Showing papers on "Ruby laser published in 1983"
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of the basic steps of laser processing, including the following: 1.1. 1.2. 2.3. 3.4. 4.5. 6.6.7.8.9.10.
Abstract: 1 Lasers and Laser Radiation.- 1.1. Introduction.- 1.2. Laser Sources.- 1.2.1. Ruby Laser.- 1.2.2. Nd-YAG Laser.- 1.2.3. Nd-Glass Laser.- 1.2.4. Tunable Infrared Diode Lasers.- 1.2.5. Helium-Neon Laser.- 1.2.6. Argon and Krypton Ion Lasers.- 1.2.7. Helium-Cadmium Laser.- 1.2.8. CO2 Laser.- 1.2.9. Rare Gas Halide Lasers.- 1.2.10. Dye Lasers.- 1.2.11. Stimulated Raman Scattering.- 1.3. Laser Radiation.- 1.3.1. Monochromaticity.- 1.3.2. Beam Shape.- 1.3.3. Beam Divergence.- 1.3.4. Brightness.- 1.3.5. Focusing of Laser Radiation.- 1.3.6. Coherence.- 1.4. Lens Aberrations.- 1.4.1. Spherical Aberration.- 1.4.2. Coma.- 1.4.3. Astigmatism.- 1.4.4. Field Curvature.- 1.4.5. Distortion.- 1.5. Window Materials.- 1.6. Mirrors and Polarizers.- 1.7. Q-Switching.- 1.7.1. Acousto-Optical Q-Switches.- 1.7.2. Electro-Optical Q-Switches.- 1.7.3. Passive Q-Switching.- 1.8. Frequency Conversion.- 1.9. Mode Locking.- 1.10. Detectors and Power Meters.- 1.10.1. Power Meters.- 1.10.2. Radiation Detectors.- 2. Materials Processing.- 2.1. Absorption of Laser Radiation by Metals.- 2.2. Absorption of Laser Radiation by Semiconductors and Insulators.- 2.3. Thermal Constants.- 2.4. Laser Drilling: Heat Transfer.- 2.4.1. Heating without Change of Phase.- 2.4.2. Heating with Change of Phase.- 2.4.3. Experimental.- 2.5. Welding.- 2.5.1. Heat Transfer-Penetration Welding.- 2.5.2. Heat Transfer-Conduction Welding.- 2.5.3. Welding with Multikilowatt Lasers.- 2.5.4. Welding with Low-Power Lasers.- 2.5.5. Laser Spot Welding.- 2.6. Cutting.- 2.6.1. Heat Transfer.- 2.6.2. Cutting Metals.- 2.6.3. Cutting Nonmetals.- 2.6.4. Scribing and Controlled Fracture.- 2.7. Micromachining.- 2.7.1. Resistor Trimming.- 2.7.2. Machining of Conductor Patterns.- 2.7.3. Fabrication of Gap Capacitors.- 2.7.4. Image Recording.- 2.7.5. Laser Marking.- 2.7.6. Micromachining-Thermal Considerations.- 2.8. Surface Hardening.- 2.9. Surface Melting, Alloying, and Cladding.- 2.10. Surface Cleaning.- 2.11. Crystal Growth.- 2.12. Optical Fiber Splicing.- 2.12.1. Optical Fiber-End Preparation.- 2.12.2. Optical Fiber-Drawing.- 2.13. Laser Deposition of Thin Films.- 2.13.1. Evaporation.- 2.13.2. Electroplating.- 2.13.3. Chemical Vapor Deposition.- 2.13.4. Photodeposition and Photoetching.- 3 Laser Processing of Semiconductors.- 3.1. Introduction.- 3.2. Annealing.- 3.3. Annealing-CW Lasers.- 3.4. Recrystallization.- 3.5. Silicide Formation.- 3.6. Ohmic Contacts and Junction Formation.- 3.7. Device Fabrication.- 3.8. Electrical Connections on Integrated Circuits.- 3.9. Monolithic Displays.- 4 Chemical Processing.- 4.1. Introduction.- 4.2. Schemes for Laser Isotope Separation.- 4.3. The Enrichment Factor.- 4.4. Laser-Induced Reaction.- 4.5. Single-Photon Predissociation.