Showing papers on "RLC circuit published in 2014"

A New $LCL$ -Filter With In-Series Parallel Resonant Circuit for Single-Phase Grid-Tied Inverter

Abstract: When designing a higher order output power filter for a transformerless grid-tied converter using pulsewidth modulation (PWM), the requirements on the leakage current, the electromagnetic interference (EMI) noise, and the harmonics of the grid-injected current should be addressed. For an LCL-filter-based single-phase grid-tied full-bridge inverter system, it is possible to decrease the total inductance as well as the size and the cost, if the harmonic currents around the switching frequency can be fully suppressed. In this paper, the grid-injected current harmonics and the conducted EMI noise are investigated for the conventional LCL-filter-based system. Based on this, a modified LCL-filter topology using an extra parallel LrCr resonant circuit is proposed to reduce the total inductance value, without increasing the capacitive reactive power. The validity is verified through the experiments on a 500-W 110-V/50-Hz prototype.

Switching power supply device

Abstract: A primary resonant inductor (Lr) and a primary resonant capacitor (Cr) form a primary resonant circuit, and secondary resonant inductors (Ls1, Ls2) and secondary resonant capacitors (Cs1, Cs2) form a secondary resonant circuit. Equivalent mutual inductances (Lms1, Lms2) and equivalent mutual capacitances (Cm1, Cm2, Cm3) are formed between a primary winding (np) and secondary windings (ns1, ns2) by electromagnetic resonance coupling, and a multi-resonant circuit containing an LC resonant circuit is formed on both the primary and secondary sides. Power is transferred from the primary circuit to the secondary circuit. Resonance energy that is not transmitted from the primary winding is retained in the multi-resonant circuit, as is resonance energy that is received by the secondary windings but not supplied as output. In particular, on the secondary side, resonance energy is retained in a current path in which rectification elements are not arranged in series.

Resonant frequency and bandwidth of metamaterial emitters and absorbers predicted by an RLC circuit model

Abstract: Metamaterial thermal emitters and absorbers have been widely studied for different geometric patterns by exciting a variety of electromagnetic resonances. A resistor–inductor–capacitor (RLC) circuit model is developed to describe the magnetic resonances (i.e. magnetic polaritons) inside the structures. The RLC circuit model allows the prediction of not only the resonance frequency, but also the full width at half maximum and quality factor for various geometric patterns. The parameters predicted by the RLC model are compared with the finite-difference time-domain simulation. The magnetic field distribution and the power dissipation density profile are also used to justify the RLC circuit model. The geometric effects on the resonance characteristics are elucidated in the wire (or strip), cross, and square patterned metamaterial in the infrared region. This study will facilitate the design of metamaterial absorbers and emitters based on magnetic polaritons.

Parameterization of Three-Phase Electric Machine Models for EMI Simulation

Abstract: A systematic and practical method to parameterize three-phase electric machine models for electromagnetic interference (EMI) simulation is presented. The proposed behavioral model consists of multiple sections of linear RLC circuits and is intended for time-domain simulation with inverters and other power electronic circuits found in typical motor drive systems. The proposed parameterization method uses a differential-mode (DM) and a common-mode (CM) impedance measurement of the machine and takes advantage of the separation among different parallel and series resonant frequencies of each impedance to determine the parameters of each stage in a noniterative manner. The proposed method can also be applied to model three-phase cables and transformers.

Self-folding miniature elastic electric devices

Abstract: Printing functional materials represents a considerable impact on the access to manufacturing technology. In this paper we present a methodology and validation of print-and-self-fold miniature electric devices. Polyvinyl chloride laminated sheets based on metalized polyester film show reliable self-folding processes under a heat application, and it configures 3D electric devices. We exemplify this technique by fabricating fundamental electric devices, namely a resistor, capacitor, and inductor. Namely, we show the development of a self-folded stretchable resistor, variable resistor, capacitive strain sensor, and an actuation mechanism consisting of a folded contractible solenoid coil. Because of their pre-defined kinematic design, these devices feature elasticity, making them suitable as sensors and actuators in flexible circuits. Finally, an RLC circuit obtained from the integration of developed devices is demonstrated, in which the coil based actuator is controlled by reading a capacitive strain sensor.

