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Showing papers on "Rise time published in 1982"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the RC time constants for various interconnect materials, including poly-Si, silicides, and Al, are compared with MOSFET speeds at nearmicron and submicron design rules.
Abstract: The RC time constants for various interconnect materials, including poly-Si, silicides, and Al, are compared with MOSFET speeds at near-micron and submicron design rules. It is found that for design rules below ∼ 2 µm, the rise time of Al interconnects one cm long can exceed the switching delay of state-of-the-art MOSFET circuits. This speed limitation becomes more severe as design rules are reduced further. The effects of the sheet resistance and thickness of gate level interconnects, the thickness of the field oxide, and the dielectric constant of the insulating overlays are quantified.

79 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the high frequency response characteristics of differentiating and self-integrating Rogowski coils have been calculated for arbitrary values of the coil terminating resistance assuming Ampere's law to be valid.
Abstract: The high frequency response characteristics of differentiating and self-integrating Rogowski coils have been calculated for arbitrary values of the coil terminating resistance assuming Ampere's law to be valid. Effects due to a reactive terminating impedance are also discussed. When the displacement current is taken into account in the measurement of the current of a charged particle beam, it is found that an effective rise time is introduced into the self-integrating coil response on the order of a/??, where a is the major radius of the coil, ? is the velocity of the beam, and ? = (1 -?2/c2)-1/2.

65 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a low noise, wide bandwidth preamplifier and signal processing filter for high counting rate proportional counters were developed, which is an optimized common base input design with 2 ns rise time and an equivalent noise input charge /lt 2000 r.m.s.

42 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the required trigger energy from the laser was ⩾ 35 nJ; the timing jitter was ε ± 150 ps; and the trigger energy was used to switch 4 kV pulses into 50 Ω with < 1 ns rise time.
Abstract: Bulk Cr:GaAs in a sparkgap‐type arrangement has switched 4 kV pulses into 50 Ω with <1 ns rise time. The required trigger energy from the laser was ⩾ 35 nJ; the timing jitter was ⩽ ±150 ps.

26 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It was found that impulse response correlated to rise time for response to tone burst and decay and recovery were (nearly significantly) correlated and are probably different measures of the same process.
Abstract: Different measures of the dynamic properties of the contralateral stapedius reflex were compared in normal-hearing subjects. The stapedius reflex was measured as change of the acoustic impedance at 800 Hz. The stimulus was a 1-s burst of pure tone at 500 or 2 000 Hz with a rise time of 10 ms; a 25-ms burst of pure tone at 500 Hz, rise time 2 ms; an amplitude modulated 500 Hz pure tone (30% modulation depth); a continuous pure tone in which a 1-s pause was introduced after at least 5 s. Onset was measured as rise time to 50% of maximum response and offset as time from end of stimulus until 50% of response amplitude was reached. The impulse response was quantified by time from start of stimulus to peak of response. The frequency transfer function was characterized by the 6 dB (half amplitude) cut-off point and decay was measured in percentage during a 5-s period. Recovery was quantified as the relative regain of amplitude after a 1-s pause. It was found that impulse response correlated to rise time for resp...

18 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the dependence of the measured radiation losses in ETA-BETA II on plasma density and plasma current rise time is discussed, and a high-density limit is found, corresponding to large radiation.
Abstract: The dependence of the measured radiation losses in ETA-BETA II on plasma density and plasma current rise time is discussed. A high-density limit is found, corresponding to large radiation. Above this limit, burning through the light impurities (mainly oxygen) does not take place and a cold, radiation-dominated discharge is obtained. This high-density limit scales with the plasma current, indicating a lower limit on the I/N parameter similar to the tokamak high-density limit. With longer current rise times the radiation energy loss during the set-up phase increases about linearly with rise time, corresponding always to about 50% of the total energy losses during this phase.

17 citations


Patent
28 Jul 1982
TL;DR: An electric switching surge protector comprising a nonlinear, voltage and frequency sensitive RC network connectable between earth and a phase of a switch controlled, AC electric load circuit is proposed in this article, where the capacitance component is operative to decouple the resistance components from the circuit at power supply frequency but to couple the combined resistive impedance of the parallel connected linear and nonlinear resistance components effectively into the circuit under high frequency conditions.
Abstract: An electric switching surge protector comprising a non-linear, voltage and frequency sensitive RC network connectable between earth and a phase of a switch controlled, AC electric load circuit. The RE network includes a linear resistance component; a non-linear resistance component connected in parallel with the linear resistance component and having a pre-determined knee-point voltage value; and a capacitance component connected in series with the parallel connected linear and non-linear resistance components. The capacitance component is operative to decouple the resistance components from the circuit at power supply frequency but to couple the combined resistive impedance of the parallel connected linear and non-linear resistance components effectively into the circuit under high frequency conditions. The capacitance component is further operative to increase the rise time of that portion of a steep fronted surge which exceeds the knee-point voltage value of the non-linear resistance component.