- 4.6. Two-Photon Dissociation.- 4.7. Photoisomerization.- 4.8. Two-Step Photoionization.- 4.9. Photodeflection.- 4.10. Multiphoton Dissociation.- 4.10.1. Deuterium.- 4.10.2. Boron.- 4.10.3. Carbon.- 4.10.4. Silicon.- 4.10.5. Sulfur.- 4.10.6. Chlorine.- 4.10.7. Molybdenum.- 4.10.8. Osmium.- 4.10.9. Uranium.- 4.11. Selective Raman Excitation.- 4.12. Economics of Laser Isotope Separation.- 4.13. Laser-Induced Reactions.- 4.13.1. Infrared Photochemistry-Basic Mechanisms.- 4.13.2. Vibrationally Enhanced Chemical Reactions.- 4.13.3. Vibrationally Induced Decomposition.- 4.14. Isomerization.- 4.15. Lasers in Catalysis.- 4.16. Laser-Induced Reactions: UV-VIS Excitation.- 4.17. Processing via Thermal Heating.- 4.18. Polymerization.- 5 Lasers in Chemical Analysis.- 5.1. Introduction.- 5.2. Absorption Spectroscopy.- 5.2.1. Absorption vs. Other Techniques.- 5.2.2. Intracavity Absorption.- 5.3. Laser-Induced Fluorescence.- 5.3.1. Laser-Induced Fluorescence: Theory.- 5.3.2. Laser-Excited Atomic Flame Fluorescence.- 5.3.3. Laser-Excited Molecular Flame Fluorescence.- 5.3.4. Beam Diagnostics.- 5.3.5. Fluorimetry and Phosphorimetry.- 5.3.6. Selective Excitation of Probe Ion Luminescence.- 5.4. Laser-Enhanced Ionization Spectroscopy.- 5.5. Multiphoton Ionization.- 5.6. Raman Spectroscopy.- 5.6.1. Theory and Physical Principles.- 5.6.2. Experimental Techniques.- 5.6.3. Experimental Results.- 5.6.4. Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Spectroscopy.- 5.7. Laser Magnetic Resonance.- 5.8. Laser Photoacoustic Spectroscopy.- 5.8.1. LPS of Gases.- 5.8.2. LPS of Liquids and Solids.- 5.8.3. Photoacoustic Imaging.- 5.9. Laser Microprobe.- 5.10. Atomic Absorption Spectrometry.- 5.11. Laser Microprobe Mass Spectrometer.- 5.12. Laser Raman Microprobe.- 5.13. Lasers in Chromatography.- 6 Lasers in Environmental Analysis.- 6.1. Propagation of Laser Radiation through the Atmosphere.- 6.2. Laser Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere.- 6.2.1. Absorption Measurements.- 6.2.2. LIDAR.- 6.2.3. Laser Remote Sensing of Wind Velocity.- 6.2.4. Raman LIDAR.- 6.2.5. Differential Absorption LIDAR (DIAL).- 6.2.6. Resonance Fluorescence.- 6.2.7. Heterodyne Detection.- 6.3. Laser Sampling of Aerosols.- 6.3.1. Particle Size and Distribution.- 6.3.2. Particle Composition.- 6.3.3. Interaction of High-Power Laser Radiation with Aerosol Particles.- 6.4. Laser Remote Sensing of Water Quality.- References.- Materials Index.
331 citations
TL;DR: The use of a Q-switched pulsed Ruby laser was studied in removing tattoos, and the results were very satisfactory, but there are several major disadvantages which at present would probably preclude the use of this therapy on a routine basis.
124 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the temperature and temperature gradients at the liquid-solid interface were found to be in the range of ∼107 K/cm during the high reflectivity phase (HRP).