Passivity-Based Control by Series/Parallel Damping of Single-Phase PWM Voltage Source Converter

Abstract: This paper describes a detailed design procedure for passivity-based controllers developed using the Brayton–Moser (BM) framework. Several passivity-based feedback designs are presented for the voltage-source converter, specifically for the H-bridge converter, since nowadays it is one of the preferred solutions to connect direct current (dc) loads or distributed sources to the alternating current (ac) grid. Independent of the operating mode, namely, the rectifier and regenerative operating mode, the achieved control aims are: high power factor correction in the ac-side and optimal dc voltage regulation capability in the dc-side. The proposed controllers can use series or parallel damping-based solutions for the error dynamics, naturally providing the conditions for stability and tuning of control parameters. In addition, the BM structure facilitates the addition of virtual resistance-inductance-capacitance (RLC) filter circuits to the control design for the rejection of low frequency harmonics. The effectiveness of series/parallel damping is investigated in case of abrupt changes in the load, using conductance estimators. Simulation and experimental results validate the analysis.

A Novel Quasi-Resonant Bridge Modular Switched-Capacitor Converter With Enhanced Efficiency and Reduced Output Voltage Ripple

Abstract: A novel quasi-resonant bridge modular switched-capacitor converter (BMSCC) is proposed in the paper. The main merit is that its resonant circuit has high stability and simplicity, resulting from the employment of the stray inductance distributed in the circuit as a collective resonant inductor. Accordingly, the current spike during switching operation is removed due to zero-current-switching (ZCS) realization. Another distinct merit is that the proposed converter features symmetric construction. With this kind of construction, the voltage ripple of charge/pump capacitors can be cancelled out with each other and then output voltage ripple will be largely reduced. Thus, it is unnecessary to use a bulky capacitor to reduce output voltage ripple. Compared with conventional SCCs, at the same conversion ratio, the BMSCC with symmetric construction requires fewer switches and capacitors with lower voltage stress, so as to cut the size and cost and promote the power destiny further. It is also noteworthy that the symmetric construction character assures that the two symmetric parts can work independently under a simplified control strategy. In addition, the modular configuration contributes to convenient voltage extension conveniently. The simulation and experimental results of a 100 W prototype with a voltage conversion ratio of eight validate the principle and features of this topology.

An Accurate FDTD Model for Crosstalk Analysis of CMOS-Gate-Driven Coupled RLC Interconnects

Abstract: This paper accurately models the crosstalk effects in a CMOS-gate-driven coupled RLC interconnects using the nth power law model and finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) technique. The propagation delay, peak crosstalk voltage, and peak voltage timing on victim line of coupled-multiple lines are observed and compared to HSPICE simulation results for the global interconnect length at 32 nm technology node. The numerical results illustrate that the proposed model accurately estimates the performance parameters of driver interconnect load system. An average error of less than 2% is observed in estimation of peak crosstalk voltage and its timing. The proposed model can be extended for coupled n lines and useful for the evaluation of signal integrity, issues of EMI, and EMC of on-chip interconnects.

Wilkinson Power Divider With Complex Isolation Component and Its Miniaturization

Abstract: By adding a complex isolation component between two 90 ° transmission lines at an arbitrary phase angle from the input terminal, a small Wilkinson power divider provides physical separation and electrical isolation between two output ports. General design equations for the complex isolation component are derived from even- and odd-mode analysis. Parallel and series RLC circuits are chosen to realize complex isolation components, respectively. Considering the bandwidths of S22, S33, and S32, inductors in both parallel and series RLC components are omitted to get the widest bandwidths; mathematical proof and design examples are also presented in this paper. A coupled line section with a compensating capacitor is introduced to reduce the circuit size, where characteristic impedances between even and odd mode are different in the coupled line section, and their electrical lengths are also different in inhomogeneous medium. Mathematical equations and simulation examples prove that the compensating capacitor compensates the characteristic impedance difference in the homogeneous medium and the electrical length difference in the inhomogeneous medium. Finally, an experimental circuit shows good agreement with the theoretical simulation.