17 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a pyroelectric infrared sensor made of PbTiO3 ferroelectric thin film constructed on Si wafer has been developed, which can be operated up to a few tens kHz region.
Abstract: A pyroelectric infrared sensor made of PbTiO3 ferroelectric thin film constructed on Si wafer has been developed. Pyroelectric output signal is amplified in current mode by a bipolar transistor which is devised on the same Si wafer. The device performance is much improved in high frequency region as compared with that of previous FET mode monolithic sensors, and it can be operated up to a few tens kHz region. Current responsivity of the PbTiO3 film has been also increased by reducing a heat capacity of the sensitive area and the output voltage of the device is 1.1 mV under the illumination of 120 mW/cm2 at 1 kHz which is one order of magnitude larger than that of the previous FET mode structure attached directly to Si wafer. The detectivity is ~105 cm √Hz/W with bandwidth of 1 Hz at chopping frequency of 1 kHz. The rise time of the response measured under CO2 laser pulse irradiation is about 2.5 µs.

14 citations


Journal Article
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the rise time of spark produced N waves in air with a microphone of very wide bandwidth and used a computer algorithm to predict the waveform of a propagating N wave.
Abstract: : The rise time of spark produced N waves in air has been measured with a microphone of very wide bandwidth. The purpose was to determine the extent to which vibrational relaxation affects the rise time. Electric sparks having energies between 0.06 J and 26.5 J were used. The N waves had pressure amplitudes in the range 0.15-15.0 mbar, half durations 7.5-41.5 microsec, and rise times 0.65-7.0 microsec. The measurements were taken at source-receiver distances of 0.1-5.5 m. Data were taken under three different conditions: constant spark energy, constant half duration, and constant amplitude. Theoretical predictions in common use for the rise time of a plane step shock in a thermoviscous gas and in a relaxing gas were reviewed. The measurements show, however, that these predictions are not really applicable to the head shock of our spherical N waves. An alternative theoretical prediction was obtained by using a computer algorithm to predict the waveform of a propagating N wave. The algorithm includes finite amplitude distortion, spherical spreading, absorption based on the ANSI standard for still air, and dispersion appropriate for oxygen relaxation. The predicted waveforms, including amplitude, half duration, and rise time, are in good agreement with the measured waveforms. Further computer calculations show that the measured rise times cannot be attributed to relaxation (including dispersion) or thermoviscous absorption alone. Both mechanisms are important for the N waves in our experiment.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model for a general system transfer function is proposed to estimate the effect of a system's impulse response on the measurement of seismic pulses in the presence of an impulsive source, which is then obtained by convolving the system impulse response with the given seismic pulse.
Abstract: Rise times for seismic pulses in rock are discussed for both nearly constant Q (NCQ) and constant Q (CQ) theories of pulse attenuation. The frequency content of the NCQ pulse is examined in detail. Frequencies close to the megahertz region are shown to have a significant contribution to the rise time of pulses a meter or so from an impulsive source. Hence, the measurement of such rise times is significantly influenced by the frequency response of the measurement system itself. In giving a numerical assessment of the system influence, I propose a model for a general system transfer function. The effect of such a system on the measurement of rise times of seismic pulses is then obtained by convolving the system impulse response with the given seismic pulse. For even the most broad‐band seismic measurement systems presently available, rise time measurements made especially within 10 m or so of an impulsive source show a large contribution dependent upon the rise time of the measurement system itself.

