Showing papers on "Rise time published in 2022"

Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) Tuning of PID Control on DC Motor

Abstract: The use of DC motors is now common because of its advantages and has become an important necessity in helping human activities. Generally, motor control is designed with PID control. The main problem that is often discussed in PID is parameter tuning, namely determining the value of the Kp, Ki, and Kd parameters in order to obtain optimal system performance. In this study, one method for tuning PID parameters on a DC motor will be used, namely the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) method. Parameter optimization using the PSO method has stable results compared to other methods. The results of tuning the PID controller parameters using the PSO method on the MATLAB Simulink obtained optimal results where the value of Kp = 8.9099, K = 2.1469, and Kd = 0.31952 with the value of rise time of 0.0740, settling time of 0.1361 and overshoot of 0. Then the results of hardware testing by entering the PID value in the Arduino IDE software produce a stable motor speed response where Kp = 1.4551, Ki= 1.3079, and Kd = 0.80271 with a rise time value of 4.3296, settling time of 7.3333 and overshoot of 1.

Study on the Influential Mechanism of Fluorination on the Flashover Voltage of Polypropylene Film Under Nanosecond Pulse Voltage

Abstract: A polypropylene (PP) film is usually employed as the main insulation of the peaking capacitor, which is important in an electromagnetic pulse simulator to generate high-amplitude nanosecond pulse. The flashover voltage of PP films under nanosecond pulse limits the highest working voltage of a peaking capacitor. Surface fluorination was employed to increase the flashover voltage of PP. The flashover voltages of PP samples with different fluorination times (0, 4, and 6 h) were tested in an oven with nanosecond pulse voltage. The results showed that the flashover voltage of the PP film with 6-h surface fluorination was increased about 15% than the untreated film in the air. To clarify the influential mechanism, the physicochemical properties of PP film samples were tested and characterized. The results of thermally stimulated depolarization current (TSDC) showed that the trap density of the PP film increased obviously after fluorination treatment. With the increase in treatment time, the trap depth and density were increased obviously. The surface conductivity of PP films slightly decreased with the increase in fluorination time. The mechanism of surface fluorination on the influence of the flashover performance of the PP film under nanosecond pulse is discussed. It is concluded that surface fluorination significantly increases the carbon–fluorine (C–F) bond of the PP film, resulting in the increase in the depth and density of the surface trap, and then, a large amount of homocharges trapped in the surface trap reduces the electric field near the electrode.

Influence of Trigger Pulse on the Trigger Characteristics of Surface Flashover Trigger Vacuum Switch

Abstract: Surface flashover triggered vacuum switch (STVS) working performance mainly depends on the electrical characteristics of trigger pulse. This article presents an experimental investigation of the trigger process. The influence of the electrical properties of the trigger pulse on the trigger characteristics is focused. Based on the self-developed high-performance STVS product, the experimental test platform was established. The experimental results show that a shorter delay time of STVS can be obtained by heightening trigger voltage. However, the effect of trigger voltage on time jitter is not obvious. The slight increase in trigger current has evident influence on trigger delay time. It also does not affect the stability of trigger delay. With the increase in trigger voltage rise rate, the trigger delay time and time jitter can be optimized. Finally, the long-term stability of STVS is discussed. After 300 trigger times, the delay time changes from about 140 ns to more than 150 ns and the jitter changes from about 5 ns to more than 10 ns. In the design of STVS products, it is recommended to adopt a trigger system with a fast rise rate of trigger voltage and trigger current.

Partial Discharge Inception Characteristics of Twisted Pairs Under Single Voltage Pulses Generated by Silicon-Carbide Devices

