CSO). These nano particles possess mechanisms like large relaxation time constant, electron scavenging, chain breaking and metal chelation. A standard quantity of natural ester insulating fluid (NEIF) and three different concentrations of nano particles such as 0.05 g/L, 0.25 g/L and 0.5 g/L were blended to form superior nano ester insulating fluid (SNEIF). The NEIFs and SNEIFs were tested against electrical (ac breakdown), physical and thermal properties with the aim of enhancing its base properties. The characteristics of samples were tested before and after modification according to IEC and ASTM standard. It is evident that CNP, SNP and MNP show superior performance at elevated temperature than normal temperature.
59 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the magnetic nano particles (magnetite) can be collected from exhaust using magnetic billets in the tail pipe to reduce viscosity and other related problems associated with biodiesel by adding non polluting additives.
Abstract: The objective of this work is to reduce viscosity and other related problems associated with biodiesel by adding non polluting additives. Magnetite is chosen as an additive in this work. Significant reason for using magnetite as an additive is that the magnetic nano particles (magnetite) can be collected from exhaust using magnetic billets in the tail pipe. Performance and emission test is carried out in single cylinder compression ignition engine using base and modified fuel and is compared to diesel. Modified fuel consists of 98.5% base fuel (Rice bran oil methyl ester), 1.3% additives (magnetite) and 0.2% surfactant (tri methyl ammonium hydroxide) by volume. The experimental work confirmed that by adding magnetite to methyl esters of rice bran oil enhances the brake thermal efficiency by 4.27% with 5.17% reduction in SFC. In addition, 10.8%, 9.1% and 8.49% reduction in HC, CO and NOx emissions is observed respectively.
57 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated for the first time that using a blend of sesame oil and rice bran oil as cooking oil showed a significant antihypertensive and lipid-lowering action and had noteworthy additive effect with anti Hypertensive medication.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focused on the extraction of rice bran oil using supercritical carbon dioxide (SC-CO 2 ) and compressed liquefied petroleum gas (LPG).
46 citations
TL;DR: Results appear that blending of rapeseed oil with black cumin seed oil or rice bran oil enhanced nutritional and functional properties via higher oxidative stability as well as improved phytonutrient contents.
Abstract: For the increase of oxidative stability and phytonutrient contents of rapeseed oil 5, 10 and 20 % blends with rice bran oil and black cumin oil were prepared. Profiles of different bioactive lipid components of blends including tocopherols, tocotrienols, phytosterols and phytostanols as well as fatty acid composition were carried out using HPLC and GLC. Rancimat was used for detecting oxidative stability of the fatty material. The blends with black cumin seed oil characterized higher level of α- and γ-tocopherols as well as all isomers of tocotrienols. Presence of rice bran oil in blends leads to increased tocotrienols amounts, β-sitosterol and squalene. Blending resulted in lowering ratio of PUFA/SFA and improves stability of these oils. The ratio of omega-6/omega-3 raises from 2.1 in rapeseed oil to 3.7 and 3.0 in blends with black cumin and rice bran oils, respectively. Addition of 10 and 20 % of black cumin and rice bran oils to rapeseed oil were influenced on the oxidative stability of prepared blends. The results appear that blending of rapeseed oil with black cumin seed oil or rice bran oil enhanced nutritional and functional properties via higher oxidative stability as well as improved phytonutrient contents.
TL;DR: Oryzanol in the intestine is cleaved into FA and sterol by intestinal lipase enzymes both lipase and HMG-CoA reductase activities were inhibited, respectively, thus lowering lipid profiles.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of canola oil and rice bran oil (RBO) consumption on blood lipids in women with type 2 diabetes were compared. And the results showed that RBO could improve lipid profile more efficiently than CO.
TL;DR: In this paper, a sustainable method for enzymatic deacidification of high-acid rice bran oil (HRBO) was proposed, where an improved route was used to deacidify the free fatty acids (FFA) of HRBO and produce RBO rich in phytosterol ester.
TL;DR: The availability of different types of plant seed oils, several methods for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils, and its properties are reviewed, and various fuel properties considered for review such as specific gravity, viscosity, calorific value, flash point, and fire point are presented.