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors applied the technique of optoelectronic switching to Blumlein pulse generator, and generated square pulses with ultrafast rise time, where the rise time is essentially controlled by the temporal width of the picosecond laser pulse.
Abstract: Blumlein pulse generator has the potentiality of yielding pulse amplitude equal to the charging voltage By applying the technique of optoelectronic switching to Blumlein pulse generator, square pulses with ultrafast rise time have been generated In such cases, the rise time is essentially controlled by the temporal width of the picosecond laser pulse

Patent
25 Oct 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, an electronic welding apparatus including a primary controlled switching mode power supply including a inverter in form of a half-semiconductor stage (3), said inverter being connected to a power line rectifier and controlled through an analog control circuit (6) in dependence on the arc current and/or to the arc voltage, wherein the output is connected through a transformer (4) with a welding rectifier (5), with two electrical current/voltage converters (7) providing the nominal value input of the analog control circuits being connected with the output of
Abstract: 1. An electronic welding apparatus including a primary controlled switching mode power supply including a inverter in form of a halfsemiconductor stage (3), said inverter being connected to a power line rectifier (2) and controlled through an analog control circuit (6) in dependence on the arc current and/or to the arc voltage, wherein the output is connected through a transformer (4) with a welding rectifier (5), with two electrical current/voltage converters (7) for the arc voltage and the arc current, the nominal value input of the analog control circuit (6) being connected with the output of a microprocessor control (10) provided for adjusting the nominal value of the one arc-magnitude or of both arc-magnitudes and for watching the welding and the analog control circuit effecting a comparison nominal-actual value, for generating in dependence thereto an error signal (28) which is supplied to a pulse width modulator (27) of the semi-conductor-switching stage (3), which comprises transistors (21, 23; 29-32) as switch and being designed as single-ended buck regulator with an asymmetric half-bridge circuit or as push pull full bridge, characterized in that for monitoring the saturation voltage of the transistors (21, 22) are provided comparators (49, 50), that for limiting the collector current of the transistors (21, 22) are provided two comparators (43, 44) the outputs of the first and second comparators (49, 50, 43, 44) are supplied to the set-input (S) of two flip-flops (45, 46), the outputs of which are supplied through amplifiers (47, 48) to driver stages (25, 26) of the transistors (21, 22), for switching them off in an excessively high saturation voltage or an excessively high collector current occur and wherein for delimiting the current rise time of the collector currents of the switching transistors (21, 22) is provided an additional transformer in the secondary circuit of the transformer (4), having a primary and secondary coil arranged in series and coiled in opposite direction so that due to the counter voltage of the secondary coil, the current rise is delimited in dependence on the load and thus on the welding current, and wherein the output of one of said two flip-flops (45, 46) is each connected with the set-input (S) of the other one of said two flip-flops (45, 46), so that, when one of said two flip-flops is set, simultaneously also the other one of said two flip-flops is set.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the self-trapping time of 1 s excitons in KI was directly measured for the first time by using the picosecond pulses of fifth harmonic (212.8 nm) of a Nd 3+ : YAG laser, which is one-photon resonant to the one s exciton.
Abstract: The self-trapping time of 1 s excitons in KI is directly measured for the first time by using the picosecond pulses of fifth harmonic (212.8 nm) of a Nd 3+ : YAG laser, which is one-photon resonant to the 1 s exciton. By observing the rise time of the E x luminescence, the self-trapping time is estimated to be 100±50 ps. This self-trapping time is considered to be the time for the excitons to tunnel the adiabatic potential barrier. The self-trapping time and the barrier height, 30 meV, are compared with theoretical calculation and consistency of these values is discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
Ning Lu1, L. Gerzberg, James D. Meindl
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of scaling on the performance of VLSI static RAM's and logic is analyzed in terms of chip area, power, sensitivity to radiation, rise time, voltage swing, and noise margin.