Abstract: Partial discharge (PD) is a major cause of degradation of motor winding insulation. It is a challenge to the successful electrification of all types of ground, sea, and aerial vehicles. However, the mechanism of PD under pulsewidth modulated voltages is not fully understood. This article studies PD inception characteristics in twisted pairs under single voltage pulses with reduced voltage overshoot, aiming to study the PD inception characteristics and mechanism without the influences of memory effects and voltage overshoot. The tests are conducted with a lab-designed 10-kV silicon carbide (SiC) device-based voltage pulse generator. The generator can produce voltage pulses with variable rise/fall times and pulse widths to emulate the output voltages of both silicon (Si) and SiC device-based power electronics converters. The voltage overshoot in this study has been limited to less than 5%. In addition, single voltage pulses are utilized as the excitation to remove charge memory effects. PD inception voltages, PD current magnitudes, and PD time delays of twisted pair samples are measured under various test conditions. It is found that the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) of the test sample decreases with reduced voltage rise time and increased voltage pulsewidth. Based on the test results, the impacts of voltage rise/fall times and pulse widths on PD behavior are explained using the extended volume-time theory. The relationships between PDIV, voltage rise/fall time, and pulsewidth are presented through empirical equations. Test results and analysis provide insights on the impacts of emerging wide bandgap devices in applications on motor winding insulations.

Influence of DSRD Operation Cycle on the Output Pulse Parameters

Abstract: Drift step recovery diodes (DSRDs) are semiconductor opening switches designed for the forming of high-voltage nanosecond pulses. DSRD-based circuit includes inductive energy storage and works as a high-efficient compression stage of the tens to hundreds of nanoseconds input pulse down to nanosecond or subnanosecond range output pulse. Despite the well-investigated physical principles, a lot of published DSRD simulations, and practical DSRD-based pulsers, the fundamental research aimed at optimization of DSRD circuit has not been conducted yet. The present letter shows the result of extensive experiments elucidating the maximum voltage rise rate, pulse compression ratio, energy losses, and prepulse amplitude in DSRD circuits. The explicit definitions of DSRD pulse parameters, which are vital for the optimization process, are suggested for the first time. It is demonstrated that optimizations of different parameters contradict each other, and there is no universal optimal solution. The compromise should be found for each application using the recommendations presented in the letter.

A Test Method for Response Behavior of Metal-Oxide Arrester Subjected to Transient Electromagnetic Disturbances

Abstract: Metal-oxide arresters (MOA) are widely used to protect equipment against transient electromagnetic disturbances (TED) like very fast transient overvoltage (VFTO), high-altitude electromagnetic pulse (HEMP), lightning pulse, et al. Researches on the performance of MOA under microsecond level rise-time TED are abundant, such as lightning pulse. However, when MOA is subjected to TED of rise-time at nanosecond level, the voltage/current responses of MOA are not fully studied due to the lack of a standardized and reliable test setup. In this paper, a test setup is proposed for acquiring the response behavior of MOA under nanosecond level pulse. The setup is comprised of a pulse generator, a two-branch transmission line system and a high voltage power divider. The generator can provide stable double exponential pulse with tunable rise-time ranging from 5 ns to 100 ns. The divider ensures an even distribution of voltage/current surge wave along the two-branch line. Through the numerical analysis, both impinging and residual surge waveforms could be retrieved from measurements. The proposed method has been applied to investigate response behavior of MOA subjected to nanosecond level rise-time pulses.

Dynamic Electrical Characteristics of 4H-SiC Drift Step Recovery Diodes of High Voltage

Abstract: In order to evaluate the prospects of high-voltage (HV) silicon carbide (SiC) drift step recovery diode (DSRD) on pulsed power field and feasibility of outputting pulse with fast rise rate, a parallel trigger circuit is adopted and the circuit parameters affecting pulse characteristics are discussed. The simulation model of the circuit based on Sentaurus TCAD is established, in which the effects of various circuit parameters on the peak voltage and the prepulse voltage of output pulse are discussed, including the forward pumping time, the input voltage, and the inductance of reverse loop. The suitable forward pumping time and reverse loop inductance value are determined as 80 ns and 200 nH in this circuit, respectively. Experiments show that the 2.302-kV output pulse with the rise time of 1.236 ns can be obtained by HV SiC DSRD developed in our laboratory. Excluding the influence of HV probe, the actual rise time is 1.011 ns. To reduce prepulse voltage, it is effective to increase the input voltage or the inductance value of reverse loop, while the forward pumping time has little influence on it. Along with the increase of input voltage, the peak value and the rise rate of output pulse increase. Consequently, in order to improve the quality of output pulse, the input voltage should not be too low (≥200 V), while the forward pumping time and the inductance value of reverse loop should be moderate.