Abstract: The modern scenario reveals that the world is facing energy crisis due to the dwindling sources of fossil fuels. Environment protection agencies are more concerned about the atmospheric pollution due to the burning of fossil fuels. Alternative fuel research is getting augmented because of the above reasons. Plant seed oils (vegetable oils) are cleaner, sustainable, and renewable. So, it can be the most suitable alternative fuel for compression ignition (CI) engines. This paper reviews the availability of different types of plant seed oils, several methods for production of biodiesel from vegetable oils, and its properties. The different types of oils considered in this review are cashew nut shell liquid (CNSL) oil, ginger oil, eucalyptus oil, rice bran oil, Calophyllum inophyllum, hazelnut oil, sesame oil, clove stem oil, sardine oil, honge oil, polanga oil, mahua oil, rubber seed oil, cotton seed oil, neem oil, jatropha oil, egunsi melon oil, shea butter, linseed oil, Mohr oil, sea lemon oil, pumpkin oil, tobacco seed oil, jojoba oil, and mustard oil. Several methods for production of biodiesel are transesterification, pre-treatment, pyrolysis, and water emulsion are discussed. The various fuel properties considered for review such as specific gravity, viscosity, calorific value, flash point, and fire point are presented. The review also portrays advantages, limitations, performance, and emission characteristics of engine using plant seed oil biodiesel are discussed. Finally, the modeling and optimization of engine for various biofuels with different input and output parameters using artificial neural network, response surface methodology, and Taguchi are included.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of concentration of citrus pectin, zein and oil as well as order of mixing on physical properties and stability of emulsions stabilized by polysaccharide−protein complexes were investigated.
TL;DR: SC-CO2 extraction with modifier would be promising for preparation of phytochemical essences for therapeutic purpose for vitamin E, γ-oryzanols and xanthophylls from rice bran.
TL;DR: Four bacterial strains were confirmed to be capable of producing medium-chain-length PHAs (mcl-PHAs), consisting of 3-hydroxyoctanoate (3HO) and 3-Hydroxy-5-cis-dodecanoates (3H5DD), from crude glycerol, which suggests their future application as softeners mixed with other biomaterials.
Abstract: Our study aimed to search for novel bacteria capable of producing polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHAs) using crude glycerol residue obtained from biodiesel production in which used cooking oils were the substrates. Newly isolated bacteria from soils in Thailand were screened for the efficient production of PHAs from crude glycerol. The bacterial strains were cultivated on glucose, refined glycerol, crude glycerol, or various cooking oils (canola oil, palm oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, corn oil, grape seed oil, olive oil, rice bran oil, camellia seed oil) for growth and PHA production. The effects of the total organic carbon (TOC) concentration and the mole ratio of carbon to nitrogen were investigated in batch cultivation. 1H NMR, two dimensional-1H-correlation spectroscopy (2D-1H-COSY) and 13C NMR analyses confirmed four bacterial strains were capable of producing medium-chain-length PHAs (mcl-PHAs), consisting of 3-hydroxyoctanoate (3HO) and 3-hydroxy-5-cis-dodecanoate (3H5DD), from crude glycerol. On the basis of phenotypic features and genotypic investigations, the bacterial strains were assigned as: ASC1, Acinetobacter genus (94.9 % similarity); ASC2, Pseudomonas genus (99.2 % similarity); ASC3, Enterobacter genus (99.2 % similarity); ASC4, Bacillus genus (98.4 % similarity). The highest amount of mcl-PHAs, 17.5 ± 0.8 g/L (content 61.8 ± 3.3 % wt), with 3HO (14.7 ± 2.2 mol %), 3H5DD (85.3 ± 2.2 mol %), and a total biomass of 32.3 ± 0.3 g/L, was obtained from Pseudomonas sp. ASC2 in batch cultivation after 36 h. The mcl-PHAs recovered had a number-average molecular weight (M
N) of 3.6 × 104 Da. Homopolymeric 3H5DD was obtained when the cultivation time was prolonged to 96 h. Novel PHA-producing strains were isolated and identified. These bacterial strains are able to produce mcl-PHAs from crude glycerol. The mcl-PHAs produced contained a high percentage of 3H5DD, which suggests their future application as softeners mixed with other biomaterials. The unsaturated side chain of 3H5DD monomers containing double bounds offers additional potential for improving the properties of the mcl-PHAs or extending their applications to the food industry.