Abstract: Quantitative design criteria for monolithic polycrystalline-silicon resistors are established from physical models to develop an optimal device design. Based on the results, the parameters that limit the sealing of polysilicon resistors are identified, and a first-order estimation of minimum device dimensions is projected. The impact of this scaling on the performance of VLSI static RAM's and logic is analyzed in terms of chip area, power, sensitivity to radiation, rise time, voltage swing, and noise margin. Based on constant-power scaling rules, resistor scaling is limited by the permissible nonlinearity dictated primarily by maximum rise time and sensitivity to radiation. After constant-field seating, the speed-power product is improved; however, the circuits have less noise margin and voltage swing and become more sensitive to radiation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new technique was developed to derive the large-signal transient response of semiconductor devices from small-signual frequency response data, where the input waveform is decomposed into a superposition of small pulses and the response to each pulse is obtained by Fourier transformation techniques.
Abstract: A new technique has been developed to derive the large-signal transient response of semiconductor devices from small-signal frequency response data. The large-signal switching response can be calculated for an arbitrary input signal voltage and rise time. This new technique utilizes the Fourier transformation to combine arrays of small-signal data to compute the response waveform. The input waveform is decomposed into a superposition of small pulses. The response to each pulse is obtained by Fourier transformation techniques, using s-parameter data at appropriate bias points. The sum of these responses approximates the overall transient response. Simulations were performed for a GaAs MESFET for step inputs with the rise times of 8 ns and 150 ps. Good agreement was obtained between simulated waveforms and measured output waveforms in rise time, magnitude, and waveform shape. This algorithm is general and will work for other measured small-signal transfer parameters as functions of frequency and bias.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a new technique was developed to derive the large-signal transient response of semiconductor devices from small signal frequency response data, where the input waveform is decomposed into a superposition of small pulses.
Abstract: A new technique has been developed to derive the large-signal transient response of semiconductor devices from small-signal frequency response data. The large-signal switching response can be calculated for an arbitrary input signal voltage and rise time. The new technique utilizes the Fourier transformation to combine arrays of small-signal data to compute the response waveform. The input waveform is decomposed into a superposition of small pulses. The response to each pulse is obtained by Fourier transformation techniques, using s-parameter data at appropriate bias points. The sum of these responses approximates the overall transient response. Simulations were performed for a GaAs MESFET for step inputs with the rise times of 8 ns and 150 ps. Good agreement was obtained between simulated waveforms and measured output waveforms in rise time, magnitude, and waveform shape. This algorithm is general and will work for other measured small-signal transfer parameters as functions of frequency and bias.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1982
TL;DR: The results suggest that the molecular event leading to the R1-component is an early charge separation which may be as fast as the cis-trans isomerization of the retinal chromophore.
Abstract: The rising phase of the R1-component of the early receptor potential from isolated cattle retinas was measured with high time resolution. When the measuring capacitance was 133 pF, a latency of about 200 ns was observed. A rise time of about 0.8 Μs at 0‡ C and 1.6 Μs at 37‡ C (extrapolated to ideal measuring conditions) was found. The negative temperature dependence indicates that the rise is not directly related to the production and decay of photolysis products of rhodopsin since the latter have positive temperature coefficients. An increase of the external measuring capacitance caused a slower rise time. The analysis of this effect allowed the determination of the source impedance of the R1-component. The experimental results can be described with a model in which it is assumed that a fast charge separation (ns or ps) takes place in the outer segment of a photoreceptor cell, and spreads passively to the inner segment via the resistance of the interconnecting cilium. The “inner” relaxation could be circumvented by using isolated rod outer segments which lack the passive inner segments, i.e., a rise time of 90 ns could be measured when isolated rod outer segments were attached to Millipore filters. The results suggest that the molecular event leading to the R1-component is an early charge separation which may be as fast as the cis-trans isomerization of the retinal chromophore.