Utilizing the Transverse Thermoelectric Effect of Thin Films for Pulse Laser Detection

Abstract: In this work, pulse laser detectors based on the transverse thermoelectric effect of YBa2Cu3O7-δ thin films on vicinal cut LaAlO3 (001) substrates have been fabricated. The anisotropic Seebeck coefficients between ab-plane (Sab) and c-axis (Sc) of thin films are utilized to generate the output voltage signal in such kind of detectors. Fast response has been determined in these sensors, including both the rise time and the decay time. Under the irradiation of pulse laser with the pulse duration of 5–7 ns, the output voltage of these detectors shows the rise time and the decay time of 6 and 42 ns, respectively, which are much smaller than those from other materials. The small rise time in YBa2Cu3O7-δ-based detectors may be due to its low resistivity. While the high thermal conductivity and the large contribution of electronic thermal conductivity to the thermal conductivity of YBa2Cu3O7-δ are thought to be responsible for the small decay time. In addition, these detectors show good response under the irradiation of pulse lasers with a repetition rate of 4 kHz, including the precise determinations of amplitude and time. These results may pave a simple and convenient approach to manufacture the pulse laser detectors with a fast response.

A Novel Efficacious PID Controller for Processes With Inverse Response and Time Delay

Abstract: Design of controller for the inverse response processes has been a challenge for researchers. Water level control in a steam boiler is one of the best examples, where the time delay and inverse response are inherent. Proportional Integral Derivative(PID) controller is the extensively employed regulator in industries. The present work introduces a new form of PID for the processes which are having time delay and inverse response simultaneously. The proposed PID is associated with a higher order filter. The controller and filter parameters are computed by using polynomial approach. Maximum sensitivity of the control loop is used to determine the tuning parameter. A set-point filter is utilized to diminish the settling time and overshoot in servo response. The suggested method is evaluated by considering several performance indices and bench marking examples. The proposed method is evaluated against the existing methods and tested in real-time scenario also.

A modified IMC design for Second Order Plus Time Delayed Processes

Abstract: This paper considers the design of modified internal model control (m-IMC) for a second order plus time delayed (SOPTD) processes. m-IMC has recently been proposed wherein an additional controller is introduced in the control loop of the basic IMC structure. The additional controller can take any form such as a PD, PI, PID controller, a lead-lag compensator, or a transfer function. In this work, the additional controller is considered as a PD controller which introduces an additional tuning parameter and simultaneously enhances the close loop bandwidth of the system and hence the transient performance can be improved. The overall controller has two tuning parameters as compared to the basic IMC which has only one. The controller parameters of m-IMC are tuned to satisfy phase margin (φm) and gain cross-over frequency (ωg) independently. However, for the basic IMC with only one tuning parameter, either φm or ωg can be chosen. The controller design is validated through simulation results and compared with some well known controllers in IMC. The performance of controllers is verified for transient parameters such as rise time (Tr), settling time (Ts), and maximum overshoot (%Mp). The effectiveness of controllers is evaluated in terms of integral absolute error (IAE), and integral of the time weighted absolute error (ITAE).

Ant Colony Optimization based Optimal Tuning of Fractional Order (FO) PID Controller for controlling the Speed of a DC Motor

Abstract: This paper deals with the use of a FOPID Controller for the direct current motor speed controlling process. FOPID Controller consists of fractional integral-derivative terms along with the integer order proportional terms. It is a specific controller in which orders of derivative and integral lie in between fractions of 0 and 1. Mathematical model of DC motor and controller is presented whose field has been excited by an external source. In this paper, the simulation part of a DC motor for controlling its speed using a FOPID Controller has been performed. There are five degrees of freedom in FOPID controller contrary to traditional PID controller which have only three. The values of the five parameters (Kp, Ki, Kd, λ, μ) of a FOPID Controller have been improved by reducing the ITAE (Integral Time Absolute Error) cost to best possible value using the ACO i.e. Ant Colony Optimization Technique. The closed loop ZNT (Ziegler-Nichols Tuning) method used for the tuning of DC motor. Simulink model of proposed system has been developed and simulated to find out the minimum cost. The intensification in the steady and transient behaviors of the system. The results also exhibit significant improvement in the rise time, settling time and peak overshoot as compared to the other optimization methods.