TL;DR: This article performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and quantify the effects of rice bran oil on lipid profiles in humans, and found that consumption of Rice bran oils resulted in a significant decrease in concentrations of LDL-C (−6.91 µmg/dl, 95% CI, −10.24 to −3.57; p
Abstract: Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become a concerning health problem because of its increasing prevalence. Vegetable oils such as rice bran oil may improve blood lipids, risk factors for CVD. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to identify and quantify the effects of rice bran oil on lipid profiles in humans. Literature databases (Pubmed, Scopus, Science Direct, Proquest, Ovid, and Google Scholar) were systematically searched until the end of November 2015, with no restrictions regarding study design, time, or language. The variables extracted for the meta-analysis included low density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), high density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TAG), VLDL-C, apoA, apoB, Lp(a), TC/HDL-C, and LDL-C/HDL-C. From 415 identified articles, 11 randomized controlled trials met the eligibility criteria and were included in our review. Rice bran oil consumption resulted in a significant decrease in concentrations of LDL-C (–6.91 mg/dl, 95% CI, –10.24 to –3.57; p
01 Nov 2016
TL;DR: In this paper, a comparative study of ac breakdown voltage, dielectric constant, dissipation factor (tan δ) and resistivity of five different types of natural ester liquid under a variation of temperature was performed.
Abstract: The common insulating oil used in oil-filled transformer applications is mineral oil. In recent years, significant attention has been paid to alternative insulating fluids such as synthetic and natural ester liquids. The natural ester liquid is considered to be the best substitute of mineral oil in future. In order to apply natural ester liquid in transformers safely, it is important to have detailed information on its dielectric properties and its performance should be proven to be comparatively at par with mineral oil. This paper mainly focuses on a comparative study of ac breakdown voltage, dielectric constant, dissipation factor (tan δ) and resistivity of five different types of natural ester liquid under a variation of temperature. The natural ester liquids used in this experiment are rice bran oil, palm oil, corn oil, sunflower oil and canola oil. Based on the results, the dielectric constant and resistivity of all types of natural ester oil decreased with the increase in temperature. However, the dissipation factor properties in this experiment increased with the increase in temperature. In general, among all types of natural ester oil, the canola-based ester oil has the best potential to replace the current transformer oil due to its good dielectric properties as shown in this paper.
TL;DR: The blends of crude rice bran biodiesel show better results than diesel with increase in compression ratio, and are found to be good and viable feedstock for biodiesel production.
Abstract: As a substitute to petroleum-derived diesel, biodiesel has high potential as a renewable and environment friendly energy source. For petroleum importing countries the choice of feedstock for biodiesel production within the geographical region is a major influential factor. Crude rice bran oil is found to be good and viable feedstock for biodiesel production. A two step esterification is carried out for higher free fatty acid crude rice bran oil. Blends of 10, 20 and 40 % by vol. crude rice bran biodiesel are tested in a variable compression ratio diesel engine at compression ratio 15, 16, 17 and 18. Engine performance and exhaust emission parameters are examined. Cylinder pressure-crank angle variation is also plotted. The increase in compression ratio from 15 to 18 resulted in 18.6 % decrease in brake specific fuel consumption and 14.66 % increase in brake thermal efficiency on an average. Cylinder pressure increases by 15 % when compression ratio is increased. Carbon monoxide emission decreased by 22.27 %, hydrocarbon decreased by 38.4 %, carbon dioxide increased by 17.43 % and oxides of nitrogen as NOx emission increased by 22.76 % on an average when compression ratio is increased from 15 to 18. The blends of crude rice bran biodiesel show better results than diesel with increase in compression ratio.