23.5 An energy pile-up resonance circuit extracting maximum 422% energy from piezoelectric material in a dual-source energy-harvesting interface

Abstract: Energy harvesting is one of the key technologies used to realize self-sustaining systems such as wireless sensor networks and health-care devices. Much research on circuit design has been conducted to extract as much energy as possible from transducers, such as the thermoelectric generator (TEG) and the piezoelectric transducer (PZT). Specifically, the energy in a PZT could be extracted more efficiently by utilizing resonance as [1] and [2] demonstrated. However, the maximum output voltage swing in those techniques are limited to twice of the original swing of the PZT, and thus, had a limited energy extraction capability in spite of more energy being available from the PZT. In [3], on the other hand, the large energy is obtained with higher voltage swing, but is limited up to 247% because the load energy is used to increase the output voltage swing of PZT. To obtain far more power from PZT, we propose an alternative resonance technique through which the PZT output swing can be boosted as high as CMOS devices can sustain. This technique is applied to a dual-energy-sourced (PZT and TEG) energy-harvesting interface (EHI) as a battery charger.

Stylus for a digitizer system

Abstract: A signal emitting stylus for operation with a digitizer system includes a resonant circuit including a first capacitor and an inductor, the circuit operative to alternate between receiving a wirelessly transmitted first signal and generating electrical field; a controller and a power source. The controller operates the resonant circuit in a receive mode for receiving the first signal, decodes the received first signal and switches operation of the resonant circuit to a transmit mode for generating the electrical field and coupling the electrical field to a digitizer system in response to detecting the first signal. The power source powers generation of the electrical field.

Improved Operation of SiC–BJT-Based Series Resonant Inverter With Optimized Base Drive

Abstract: New semiconductor technology is enabling the design of more reliable and high performance power converters. In particular, silicon carbide (SiC) technology provides faster switching times, higher operating temperature, and higher blocking voltage. Among the new SiC devices, bipolar junction transistors (BJTs) present interesting features in terms of conduction and switching losses. However, one of the main drawbacks is that these devices have low gain, requiring high base current to activate them. As a consequence, the base drive circuit becomes more complex and the final efficiency is decreased. This letter presents an optimized base drive circuit for a zero-voltage switching series resonant inverter. The proposed circuit maximizes the driver efficiency and minimizes the driver current requirements. Moreover, the proposed circuit optimizes the power converter switching conditions, increasing the converter efficiency. The proposed base drive circuit has been tested with a SiC–BJT-based series resonant inverter applied to induction heating.

Touch sensing system and method for driving the same

Abstract: A touch sensing system includes a pen including a resonant circuit embedded therein, XY electrodes including X electrodes and Y electrodes perpendicular to the X electrodes, an antenna surrounding the XY electrodes, and a first touch driving circuit which transmits a resonant inductive signal to the pen through electric coupling and to receive a resonance signal from the pen through the antenna.

Optimal Design of a Modular Series Parallel Resonant Converter for a Solid State 2.88 MW/115-kV Long Pulse Modulator

Abstract: Modern accelerator driven experiments like linear colliders or spallation sources are supplied by RF amplifiers using klystrons. The cathode voltage for these klystrons can be generated by long pulse modulators generating highly accurate voltage pulses in the length of milliseconds. Conventional designs using pulse transformers become huge for long pulses. The series-parallel resonant converter (SPRC) topology avoids this drawback as the transformer is operating at high frequencies. This paper presents a comprehensive design approach for SPRC modules, which is based on an optimization procedure containing an electrical model of the resonant circuit and a thermal model of the semiconductors. In addition, an insulation and a leakage design procedure and a thermal model of the transformer are also presented. Finally, this procedure provides the optimal design parameters of the resonant circuit elements. With these parameters, a global optimizer chooses the optimum amount of modules connected in series and/or in parallel to fulfill the given restrictions. The efficiency of a basic SPRC-module is 94.7% with a pulsed power density of 4.63 kW/l.