Optimal LQR and Smith Predictor Based PID Controller Design for NMP System

Abstract: In this paper, an optimal PID (proportional-integral-derivative) controller is designed for controlling the non-minimum phase system with time delay and performed greater than the conventional control approaches. When there is an increment in time delay then complications related to NMP system determines the undershoot response due to presence of zeros in the right half plane. Furthermore, Ziegler-Nichols, Internal Model Control (IMC) and Chien-Hrones & Reswick tuning approaches are developed for the conventional PID controller. The time-domain characteristics obtained are unable to persuade the requirements of the system. In order to improve the performance criteria, Smith’s predictor is used for controlling the NMP system. Smith’s predictor is better than the conventional PID controller techniques for tuning the parameters but has the incapability to achieve all the design requirements. For improving the performance requirements, the optimal PID controller is designed with the employment of Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR). The tuning parameters of PID controller are optimal values using popular technique that is Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR). In order to minimize integral time absolute error (ITAE) and integral time square error (ITSE), the tuning parameters are optimal and give precise values of rising time, peak time, % overshoot and settling time. The simulation results are obtained and according to that LQR gives better results than Smith Predictor and other conventional PID controller techniques.

Research on Driving Waveform and Residual Oscillation in Piezo Inkjet

Abstract: Piezoelectric driving system is an important part in inkjet printing equipment. The driving waveform, the structure of print head, and etc., directly affect the ejection characteristics and the printing accuracy of droplets. In this paper, the driving waveform was taken as the research object, then established a finite element analysis model for driving droplet ejection, the influence of each time component (voltage rise time trise, voltage falling time tfall and voltage dwell time tdwell ) of trapezoidal wave on the displacement of the driver and the pressure at the nozzle orifice was studied and optimized. According to the two-phase flow model of the nozzle developed, the relationship between driving parameters (voltage amplitude, voltage dwell time tdwell, and operating frequency) and jetting characteristics (droplet velocity and volume) was obtained. Finally, a bipolar driving waveform was designed to suppress the residual oscillation. The results show that the damping waveform can effectively suppress the residual vibration of the pressure wave and greatly improve the working frequency and printing accuracy of the inkjet printing head.

Comparative Analysis of MPPT Techniques Using DC–DC Converter Topologies for PV Systems

Abstract: In this paper, conventional boost converter (CBC) and interleaved boost converter (IBC) with PV sources are designed to attain maximum voltage from the converter. The inductance and capacitance values of the two converters are determined based on duty ratio and switching frequency. The input power to the converter is extracted by using MPPT techniques. To achieve this, a crow search algorithm (CSA) is adapted in this paper in addition to the conventional techniques such as perturb & observe (P&O), incremental conductance (IC) and fractional open-circuit voltage (FOCV) methods. The simulations are carried out for PV-based converters with MPPT techniques under variable weather and temperature conditions. The comparative analysis has shown the superiority of CSA in obtaining output power, rise time, overshoot, settling time and convergence time over the other methods.

Effects of Fall Times of Pulse Currents on Output Voltages in Amorphous-Wire-Based Magnetic Sensors

Abstract: Micro-sized magnetic sensors with ultrahigh sensitivity are required in biomagnetic measuring devices. The gigahertz (GHz) spin rotation sensor, which is a coil-type magnetic sensor, shows high sensitivity while transmitting GHz-pulse currents. Detection magnetic fields are sensed via a pickup coil, which is wrapped around the wire when the GHz-pulse currents are applied. However, the micromechanism in the amorphous wire, which exhibits high sensitivity, has not yet been elucidated. In this study, we investigated how the fall time of the pulse current, which defines the frequency, affects the output peak voltages and the behavior of the magnetization inside the amorphous wire. We found that the shorter the fall time, the higher are the absolute values of the output peak voltage and the external magnetic field detecting those values. At a fall time of 0.385 ns, only the rotations of magnetization in the outer circumference of the amorphous wire contributed to the output voltages, and at a fall time of 5.0 ns, the domain wall motions inside the wire also contributed to the output voltages. This difference was the reason why the output peak voltages increased as the fall time was shortened.