Patent
13 Jan 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, a pre-sense operation by an FF using a transistor which is small in a gain constant and long in a gate length was proposed to improve detecting sensitivity without decreasing an operation speed.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve a detecting sensitivity without decreasing an operation speed, by executing a pre-sense operation by an FF using a transistor which is small in a gain constant and long in a gate length, and operating an FF using a transistor which is large in a gain constant and short in a gate length, after a prescribed time has elapsed. CONSTITUTION:A clock phip is made H, TRs Q18, Q19 are conducted, BL, BL bar, and Q12, Q13, Q15, Q16 are pre-charged, and a micropotential variation corresponding to stored information is generated in bit lines BL, BL bar. Subsequently, a sense operation is started, and TR Q14 is conducted by a signal phis1. A gain constant of Q14 is sufficiently set smaller, comparing with that of TR Q17. Also, the gate length of Q12 and Q13 is made longer than that of Q15 and Q16. FF1 executes a pre- sense operation, and subsequently, for instance, after 10ns, the FF1 is operated by a signal phis2. In case when a rise time of phis1 is 20ns, the FF2 operates before the FF1 finishes its amplifying operation, therefore, the detecting sensitivity is improved without decreasing the operation speed.

Patent
05 Oct 1982
TL;DR: In this article, a cos equalizer of a phase straight line and an asymmetrical transversal equalizer for correcting an asymmetric waveform distortion was used to correct the high band frequency component of a reproducing signal.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To correct satisfactorily deterioration of a high band frequency component of a reproducing signal and distortion of a recording pit, and to improve remarkably an eye aperture rate of a waveform by cascade-connecting a cos equalizer of a phase straight line and an asymmetrical transversal equalizer for correcting an asymmetrical waveform distortion. CONSTITUTION:As for a cos equalizer, its phase characteristic becomes a straight line, and this frequency characteristic compensates almost satisfactorily a frequency characteristic of an optical recording and reproducing system. A delay line 18 is provided with three intermediate taps of the first terminal, the second terminal and the third terminal whose delay time is t1, t2 and t3 (t1 K2, the waveform is improved so that a rise time and a fall time of an equalization reproducing output 103 of a differential amplifier 19 become almost equal. Also, an eye aperture rate becomes the maximum by changing an attenuation ratio K of a voltage attenuating element 17 by control voltage 105 generated from a track address signal. Also, a variation of amplitude of the equalization reproducing output 103 by a value of the attenuation ratio K is corrected by changing the gain of a gain variable amplifier 14.

Patent
19 Jun 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of a resonance phenomenon due to a surface slip is eliminated by a method wherein, when a BSO or BGO single crystal is Z-cut and the work size measures l length X w(mm.) width within a surface perpendicular to a Z-direction, it is set to[(1/l )+(1/w )] > 0.68( 1/mm.).
Abstract: PURPOSE:To eliminate the effect of a resonance phenomenon by a method wherein, when a BSO or BGO single crystal is Z-cut and the work size measures l length X w(mm.) width within a surface perpendicular to a Z-direction, it is set to[(1/l )+(1/w )] > 0.68(1/mm.). CONSTITUTION:So called standard pulse waveform, having a rise time 1musec and a fall time 40musec, is often used in a high-voltage application field, but in order to measure a standard pulse waveform by a sensor, a resonance frequency is needed to be at least 500kHz or more. It order to obtain a photo application voltage sensor having a high resonance frequency of 500kHz or more, and when a BSO crystal is Z-cut to measure l length X w(mm.) width within a surface perpendicular to a Z-direction, it may be set to[(1/l )+(1/w )] >0.68(1/mm.), and this eliminates the effect of a resonance phenomenon due to a surface slip.

Patent
24 Nov 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose to remove an uncomfortable sound component from a telephone ringing tone by stopping the generation of the ringing tone based upon the detection of the end of a square wave signal.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To remove an uncomfortable sound component from a telephone ringing tone by stopping the generation of the ringing tone based upon the detection of the end of a square wave signal. CONSTITUTION:An input from an input terminal 1 is rectified and applied to a square wave signal generating circuit 3 and a counter 5 starts time counting from the rise time of a square wave signal of 16Hz, the output of the circuit 3. When the succeeding square wave pulse arrives after passing 60ms e.g. from the rise time, an output signal from the counter 5 to a gate 6 is still ''1'', but said output signal is turned to ''0'' in case of no arrival. When the output signal is turned to ''0'', an output signal from an audible signal generating circuit 4 to the gate 6 is checked and the operation of a sounder driving circuit 1 is stopped. Thus, an uncomfortable sound to be generated in accordance with the drop of an output rectifying voltage waveform at the suspending time of the ringing tone applied between input terminals P1, P2 is checked.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The details of the short-time (∼μ sec) rise of the pulsed source thermal lens signal have been analyzed experimentally and theoretically in this paper, and a reasonable agreement between the rise time then observed and the published fluorescence decay constant is obtained.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a low-pressure spark gap Blumlein switch is presented, where gas flows from a pulsed valve into the gap at a steady rate through holes in the cathode and results in a steady pressure of about 0.1 torr.
Abstract: Tests of an experimental low-pressure spark gap Blumlein switch are presented. Gas flows from a pulsed valve into the gap at a steady rate through holes in the cathode and results in a steady pressure of about 0.1 torr. The pressure outside the gap over the Blumlein insulator is much lower. Trigger electrodes are mounted in the grounded cathode. Initially the current rises exponentially with time with rate constant proportional to gas density. Measurements of rise time, jitter, and voltage holding recovery time are presented for charge voltages up to 250 kV for variations of charge time, gas density, gas type, and triggering method.