TL;DR: A novel method for upgrading high-acid RBO using ethanol as a novel acyl acceptor in combination with a highly selective lipase from Malassezia globosa (SMG1-F278N) enabling an unprecedented deacidification efficiency of up to 99.80% in a short time.
Abstract: One of the major challenges in the upgrading of high-acid rice bran oil (RBO) is to efficiently reduce the amount of free fatty acids. Here we report a novel method for upgrading high-acid RBO using ethanol as a novel acyl acceptor in combination with a highly selective lipase from Malassezia globosa (SMG1-F278N). This process enabled an unprecedented deacidification efficiency of up to 99.80% in a short time (6 h); the immobilized SMG1-F278N used in deacidification exhibited excellent operational stability and could be used for at least 10 consecutive batches without detectable loss in activity. Scale-up was performed under optimized conditions to verify the applicability of this process, and low-acid (0.08%) RBO with a high level of γ-oryzanol (27.8 g/kg) and γ-oryzanol accumulation fold (1.5) was obtained after molecular distillation at lower temperature (120 °C). Overall, we report a simplified and efficient procedure for the production of edible RBO from high-acid RBO.
TL;DR: A novel blend of 20% cold-pressed unrefined sesame oil and 80% physically refined rice bran oil as cooking oil, lowered hyperglycemia and improved the lipid profile in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
TL;DR: It may be possible to further increase the oleic acid content in rice oil by altering the expression of the lipid biosynthetic genes that are affected in the HO line.
Abstract: The bran from polished rice grains can be used to produce rice bran oil (RBO). High oleic (HO) RBO has been generated previously through RNAi down-regulation of OsFAD2-1. HO-RBO has higher oxidative stability and could be directly used in the food industry without hydrogenation, and is hence free of trans fatty acids. However, relative to a classic oilseed, lipid metabolism in the rice grain is poorly studied and the genetic alteration in the novel HO genotype remains unexplored. Here, we have undertaken further analysis of role of OsFAD2-1 in the developing rice grain. The use of Illumina-based NGS transcriptomics analysis of developing rice grain reveals that knockdown of Os-FAD2-1 gene expression was accompanied by the down regulation of the expression of a number of key genes in the lipid biosynthesis pathway in the HO rice line. A slightly higher level of oil accumulation was also observed in the HO-RBO. Prominent among the down regulated genes were those that coded for FatA, LACS, SAD2, SAD5, caleosin and steroleosin. It may be possible to further increase the oleic acid content in rice oil by altering the expression of the lipid biosynthetic genes that are affected in the HO line.
TL;DR: In this paper, the thermal stability and lubricating characteristics of different types of vegetable oil were investigated using a four-ball tester, according to ASTM method 4172, and it was found that Millettia pinnata oil remains thermally stable at 391 °C.
Abstract: Lubricants are mostly used to reduce the friction and wear between sliding and metal contact surfaces, allowing them to move smoothly over each other. Nowadays, due to the increase in oil prices and reduction of oil reserves, it is necessary to replace mineral oil, which will also protect the environment from hazards caused by these oils. It is essential to find an alternative oil for the replacement of mineral-oil-based lubricants, and vegetable oil already meets the necessary requirements. Vegetable-oil-based biolubricants are non-toxic, biodegradable, renewable and have a good lubricating performance compared to mineral-oil-based lubricants. This study analyzes the thermal stability and lubricating characteristics of different types of vegetable oil. The friction and wear characteristics of the oils were investigated using a four-ball tester, according to ASTM method 4172. Millettia pinnata oil has good oxidation stability due to the presence of higher percentages of oleic acid in its fatty acid composition. Millettia pinnata oil also shows a higher kinematic viscosity. Rice bran oil shows a higher viscosity index than other oils, and it is better for boundary lubrication. In thermogravimetric analysis, it was found that Millettia pinnata oil remains thermally stable at 391 °C. Millettia pinnata oil showed a lower coefficient of friction and rice bran oil showed a lower wear scar diameter compared to other vegetable oils and lube oils. A lower wear scar surface area was found with rice bran oil compared to other vegetable and commercial oils. Therefore, due to a better lubricating performance, Millettia pinnata oil has great potential to be used as a lubricating oil in industrial and automotive applications.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a two-step process to prepare biodiesel from high free fatty acid feedstock, such as rice bran oil (RBO), which can be used both as an alternative fuel and as an additive for petroleum diesel.