Study of Solid-State Pulse Adder for Narrow Pulses Over Capacitive Load

Abstract: High-voltage narrow pulses with short rise time and falling time are preferential in capacitive loads such as dielectric barrier discharges (DBDs). Therefore, a compact all-solid-state pulse adder based on solid-state linear transformer driver topology is proposed to generate high-voltage sub-microsecond resonant pulses with voltage amplitude up to 30 kV. A 20-stage prototype of the proposed pulse adder was built. The influence of the load capacitance, the turns ratio, and the number of stages on the waveforms and the voltage gain of output pulses are analyzed. To weaken the electromagnetic interference and lower the requirement of precise synchronous switching, a compromise is made between the pulsewidth and electromagnetic compatibility. High-voltage resonant pulses with a voltage amplitude up to 30 kV, a pulsewidth shorter than 200 ns, a rise time of 72 ns, and a frequency of 1 kHz were obtained over a 20-pF capacitive load.

Degradation of Aviation Wires Due to Partial Discharge Under High dv/dt Square-Wave Voltages and Low Pressure

Abstract: This paper investigates the time-evolution of the partial discharge (PD) current pulse in aircraft power wiring under voltage pulses with short rise/fall times. The voltage excitation is a repetitive unipolar square pulse. The dc bus voltage is kept at voltage levels higher than the partial discharge inception voltage (PDIV) to examine the influence of the pressure, the peak-to-peak voltage, and the voltage rise time on the PD behavior and lifetime. The degradation test is performed in a chamber with dry air to minimize the influence of environmental changes. The analysis system is programmed to calculate peak PD magnitude, PD duration, PD charge, and PD energy. The results show that the pressure has the highest influence on the lifetime, followed by the applied peak-to-peak voltage, and then the voltage rise time. The influence of the peak-to-peak voltage and the voltage rise time becomes more severe at low pressure.

A Nonlinear Transmission Line Technique for Generating Efficient and Low-Ringing Picosecond Pulses for Ultrabroadband and Ultrafast Systems

Abstract: This paper presents a nonlinear transmission line (NLTL)-based scheme to develop an efficient and low-ringing picosecond pulse generator for ultrabroadband and ultrafast system applications. The proposed NLTL scheme stems from a unique combination of single varactor diode and stacked varactor diode per NLTL cell, which is designed to exploit a significant effect of non-linearity in connection with the varactor diode. This technique generates a higher compression factor in both rise and fall time of NLTL circuits in comparison to single varactor diodes per NLTL section. This scheme is validated to work well in a triple-stacked NLTL topology by maximizing the compression factor. Two pulse generators are then developed based on the proposed concept, where a mixed SRD topology is used for gaussian pulse generation and integrated with a triple-stacked NLTL. This achieves shorter pulse durations and a higher compression capability. The use of NLTLs with triple-stacked varactor diodes in a cell is also explored theoretically and is shown to maximize the compression capability by effectively increasing the punch through, turn-on, and break down voltages. Theoretical development and simulation of two triple-stacked NLTLs based on the rise and fall time-compression are provided, and final experimental prototypes for pulse generators are fabricated and measured. It is found from measurements that the full-width half maximum (FWHM) of the rise time-compression-based pulse generator is almost 15.78ps with a ringing level of -11.29dB, while the FWHM of the fall time-compression-based pulse generator is almost 17ps with a ringing level of -8.43dB. Finally, these pulse generators are compared with the current states of the art in terms of the implemented scheme, pulse duration, FWHM, pulse shapes, and detailed ringing level. The reconfigurable capability of the pulse generators is also briefly explored, and it is shown that the proposed pulse generators can easily be reconfigured between gaussian and monocycle pulse shapes. The power spectrum of the proposed pulse generators is also presented. It is found that they are well suitable for ultra-broadband and ultrafast systems, such as Impulse Radar Ultrawideband (IR-UWB) applications, due to higher pulse compression capability, ease of integration, flexible pulse tunability, and modification to higher order gaussian waveforms.