On the Functional Relation Between Quality Factor and Fractional Bandwidth

Abstract: The functional relation between the fractional band-width and the quality factor of a radiating system is investigated in this note. Several widely used definitions of the quality factor are compared on two examples of RLC circuits that serve as a simplified model of a single resonant antenna tuned to its resonance. It is demonstrated that for a first-order system, only the quality factor based on differentiation of input impedance has unique proportionality to the fractional bandwidth, whereas e.g. the classical definition of the quality factor, i. e. the ratio of the stored energy to the lost energy per one cycle, is not uniquely proportional to the fractional bandwidth. In addition, it is shown that for higher-order systems the quality factor based on differentiation of the input impedance ceases to be uniquely related to the fractional bandwidth.

Thin broadband noise absorption through acoustic reactance control by electro-mechanical coupling without sensor

Abstract: Broadband noise with profound low-frequency profile is prevalent and difficult to be controlled mechanically. This study demonstrates effective broadband sound absorption by reducing the mechanical reactance of a loudspeaker using a shunt circuit through electro-mechanical coupling, which induces reactance with different signs from that of loudspeaker. An RLC shunt circuit is connected to the moving coil to provide an electrically induced mechanical impedance which counters the cavity stiffness at low frequencies and reduces the system inertia above the resonance frequency. A sound absorption coefficient well above 0.5 is demonstrated across frequencies between 150 and 1200 Hz. The performance of the proposed device is superior to existing passive absorbers of the same depth (60 mm), which has lower frequency limits of around 300 Hz. A passive noise absorber is further proposed by paralleling a micro-perforated panel with shunted loudspeaker which shows potentials in absorbing band-limit impulse noise.

Identification of Harmonic Current Contributions of Iron and Steel Plants Based on Time-Synchronized Field Measurements—Part I: At PCC

Abstract: This is the second of a two-paper series, in which the field-data-based analytical method proposed in Part I has been extended to determine the amount of harmonic currents absorbed by the shunt harmonic filters of the iron and steel (I&S) plants from the rest of the system. The nonlinear characteristics of the plants and the utility are modeled as harmonic current sources, whereas the linear parts of the proposed extended model consist of passive circuit elements, with the harmonic filter RLC circuit parameters also integrated into the model. This extended method, which can be also used for harmonic contribution assessments, requires sample-by-sample time-synchronized harmonic current measurements inside the plants and at the point of common coupling (PCC). It eliminates the need for harmonic voltage measurements at the expense of the need for inside-plant measurements. It has been verified both by computer simulations and by application on field data. The results have shown that the proposed method is a successful tool to determine the magnitude of harmonic currents that are absorbed by the harmonic filters of I&S plants connected to the PCC, particularly when measured harmonic currents of I&S plants exceed the actual contributions.

Mathematical Modeling and Analysis of Nonlinear Time-Invariant RLC Circuits

Abstract: We give a basic and self-contained introduction to the mathematical description of electrical circuits that contain resistances, capacitances, inductances, voltage, and current sources. Methods for the modeling of circuits by differential–algebraic equations are presented. The second part of this paper is devoted to an analysis of these equations.

Mathematical Models and Numerical Simulation in Electromagnetism

Abstract: 1 The harmonic oscillator.- 2 The Series RLC Circuit.- 3 Linear electrical circuits.- 4 Maxwell's equations in free space.- 5 Some solutions of Maxwell's equations in free space.- 6 Maxwell's equations in material regions.- 7 Electrostatics.- 8 Direct current.- 9 Magnetostatics.- 10 The eddy currents model.- 11 An introduction to nonlinear magnetics. Hysteresis.- 12 Electrostatics with MaxFEM.- 13 Direct current with MaxFEM.- 14 Magnetostatics with MaxFEM.- 15 Eddy currents with MaxFEM.- 16 RLC circuits with MaxFEM.- A Elements of graph theory.- B Vector Calculus.- C Function spaces for electromagnetism.- D Harmonic regime: average values.- E Linear nodal and edge finite elements.- F Maxwell's equations in Lagrangian coordinates.

Stylus without active components and an associated touch panel

Abstract: A stylus without active components includes a housing, and a resonant circuit, such as an LC resonant circuit, disposed in the housing The resonant circuit is operatively configured to one of a plurality of resonant frequencies respectively associated with a plurality of function modes

Electrical circuit modeling and analysis of microwave acoustic interaction with biological tissues.