Abstract: Increased global industrialization has led to a steep rise in the demand for energy. The global demand for energy is expected to increase by about 1.6 % per annum from 2011 to 20301. Fossil fuels are expected to remain the main energy source in the world, but in the meantime renewable energy sources (wind, solar, geothermal, bioenergy) are the world’s fastest-growing energy sources, increasing by 2.5 percent per year2. However, the reserves of fossil fuels are limited, and their large-scale use is associated with environmental deterioration3,4. The negative effects of using fossil fuels include acid rain, ozone layer depletion, and global climate change5. The increase in oil price and the growing interest in environmental issues have recently given a considerable impetus to the research for cleaner and renewable energy sources. Biodiesel, which consists of long-chain Fatty Acid Methyl Esters (FAME) obtained from renewable lipids, such as those in vegetable oils or animal fat, can be used both as an alternative fuel and as an additive for petroleum diesel. As much as 70–80 % of the cost of biodiesel is associated with the cost of raw material. Using a low-cost raw material, such as crude oils, acid oils, waste oils or high FFA rice bran oil (RBO) to produce biodiesel is important in reducing the cost of biodiesel production6. Nevertheless, the biggest challenge in using FFA feedstock is that, during transesterification, these feedstocks easily undergo the saponification reaction leading to soap formation. Saponification results in reduced biodiesel yields, hinders separation of the ester from glycerin and reduces the formation rate of FAME7,8. Therefore, alkaline catalysts cannot directly catalyze the transesterification of oils containing high FFA. For alkaline transesterification to take place, the FFA level in the oil should be below a desired level (ranging from less than 0.5 % to less than 3 %)9. As a result, a two-step process is usually employed to prepare biodiesel from high FFA feedstocks. In the first step, the raw material undergoes acid pretreatment before being subjected to alkali-catalyzed transesterification. The acid-catalyzed chemical reaction, also referred to as esterification, involves the reaction of FFAs and alcohol, yielding fatty acid alkyl ester and water10. The reduction of free fatty acids in different oils and fats by esterification has been proposed in many studies11–14. Acid catalysis is more tolerant to high FFA and moisture levels in the initial feedstock, and therefore, is more appropriate for low-quality oils15,16. A homogeneous acid, such as sulfuric acid (H2SO4), shows a better performance with FFAs than the solid-base catalysts, while it can simultaneously catalyze esterification and transesterification17,18. Rice bran oil offers significant potential as an alternative low-cost feedstock for biodiesel producEsterification of High Free Fatty Acid Rice Bran Oil: Parametric and Kinetic Study
TL;DR: Fractionated 230mg oil from commercial vitamin E supplement capsules by countercurrent chromatography and subsequent analysis by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry of silylated CCC fractions showed that these eight isomers represented only about 70% of total tocopherol compounds.
TL;DR: The results indicated that minor components of SO and RBO possess a significant degree of an anti-arthritic effect and are responsible for down regulating inflammation in the experimentally induced arthritis in rats.
Abstract: Though present in small amounts, the minor constituents of dietary oils may supplement the dietary therapies for rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Hence, in the present study, we assessed the effect of minor constituents from sesame oil (SO) and rice bran oil (RBO) and their fatty acids on the severity of adjuvant-induced arthritis in experimental rats. Rats were gavaged with 1 mL of SO or RBO or groundnut oil (GNO, control) with or without its minor components for a period 15 days before and 15 days after the induction of arthritis. Oxidative stress, markers of RA, eicosanoids, cytokines, paw swelling and joint integrity were measured in experimental and control rats. Results demonstrated that native SO and RBO but not SO and RBO stripped of their minor components decreased severity of paw inflammation, oxidative stress (lipid peroxides, protein carbonyls, nitric oxide), RA markers (RF and CRP), inflammatory eicosanoids (PGE2, LTB4 and LTC4) and cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, MCP-1 and TNF-α) compared to control rats. Native SO and RBO inhibited hydrolytic enzymes (collagenase, elastase and hyaluronidase) in the synovial tissue compared to SO and RBO without minor components. The arthritic scores assessed based on the digital and X-ray images indicated that native oils but not those without their minor components reduced the paw swelling and bone loss. Our results indicated that minor components of SO and RBO possess a significant degree of an anti-arthritic effect and are responsible for down regulating inflammation in the experimentally induced arthritis in rats.