Effect of Repetitive Impulse Waveform Characteristics on Partial Discharges in Type II Turn-to-Turn Insulation

Abstract: In this article, the effect of repetitive square wave impulse voltage, switching frequency, rise time, and overshoot (OS), on partial discharges (PDs) within Type II turn-to-turn insulation is reported. Two types of samples are used in this study: a back-to-back turn insulation sample and a single cavity layered insulation. This work aims to analyze the influence of the square wave impulse voltage parameters on the characteristics of PDs during aging while relating their effect on the life of turn insulation. The experimental setup used in this study separates the effect of the waveform rise time from the OS and highlights the role of the OS rather than the jump voltage in aging. The results, within the range of parameters considered in the study, indicate that the number and magnitude of PDs are lower at a higher switching frequency while shorter rise time triggers fewer discharges of larger magnitudes. It is also found that PDs, both occurrences and magnitudes, are in favor of waveforms of higher OSs even when the waveforms have a similar jump voltage. This highlights the role of the OS, rather than the jump voltage, as a main and additional factor affecting the life of turn insulation which is contrary to what has been described in the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) 60034-18-42. Based on the average magnitude of PDs per unit time, the results show, in the reported range of parameters, that the switching frequency and OS of the voltage waveform are among the main parameters affecting turn insulation life, whereas the effect of the rise time is found to be minimal.

Transient Control Improvement on Pneumatic Servoing in Robot System using Fractional-Order PID with Finite-time Prescribed Performance Control

Abstract: This paper presents an effective control strategy for an industrial robot's tri-finger pneumatic gripper (TPG) that incorporates with a finite-time prescribed performance control (FT-PPC) with a fractional-order proportional-integral-derivative (FOPID) controller named as FTPPC-FOPID controller. The experiments were carried out with step input trajectories as a fundamental critical input for pneumatic rod-piston on the TPG unit. The results show that, the proposed FTPPC-FOPID controller as compared to the FOPID controller alone has improved the PPVDC rod-piston positioning performances by eliminating the oscillation on the transient response, thus avoiding overshoot, and providing fast settling time as well as steady-state error. Moreover, the proposed control strategy has improved the PPVDC's piston’s pressures with minimum control input oscillation. Overall results show that the proposed FTPPC can improve the feedback controller such as FOPID in controlling a very nonlinear system such as pneumatic servo system in TPG.

Salp Swarm Algorithm-based Position Control of a BLDC Motor

Abstract: The best P and PI controller parameters of the cascade control of the BLDC system are determined using a new artificial intelligence-based optimization method called the slap swarm algorithm (SSA) in this paper. The algorithm's simplicity allows for precise tuning of optimal P and PI controller values. The integral time absolute error (ITAE) was chosen as the fitness function to optimize the controller parameters. Compared with the classical control technique (PID), the SSA approach was found to have good tuning and obtained less rise time, also less (Approximately zero) overshoot, and is more efficient in increasing the step response of the BLDC system, according to the transient response study.

Liquid Tank Level Control with Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) and Full State Feedback (FSB)

Abstract: This study discusses the control of the liquid level of a tank system using the Proportional Integral Derivative (PID) control and Full State Feedback (FSB) control. Tank systems are widely used in industrial processes and require a controller so that the liquid level follows the needs. Determination of PID controller parameters was sought by using Matlab's PID tuning feature. Meanwhile, the FSB parameters was determined using the trial and error method. The research results based on the Simulink Matlab simulation showed that the PID and FSB controllers could control the liquid level of the tank system and reached the reference value. However, the system's response with FSB control was better than PID control with faster settling time and smaller overshoot.

Fuzzy Logic Controller Design for First Order Time Delay Systems

Abstract: Abstract: In this paper, a Fuzzy Logic Controller for reducing the time delay (Dead time) is designed. The main purpose of this work is to build a unique FLC which controls the time delay occurring in industries. In most of the industries for controlling time delay PI and PID controllers are used, but when they are compared to FLC the performance parameters such as response time, overshoot is less and accurate in fuzzy. Even it is showed that FLC reduces the Steady state error. Overall, it shows that effect of Fuzziness is more accurate than that of PI and PID controllers.