Patent
30 Aug 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, a digital servo is used to digitally control the rotation of each DC motor with a rate corresponding to a component mixing ratio to obtain the titled machine having a short rise time to perform stable material supply regardless of the change or degree of viscosity.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the titled machine having a short rise time to perform stable material-supply regardless of the change or degree of viscosity, by setting the drive rotation number of a feed pump, which determines a component-mixing ratio, on the basis of pulses generated from a quartz oscillator. CONSTITUTION:A digital servo 5, 5, which digitally controls the rotation of each DC motor 6, 6 with a rate corresponding to a component mixing ratio, is constructed by a quartz oscillator 51, a frequency-dividing circuit 52, a digital setter 53, a comparing circuit 54, a D/A converter 55, a DC motor-controller 56, a pulse oscillator 57 and a tachogenerator 58. A digital signal representing a difference, between the pulse signal of frequency corresponding to the preset rotation number from the frequency-dividing circuit 52 and that corresponding to an actual rotation number from the pulse generator 57, is converted into an analog signal by the converter 55. Each DC motor 6 to drive a pump 3, 3 is controlled by the controller 56 in a manner such that its rotation number corresponds to the preset rotation number.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a model of a bank of 1/3 octave filters, covering from 125 Hz to 6.3 kHz, is presented, where the detectors are connected to a 16-channel CMOS multiplex switch.
Abstract: In the study of how we perceive musical timbre, we encounter a number of different representations of the musical information, several of which have appeared in preceding papers in the symposium. The first is the musical score, which in engineering terms is a graph of frequency versus time, with appended annotations about loudness, scoring, timing, etc. The next representation is sound in a concert hall, created from the score by an orchestra or computer: technically, sound pressure as a function of time. The representations of interest in this paper are those produced by the mechanical and neural systems in our heads in response to this sound. The First Auditory Representation Properties of the Ear Experiments involving auditory masking (see Patterson 1976), critical bands (summarized in Tobias 1970), basilar membrane motion (see Johnstone & Boyle 1967; Rhode 1971; & Evans & Wilson 1973) and tuning curves of primary auditory nerve fibers (see Kiang 1965 & 1974), all indicate that the first neural representation of sound in our heads results from a frequency analysis of the incoming sound by a fluid-filled bony structure called the cochlea. The frequency resolution of this system is somewhat less than one-third of an octave (above 400 Hz), as can be seen from Figure 1, the so-called critical bandwidth data derived from psychophysics. A corresponding set of psychophysical experiments indicate that the temporal resolution of the system is at best a few milliseconds (e.g., see Viemeister 1979). The phase sensitivity of the ear is still a contro versial topic, but most studies indicate that the system is only minimally sensitive to the relative phase of harmonics. Of course, the ear is exquisitely sensitive to the interaural phase of any sine wave component below 500 Hz. But this gives rise to auditory localization, and not perception of timbre. Hence in the remainder of this paper we will ignore phase. It may at first glance seem quite incongruous that the auditory system, which has excellent pitch discrimination (two or three hertz for 1000 Hz pure tones), should analyze sound with filters as broad as one third of an octave, that is, three or four notes on the chromatic scale. But it is easy to show that if one uses not just one filter, but several overlapping filters, then accurate information concerning pitch is available, limited only by the slope of the filter characteristic, and not the filter bandwidth. The Model To obtain a better idea of this first neural representation of music and speech, we have constructed a "model ear" with properties approximating those of the human ear discussed above. Our model, shown in Figure 2, consists basically of a bank of 1/3 octave filters, covering from 125 Hz to 6.3 kHz, followed by envelope detectors. To simulate the roughly constant critical bandwidth below 400 Hz, we added together the detector outputs of the 125- and 160-Hz channels, and also the 200- and 250-Hz channels (see Dockendorff 1978). The detector time constants were chosen to produce fast rise time consistent with low ripple. In filter systems such as this one which have wider band widths at higher frequencies, the rise time of the filters decrease with increasing cent er frequency. Hence we chose detector time constants to correspond, such that the overall rise times of the filter-detector units were inversely proportional to frequency. Specifically, the 1 kHz channel has an overall rise time of 6 milliseconds, the 2 kHz channel, 3 milliseconds, and so forth. As noted in Figure 2, the detectors are connected to a 16-channel CMOS multiplex switch, which samples the output of each channel every 1.6 milliseconds. (This rate is appropriate for the high-frequency channels, but oversamples the low channels.) The multiplexed output is then passed through a logarithmic amplifier to match the logarithmic nature of perceived loudness in the ear. There are several important aspects of the human auditory system that are not modeled by this system, such as two-tone inhibition, the limited dynamic range of the neural system, etc. …