Abstract: Purpose: Numerical study of microwave imaging and microwave-induced thermoacoustic imaging utilizes finite difference time domain (FDTD) analysis for simulation of microwave and acoustic interaction with biological tissues, which is time consuming due to complex grid-segmentation and numerous calculations, not straightforward due to no analytical solution and physical explanation, and incompatible with hardware development requiring circuit simulator such as SPICE. In this paper, instead of conventional FDTD numerical simulation, an equivalent electrical circuit model is proposed to model the microwave acoustic interaction with biological tissues for fast simulation and quantitative analysis in both one and two dimensions (2D). Methods: The equivalent circuit of ideal point-like tissue for microwave-acoustic interaction is proposed including transmission line, voltage-controlled current source, envelop detector, and resistor-inductor-capacitor (RLC) network, to model the microwave scattering, thermal expansion, and acoustic generation. Based on which, two-port network of the point-like tissue is built and characterized using pseudo S-parameters and transducer gain. Two dimensional circuit network including acoustic scatterer and acoustic channel is also constructed to model the 2D spatial information and acoustic scattering effect in heterogeneous medium. Results: Both FDTD simulation, circuit simulation, and experimental measurement are performed to compare the results in terms of time domain, frequency domain, and pseudo S-parameters characterization. 2D circuit network simulation is also performed under different scenarios including different sizes of tumors and the effect of acoustic scatterer. Conclusions: The proposed circuit model of microwave acoustic interaction with biological tissue could give good agreement with FDTD simulated and experimental measured results. The pseudo S-parameters and characteristic gain could globally evaluate the performance of tumor detection. The 2D circuit network enables the potential to combine the quasi-numerical simulation and circuit simulation in a uniform simulator for codesign and simulation of a microwave acoustic imaging system, bridging bioeffect study and hardware development seamlessly.

A readout circuit for wireless passive LC sensors and its application for gastrointestinal monitoring

Abstract: A readout circuit is presented for wireless passive LC sensors, where an inductor–capacitor (LC) resonant circuit was combined with a readout coil for resonant frequency detection. The impedance phase of the readout coil shows a ‘dip’ near the sensor’s resonant frequency due to the mutual inductance. Previously, the phase-dip has suffered from limited amplitude in the low-coupling-coefficient condition (especially in the case of implantation), rendering portable detection troublesome. To address this issue, in this study a new differential transduction circuit was proposed where both theoretical analysis and numerical simulations were performed. Compared to conventional transduction circuits (e.g., the I–V circuit and the auto-balancing bridge circuit), the differential circuit was more sensitive to the phase change, enabling more reliable and precise resonant frequency detection. Moreover, the proposed readout circuit was used to detect the gastrointestinal pressure of rabbits with a O10 mm × 14 mm LC pressure sensor at an operational distance of up to 60 mm between the LC sensor and the readout circuit. Experimental results recorded a measurement resolution lower than 0.4 kPa and a measurement speed of eight times per second.

Inertially operated piezoelectric energy harvesting electronic circuitry

Abstract: An electrical energy harvesting device for harvesting electrical energy from a pulsed impact loading event. The device including: a piezoelectric element configured to be loaded and unloaded to a first load level by the pulsed impact loading event; and a first inductor coupled to the piezoelectric element configured to be loaded and unloaded to a second load level by the pulsed impact loading event, wherein the piezoelectric element and the first inductor together operate as a first inductor/capacitor (LC) resonant circuit having a first resonance frequency and wherein the loading of the first inductor lags in time the loading of the piezoelectric element.

Electric power transmitting device, non-contact power supply system, and control method

Abstract: A non-contact power supply system is provided employing an electric power transmitting device which can improve the transmission efficiency of electric power, suppressing the circuit scale. The electric power transmitting device is configured with a resonance circuit including a resonance capacity and a resonance coil acting as a transmitting antenna, and a first coil arranged magnetically coupled with the resonance coil. The electric power transmitting device transmits electric power in a non-contact manner using resonant coupling of the resonance circuit. When transmitting the electric power, the electric power transmitting device controls the first coil to connect or disconnect both ends thereof so as to bring a resonance frequency of the resonance circuit close to a frequency of an electric power transmission signal outputted as the electric power to be transmitted.