Abstract: Nanosecond resolution time‐resolved x‐ray diffraction measurements have been used to study the temperature and temperature gradients in 〈100〉 and 〈111〉 oriented silicon crsytals during pulsed laser annealing. Thermal strain analysis of time‐resolved extended Bragg scattering has shown the lattice temperature to reach the melting point during 15‐ns, 1.5‐J/cm2 ruby laser pulses and to remain at the melting point during the high reflectivity phase (HRP). The temperature gradients at the liquid‐solid interface were found to be in the range of ∼107 K/cm during the HRP.
70 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the velocity distribution and the density variation of evaporated Ga or As and Si atoms were determined for different energy densities by means of a time-of-flight measurement.
Abstract: Both GaAs and Si single crystals were laser annealed with a 20‐ns ruby laser pulse. By means of a time‐of‐flight measurement the velocity distribution and the density variation of evaporated Ga or As and Si atoms were determined for different energy densities. Simultaneously the reflectivity of the crystal surface was measured time‐resolved. The data show consistently that the molten phase occurs at energy densities ≳0.35 J cm−2 for GaAs and ≳0.8 J cm−2 for Si. The results are in agreement with a purely thermal model for laser annealing.
61 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the mixing effect of Q-switched ruby laser irradiation on Cu-Au and Cu-W systems is made and a comparison with ion-beam mixing of both systems is studied.
51 citations
TL;DR: High-efficiency pulse compression has been obtained by using an intracavity Raman oscillator using hydrogen gas as the Raman medium, which permits shortening of the pulse duration of a ruby laser by a factor of 6.7 with 87% effective quantum efficiency.
Abstract: High-efficiency pulse compression has been obtained by using an intracavity Raman oscillator. The energy of a primary laser stored in its high-Q cavity is extracted at the Stokes frequency by means of a Stokes laser having a high Raman gain and a low-Q cavity. This technique, using hydrogen gas as the Raman medium, permits shortening of the pulse duration of a ruby laser by a factor of 6.7 with 87% effective quantum efficiency. It would be especially useful with low-gain (alexandrite) and with short-storage-lifetime lasers.
46 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the history of the development of the Maser and its application in the field of nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and demonstrate the negative effect of negative temperature on the performance of NMR.
Abstract: Foreword to the First Edition Foreword to the Second Edition Preface Author Introduction Principle of Operation The Devices Masers Lasers Applications Development Note Stimulated Emission: Could the Laser have been Built More than 80 Years Ago? Stimulated Emission Role of Stimulated Emission in the Theory of Light Dispersion Experimental Proofs of Negative Dispersion More on Negative Absorption Notes Intermezzo: Magnetic Resonance and Optical Pumping Introduction The Resonance Method with Molecular Beams Magnetic Relaxation Phenomena in Solids Magnetic Resonance: Bloch, Purcell, and Zavoisky Bloch Equations Experimental Proof of Population Inversion The Concept of Negative Temperature The Overhauser Effect Spin Echo Medical Application of Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Electronic Paramagnetic Resonance Atomic Clocks Optical Pumping Notes The Maser Introduction Weber's Maser Townes and the First Ammonia Maser Basov and Prokhorov and the Soviet Approach to the Maser The Three-Level Solid-State Maser Optically Pumped Masers The Hydrogen Maser The Ancestor of the Free-Electron Laser The Electron Cyclotron Maser The Rydberg or Single-Photon Maser (Micromaser) Two-Photon Maser Maser Action in Nature Notes The Laser Introduction The Townes and Schawlow Proposal Townes' and Schawlow's Idea The Gordon Gould Story The Dicke Coherence-Brightened Laser Soviet Research Notes The First Lasers Introduction The Ruby Laser The Four-Level Laser The Neodymium Laser The Gas Laser The Cesium Laser Laser Cavities Further Progress in Gaseous Lasers Neutral Atom Lasers Ion Gas Lasers Molecular Lasers Excimer Lasers The Liquid Laser: Dye and Chelate Lasers The Chemical Laser The Semiconductor Laser Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Laser Diodes (VCSELs) Quantum Cascade Lasers The Free-Electron Laser Does the Laser Exist in Nature? Notes Laser Properties and Progresses in Novel Lasers Introduction Q-Switching Modes in the He-Ne Laser Mode Locking Lamb's Theory Mode Selection