Patent
24 Feb 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a method to select the correct measured value of the vehicle speed in vehicle speed measuring devices using two sensing means which are separated by a specified distance, by judging whether the vehicle has run in parallel with a traffic lane or not based on difference in sensed times and each sensed time.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To select the correct measured value of the vehicle speed in vehicle speed measuring devices using two sensing means which are separaed by a specified distance, by judging whether the vehicle has run in parallel with a traffic lane or not based on difference in sensed times and each sensed time. CONSTITUTION:The vehicle 1 runs on a road 7a and passes over sensing regions 2 and 3 of the first and second vehicle sensing devices. The sensing regions 2 and 3 are separated by the distance L. The running speed is obtained from the rise time difference DELTAT of the sensed output. If the vehicle does not run in parallel with the lane, as shown by a course 6, the rise time difference does not correspond to the distance L correctly. Let the sensing time for the vehicle at sensing regions be T1 and T2. The measured value is selected by a ratio of T1-T2 and the rise time difference DELTAT. Thus inadequate measured values are eliminated.

Patent
04 May 1982
TL;DR: In this paper, when the controlling signal of the subject inverter, with which a sine wave approximate AC output will be obtained, is memorized in a memory element, the control signal is determined from the point of intersection of a Sine wave and the rise time of a saw-toothed wave.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To reduce the error for the true wave of the subject inverter by a method wherein, when the controlling signal of the inverter, with which a sine wave approximate AC output will be obtained, is memorized in a memory element, the controlling signal is determined from the point of intersection of a sine wave and the rise time of a saw-toothed wave. CONSTITUTION:The inverter, with which the sine wave approximate AC output will be obtained by turning a switching element to ON or OFF position, is controlled by the circuit consisting of a memory storage 10 wherein the component equivalent to 180 deg./n only in electrical angle of the controlling signal is memorized, an up-down counter 13 which reads out the contents of the above memory storage and a combined circuit 18 to be composed of the signal sent from a decoder 14. At this time, the wave form of the controlling signal to be memorized in the memory storage 10 is at the time difference calculated from the point of interconnection of a sine wave S7 and a saw-toothed wave S8, which is positioned at the point of rise by synchronizing the sine wave and the saw-toothed wave at the same point of rise. Accordingly, the error for the true wave can be reduced by half and the wave from having no distortion can also be obtained by smoothening connections.

Patent
22 May 1982
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed to prevent abnormal generation of bubbles and enlarge the driving margin of a generator by connecting a coil to a limiting resistance and providing a circuit that liberates accumulated energy of the coil.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent abnormal generation of bubbles and enlarge driving margin of a generator by connecting a coil to a limiting resistance and providing a circuit that liberates accumulated energy of the coil. CONSTITUTION:When a transistor switch 3 is made on, current i1 flows through a power source V a generator 1 a choke coil 5 a limiting resistance 2 a switch 3 grounding. When the switch 3 is made off, energy accumulated in the coil 5 is liberated through a diode 6 a resistance 7 a generator 1. Consequently, current i2 flows through the generator 1. Accordingly, driving current of the generator 1 becomes current having rise time Tr and breaking time Tf. Time Tr can be set by time constant which is determined by the coil 5 and resistance 2 and time Tf can be set by the coil 5 and resistance 7. Thus, driving current of optimum waveform can be supplied, generation of bubbles in the generator 1 becomes stable and driving current margin becomes large.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a small step in the clock waveform is introduced, which is small enough not to affect the signal handling capability of the gates, and is adequate to offer a barrier to backflow of charge.
Abstract: The high-frequency limitation due to backflow in the two-level clock mode of operation of a three-phase CCD is overcome by introducing a small step in the clock waveform. The step is small enough not to affect the signal handling capability of the gates, and is adequate to offer a barrier to backflow of charge. It has been demonstrated that the scheme permits the use of clocks with fast rise time and hence extends the operating range of frequency.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Apr 1982
TL;DR: If the step-response rise time of a linear low-pass system is to be a minimum under the constraint of a given noise bandwidth, the systems parameters should be so tuned that the step response is strictly free from overshoot.
Abstract: If the step-response rise time of a linear low-pass system is to be a minimum under the constraint of a given noise bandwidth, the systems parameters should be so tuned that the step response is strictly free from overshoot. This conclusion is also true when the system bandwidth is defined as its 3-dB bandwidth.