Second order sliding mode control for a single phase voltage source inverter

Abstract: This paper demonstrates a second order sliding mode control for a voltage source inverter. A super twisting control algorithm (STA) is used to control the output ac voltage of the voltage source inverter circuit. Using the algorithm tracking of the output voltage is observed with small steady state error. The controller is found to be robust against sudden changes in the load. The output voltage waveform carries less harmonic content. The frequency response analysis shows good stability properties. PSCAD/EMTDC version 4.2 is used for simulation studies. A comparison is also brought about between the classical sliding mode control and the proposed second order sliding mode controller.

Self-folding printable elastic electric devices: Resistor, capacitor, and inductor.

Abstract: This paper presents a methodology and validation of print-and-self-fold electric devices. For printing functional structures for robotic use, we realize electric circuitry based on metallic polyester film (MPF). By exploiting the unique material properties of MPF, we developed fundamental electric devices, namely a resistor, capacitor, and inductor. The developed polyvinyl chloride laminated MPF sheet shows reliable selffolding processes under a heat application, and it configures 3D electric devices. Due to the pre-resolved kinematic design, these devices feature elasticity, making them suitable as sensors and actuators in soft circuits. Here we testify to a self-assembled variable resistor and capacitive strain sensor. An actuation mechanism consisting of a folded contractible coil is also considered and shown. Finally, an RLC circuit obtained from the integration of all the developed devices is demonstrated, in which the coil based actuator is controlled by reading a variable capacitive strain sensor.

Systems and Methods for Fast Kilovolt Switching in an X-Ray System

Abstract: A system includes a two-channel inverter for receiving a non-zero variable input voltage, first and second input channels each electrically coupled to the two-channel inverter, a transformer having a primary winding in electrical communication with the first and second input channels and secondary windings, and an active resonant circuit in electrical communication with the secondary windings for generating a switching output voltage at each of two different voltage levels. The active resonant circuit includes switching devices arranged in an anti-parallel configuration, a capacitor electrically coupled in series with the switching devices for receiving and storing energy during a first portion of a resonance cycle and for discharging the energy during a second portion of the resonance cycle, an inductor electrically coupled in series with the capacitor and the switching devices for transferring the energy to and from the capacitor during the resonance cycle, and an output.

Electric bicycle magnetic coupling resonance type wireless charger

Abstract: The utility model provides an electric bicycle magnetic coupling resonant wireless charger comprising a main circuit part and a control circuit part. The main circuit part comprises a full-bridge rectification filter circuit, a half-bridge inversion circuit, a transmitting terminal series connection resonant circuit, a receiving terminal series connection resonant circuit, a high-frequency transformer T1 and a high-frequency rectification filter circuit. The control circuit part comprises a receiving terminal voltage and current detection circuit, a receiving terminal charging data transmitting circuit, a transmitting terminal wireless data receiving circuit, a transmitting terminal current detection circuit, a phase-locked loop frequency tracking circuit, a PWM inversion control circuit and an inversion drive circuit. Wireless charging is adopted to substitute the wired charging so that electric bicycle magnetic coupling resonant wireless charging is realized, electric spark generated in the plugging process of a power plug is eliminated, troubles which influence the service life of the plug and are caused by poor contact are eliminated, and thus charging operation is facilitated. Besides, electric energy is transmitted via resonant coupling, and electric energy transmission frequency is reduced so that influence of electromagnetic radiation on environment is greatly reduced.

Design and Implementation of a 40-kV, 20-kJ/s Capacitor Charger for Pulsed-Power Application

Abstract: This paper presents the design and implementation of a 40-kV, 20-kJ/s high-voltage capacitor charger based on a series/parallel resonant converter. The inclusion of the parallel resonant capacitor component in this circuit results in the production of a trapezoidal resonant current, which reduces conduction loss. This capacitor is practically realized as a part of the balancing network of the high-voltage rectifiers in the secondary side of the circuit. Particular attention in this paper is paid to the high-voltage transformer, which must be carefully designed to provide the required functionality without negative impact on the resonant circuit. A PSpice simulation has been used to prove that the proposed control method for the circuit is valid. This is supported with the experimental results, which verify that the operation of the circuit is as expected and that the converter is able to meet all the design criteria with an efficiency of up to 96%.