and Frequency and Amplitude Stabilization Tunable Solid-State Lasers Distributed Feedback Lasers Optical Amplifiers Diode Pumped Solid-State Lasers Notes Nonlinear Optics Introduction The Prehistory of Nonlinear Optics The First Experiments Nonlinear Optics Physical Origin of Optical Nonlinearities Further Experiments in Nonlinear Optics Optical Rectification Optical Mixing Parametric Oscillation and Amplification Third-Order Effects Down-Conversion and Entanglement Nonlinearities in Optical Fibers High Harmonics Generation Multiphoton Ionization Ultrashort Laser Pulses Supercontinuum Generation Notes More Exotic Lasers Introduction Lasing Without Inversion Random Lasers Nanolasers Plasmon Lasers Spaser One- and Two-Photon Laser High-Power Lasers High-Power Fiber Lasers X- and Gamma-Ray Laser Notes The Statistical Properties of Light Introduction Introduction of the Concept of the Photon Fluctuations of Radiant Energy Bose and the Statistics of Radiation A Few More Remarks on Bose-Einstein Condensation Further Developments in the Theory of Fluctuations of Radiation Fields The Hanbury Brown and Twiss Experiment The Quantum Theory of Coherence The Discussion of the Need for Quantum Optics Experimental Studies of the Statistical Properties of Light Polarized Thermal Light Laser Light Nonclassical States of Light and Single-Photon Sources Notes Subject Index Author Index
31 citations
29 citations
TL;DR: The technique of lidar measurements of water vapor content in the atmosphere using the differential absorption technique is described, and the results of reconstitution of humidity profiles up to 17-km altitudes are given based on results of laser sounding.
Abstract: This paper presents the results of investigations of atmospheric humidity profiles by a lidar on the basis of a tunable ruby laser. The lidar parameters are given, and the technique of lidar measurements of water vapor content in the atmosphere using the differential absorption technique is described. The results of reconstitution of humidity profiles up to 17-km altitudes are given based on results of laser sounding.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an investigation of oxygen indiffusion during laser processing of silicon has been performed with the 16O(α, α0)16O resonance scattering at ER=3.042 MeV.
22 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the time dependence of the second-harmonic generation of a mode-locked Q-switched Nd: YAG laser in reflection from both amorphous and crystalline GaAs surfaces during the pulsed-laser annealing under ruby laser irradiation was investigated.
TL;DR: In this article, a model for laser induced diffusion is proposed, assuming the melting of Si surface under pulsed laser irradiation and the diffusion, in liquid phase, of a thin film deposited impurity, which results in a dopant distribution profile with a surface disordered layer induced either by segregation effects or precipitation of the dopant in excess of the solubility limit achieved by laser annealing.
Abstract: A model for laser induced diffusion is proposed, assuming the melting of Si surface under pulsed laser irradiation and the diffusion, in liquid phase, of a thin film deposited impurity. Depending on the thickness of the film, it results in a dopant distribution profile with a surface disordered layer induced either by segregation effects or precipitation of the dopant in excess of the solubility limit achieved by laser annealing. Experimental results obtained for a ruby laser irradiation of thin films of various dopants such as Sb, Ga, Bi, and In deposited on Si substrates are in good agreement with the model.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors showed that the cathode photocurrent was sensitive to cathode temperature and background pressure and relatively independent of anode voltage under UHV conditions, and the most likely source of the oxygen was residual water vapor.
TL;DR: In this article, a double pulse ruby laser was used to obtain interference patterns from a laser produced plasma in helium and the electron density evolution was inferred by Abel inversion, with suitable approximations.
TL;DR: In this article, the pulsed nature of the X-rays emitted from the Cornell High Energy Synchrotron Source (CHESS) was utilized to carry out a diffraction study of the near-surface structure and temperature of silicon following pulsed ruby laser annealing.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compare the effect of As implantation in n-type silicon and subsequent annealing by thermal (up to 800°C) and pulse (15 ns) ruby laser (with energies ranging from 8 to 40 MW cm−2) treatments using DLTS.