TL;DR: It was concluded that dietaryPHVF enhance pro-inflammatory markers which can be reduced by judiciously blending PHVF with RBO.
Abstract: Industrially produced partially hydrogenated vegetable fat (PHVF) contains trans fatty acids (TFA) mostly comprising elaidic acid (EA, 18:1∆9t). Though, the harmful effects of TFA on health have been repeatedly publicized, the fat containing TFA have been continued to be used as a cooking medium in many regions of the world. The adverse effects of PHVF on oxidative stress and inflammatory markers and the possible ameliorative action of rice bran oil (RBO) on these markers were evaluated. Weaning rats were fed a AIN-93 purified diet supplemented with the following lipids: groundnut oil (GNO, 10 wt%), PHVF (10 wt%), RBO (10 wt%), PHVF blended with RBO at 2.5, 5.0 and 7.5 wt% levels. The final concentration of the lipids in the diet was maintained at 10 wt%. Rats were fed these diets for 60 days. They were sacrificed and analyzed for oxidative stress and inflammatory markers. The rats fed PHVF showed lower levels of lipid peroxidation and hepatic antioxidant enzymes. The rats fed PHVF-containing diets showed enhanced levels of interleukin-1β, C-reactive proteins and also showed enhanced levels of paw inflammation when injected with carrageenan as compared to rats given GNO, RBO or PHVF blended with incremental amounts of RBO. The macrophages from rats fed diet containing PHVF showed up-regulation in the expressions of cytosolic phospholipase A2 (cPLA2), nuclear factor-κB p65, toll like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4 and down-regulation in the expressions of peroxisome proliferator activated receptor gamma (PPAR)γ, adiponectin receptor (AdipoR)-1 and AdipoR-2 when compared to rats fed diet containing GNO, RBO and PHVF blended with RBO. It was concluded that dietary PHVF enhance pro-inflammatory markers which can be reduced by judiciously blending PHVF with RBO.
TL;DR: Results provided the first mass spectrometric evidence suggesting that a portion of orally administered OZ is directly absorbed by the intestine and is present in the intact form in plasma, which may explain the beneficial effects of OZ in vivo.
Abstract: Although the beneficial effects (e.g., lipid-lowering activity) of γ-oryzanol (OZ), a mixture of ferulic acid esters of plant sterols and triterpene alcohols, have been extensively investigated, few studies have evaluated the absorption and metabolism of OZ. Moreover, it is unclear whether OZ, once ingested, is directly absorbed by the intestine into the bloodstream at a sufficient level to exhibit activity. Here, we prepared OZ concentrate from purified rice bran oil (Rice Oil OZ), determined the concentration of OZ in the preparation (cycloartenyl ferulate equivalent concentration; 52.2%), and then carried out chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis of plasma samples from mice after oral administration of Rice Oil OZ. The OZ concentrations of plasma from the control (vehicle-treated) mice were low (trace levels); however, at 5 h after a single oral administration of the Rice Oil OZ (600 mg per kg body weight), the levels significantly increased, reaching 17.6 ng mL−1 for cycloartenyl ferulate, 28.2 ng mL−1 for 24-methylenecycloartanyl ferulate isomers, 15.6 ng mL−1 for campesteryl ferulate, and 5.1 ng mL−1 for β-sitosteryl ferulate, respectively, expressed in equivalence of cycloartenyl ferulate in plasma. These results provided the first mass spectrometric evidence suggesting that a portion of orally administered OZ is directly absorbed by the intestine and is present in the intact form in plasma. The presence of a significant amount of OZ in its intact form in plasma may explain the beneficial effects of OZ in vivo.