A Fully-integrated GaN Driver for Time-of-flight Lidar Applications

Abstract: Referring to direct time-of-flight Lidar for distance measurement, shorter pulse width (PW) gives better resolution while higher pulse amplitude increases detection range. In this work, a fully-integrated laser GaN driver by utilizing self-circulating slew-rate enhancement 3X charge pump is proposed to minimize the pulse width without degrading time delay. Experimental results show that this driver achieves current pulse with 10A peak value and 2ns PW at f sw =20MHz, where the turn-on delay/turn-off delay are 1.98ns/953ps and rise/fall time of V DS are 435ps/259ps. Due to an optimized high-speed PCB design, large voltage ringing is not seen during test and good thermal performance is obtained as well.

An Optimized Cascade PI-D-P Controller for Speed Control in DC motors

Abstract: This work presents a novel PI-D-P controller for application in speed control of a DC motor. The gains of the proposed controller was optimized via utilization of Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO). Performance comparison of the proposed scheme with the classical PI, PI-D and PID controllers is carried out using the performance index Integral Time Absolute Error (ITAE). In addition, some statistical approach is used to investigate the robustness of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed scheme produces a 0% overshoot, which is identical to that of the PI-D controller, and superior to that of the PI and PID controllers. Further, the proposed scheme produces a rise time and settling time of 0.0133 seconds and 0.0243 seconds respectively. The results further show that the proposed scheme provides 93% probability of producing less or equal to 0.5 % overshoot and a 99% probability of producing an overshoot smaller than 5%.

Maneuvering Control of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) by Simulated Annealing and Moth Flame Optimization Tuned Controllers

Abstract: This paper emphasizes maneuvering control of Autonomous Underwater Vehicle (AUV) with the help of Linear-Proportional Integral Derivative (L-PID) and Fractional Order PID (FOPID) controllers. The values of the gain parameters of L-PID (Kp, Ki, K d ) and FOPID (Kp, Ki, Kd,λ, µ) are tuned by Simulated Annealing (SA) and Moth Flame optimization (MFO) techniques. The performance of both the controllers is compared and the better algorithm to tune the parameters of the controllers is determined. A step function is applied to the system's input to test the AUV, and the corresponding response to the input function is examined. The transient parameters of the AUV, such as rise time, settling time, overshoot, and performance index IT AE were calculated and compared. The investigatory results show that both the algorithms used to tune the FO PID controller accurately steer the AUV. Also, the MFO tuned FOPID controller is more efficient than the SA tuned FOPID controller.

Effects of Pulse Repetition Frequency and Voltage Slew Rate on The Uniformity of Air Dielectric Barrier Discharge

Abstract: To obtain uniform atmospheric pressure plasma in air, a nanosecond pulse power supply is used to excite a double layer dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) with indium tin oxide (ITO) glass as grounded electrode. The effects of pulse repetition frequency (PRF) and voltage slew rate on the discharge uniformity are investigated in the PRFs range of 500 Hz-11 $\mathbf{kHz}$ and the rising edge time range of 50 ns-400 ns with fixed applied voltage amplitude. A digital image processing technique called the gray level histogram (GLH) is used to analyze the discharge images that are captured from the ITO glass side. The corresponding voltage-current waveforms are measured to assist in explaining the effect of the electrical parameters on the discharge uniformity. The findings demonstrate that the discharge is uniform when the PRF is less than 5 $\mathbf{kHz}$ . The residual charged particles will cause the electrical field to degrade and the uniformity to diminish as the PRF increases. The electron avalanche merging and improved discharge uniformity are both facilitated by the rapid voltage slew rate, which can also increase the reduced electric field strength in space. Additionally, it is discovered that an increase in PRF would initially cause the peak values of the discharge current and gap voltage to increase (from 500 Hz to 3 $\mathbf{kHz}$ ), followed by a reduction. The peak values of the discharge current and gap voltage fall as the voltage slew rate increases. These findings indicate that the reduced electric field strength and space charge, which may be used to measure the uniformity of air DBD, are affected by changes in the PRF and voltage slew rate.