TL;DR: In this article, undoped polycrystalline GaAs layers were deposited on Mo layers by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and annealed by pulse laser irradiation and the Schottky characteristics were observed between the top GaAs layer and the Mo layer underneath; the barrier height was 0.53 eV.
Abstract: Undoped‐polycrystalline GaAs layers were deposited on Mo layers by metalorganic chemical vapor deposition and annealed by pulse laser irradiation. The laser used here was a Q‐switched ruby laser and the annealing was done by immersing the samples in SnCl2‐dissolved methanol. Then, recrystallization and doping of the GaAs layers were successfully done. The Schottky characteristics were observed between the top GaAs layer and the Mo layer underneath; the barrier height was 0.53 eV.
TL;DR: Depth-resolved cathodoluminescence at 80 K was used to investigate the effects of substrate impurities, Cd or Te coimplants, and Cd-vapor prefiring treatments on the defect reactions that occur in pulsed laser annealing of shallow implants in CdTe as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Depth-resolved cathodoluminescence at 80 K was used to investigate the effects of substrate impurities, Cd or Te coimplants, and Cd-vapor prefiring treatments on the defect reactions that occur in pulsed laser annealing of shallow implants in CdTe (Cs+ in CdTe: In, As+ in CdTe: Cl). Implantation into either substrate produces strong nonradiative (<1 eV) defect introduction in the ion range zone (calculated RP =300−440 A). Less severe defect introduction proceeds further to depths on the order of 1 μm into the postrange zone. Pulsed (20 ns) ruby laser annealing was performed at energy densities of 0.16−0.32 J/cm2, with calculated melting depths estimated to be £400 A. In the case of CdTe: In, laser annealing typically promotes a strong defect reaction leading to prominent luminescence near 1.17 eV. Despite the shallowness of the laser melt, this reaction follows the postrange damage to depths approaching 1 μm beyond the projected ion range. We conclude that the 1.17 eV band results from the reacti...
TL;DR: In this paper, the structure of the thermal transient induced in an aluminum sample by an electron beam pulse is described in terms of slush zone formation, molten depth, liquid phase duration, and melt front history.
Abstract: On the basis of a numerically solved heat diffusion equation, the structure of the thermal transient induced in an aluminum sample by an electron beam pulse is described in terms of slush zone formation, molten depth, liquid phase duration, and melt front history. The heat flow dynamics, as determined by monochromatic (electron energy ranging between 5 and 25 keV) and ultrashort (15 ns fwhm) pulses, is contrasted with the ruby laser induced one. Accessible absorbed energy intervals for sample surface melting are given as a function of electron energy; heating of the sample interior at values higher than those attained at the surface is shown to occur only at higher electron energies, for a given pulse duration. The general dependence of the present results on the pulse duration and the effects produced by polychromatic pulses are also discussed.
TL;DR: In this paper, the displacement cross-section of substitutional Te-atoms in laser annealed silicon for 2 MeV He+-ions was determined as 5.6(20) × 10−21 cm2.
Abstract: After pulsed ruby laser annealing of tellurium implanted silicon considerable impurity redistribution is observed with little surface segregation. In the bulk, substitutional fractions of 85-90% are found, independent of the Te-concentration or the presence of phosphorus or boron. Computer simulations show that the slight narrowing of the Te-yield curves can be accounted for by the Te-vibrational amplitudes. The displacement cross-section of substitutional Te-atoms in laser annealed silicon for 2 MeV He+-ions is determined as 5.6(20) × 10−21 cm2. In contrast to pulsed laser annealing, oven annealing results in strongly narrowed Te-yield curves with a high minimum yield, indicating a small true substitutional impurity fraction.
TL;DR: In this paper, photoacoustic (PA) spectra of n-type GaAs active layers implanted with 1×1015 Si+ cm-2 at 100-180 keV followed by Q-switched ruby laser annealing at 25 nsec pulse width, 0.8 Jcm-2 energy under various ambiences are presented.
Abstract: Photoacoustic (PA) spectra of n-type GaAs active layers implanted with 1×1015 Si+ cm-2 at 100–180 keV followed by Q-switched ruby laser annealing at 25 nsec pulse width, 0.8 Jcm-2 energy under various ambiences are presented. PA signals are reduced when the ambience of 1-bar air or Ar is changed for 100-bar Ar. The reduction is also observed in a series of samples with low dose levels of 5×1012 Si+ cm-2. These reductions are consistent with the trend of stoichiometrical improvements.
01 Jan 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed the correct interpretation as stimulated Raman emissions from nitrobenzene; this was soon thereafter verified experimentally by Eckhardt et al. [7.3].
Abstract: Stimulated Raman scattering was accidentally discovered by Woodbury and Ng in 1962 [7.1]. In studying Q-switching of a ruby laser by a nitrobenzene Kerr cell, they detected intense infrared radiation emitted from the Kerr cell, whose origin was not immediately identified. Eckhardt [7.2] first proposed the correct interpretation as stimulated Raman emissions from nitrobenzene; this was soon thereafter verified experimentally by Eckhardt et al. [7.3].
TL;DR: In this article, polycrystalline thin films of p-Insb were irradiated with Q-switched Ruby laser and Hall coefficient and dc conductivity studies reveal that the irradiated films have lower value of free carrier concentration and higher values of Hall mobility.
Abstract: Polycrystalline thin films of p–Insb were irradiated with Q‐switched Ruby laser. Hall coefficient and dc conductivity studies reveal that the irradiated films have lower value of free carrier concentration and higher values of Hall mobility.
TL;DR: In this article, the application of the spontaneous laser Raman technique in the experimental analysis of temperature and specie concentration in an ionizing gas, using a high power Q-switched ruby laser, has been investigated.
Abstract: The application of the spontaneous laser Raman technique in the experimental analysis of temperature and specie concentration in an ionizing gas, using a high power Q-switched ruby laser, has been investigated. This technique is used as the diagnostic tool for the determination of flowfield conditions behind the reflected shock produced in a shock tube. Specie concentration and temperature of molecular nitrogen and singly ionized molecular nitrogen is obtained at hypersonic velocities. Comparison of the experimental data with theoretically derived results exhibits acceptable agreement for moderate temperatures behind the reflected shock. However, the significant data deviation from the mean also indicated that the experiment was operated near the limits of applicability for the spontaneous Raman technique. Other possible diagnostic techniques for use in this region are discussed.
TL;DR: A Mach-Zehnder interferometer, using a Q-switched ruby laser as a light source, was constructed in this article for the prime investigation of a TE-CO 2 laser produced plasma in front of a solid target.
TL;DR: In this article, a QA-switched ruby laser was irradiated to polysilicon films with applying an electric field, and a large photocurrent flowed through the films during the laser irradiation.
Abstract: In this letter we suggest the current‐assisted laser annealing of polysilicon films deposited on SiO2 by chemical vapor deposition of silane. QA‐switched ruby laser was irradiated to polysilicon films with applying an electric field. Then, a large photocurrent flowed through the films during the laser irradiation, and the resistivity of the polysilicon films decreased drastically from ∼108 to ∼104 Ω cm by the current‐assisted laser annealing, while the resistivity decreased only to ∼106 Ω cm in the case of the conventional laser annealing (zero electric field). The effects of the applied electric field on the annealing are due to the local heating at the grain boundaries and the promotion of the coalescence among the grains.
01 Mar 1983
TL;DR: In this article, the authors measured the instantaneous velocities of the longitudinal section of an air flow with a double exposure with the aid of two pulsed ruby laser suitably coupled.
Abstract: Holograms of the longitudinal section of an air flow traveling at velocities ranging from 10 m/s to 200 m/s have been recorded. The flow section under investigation was visualized with the help of submicron particles which scatter the plane light beam of a pulsed ruby laser. The instantaneous velocities were measured by double exposure with the aid of two pulsed ruby lasers suitably coupled. Results obtained with direct photography (single and double exposure) are also given.
TL;DR: In this article, the luminescence and lasing characteristics of 3-methoxybenzanthrone solutions of different acidity were investigated, and it was established that at a certain acidity of a solution, the transfer of molecules of this dye to an excited state produced a new ionic form resulting from the attachment of a hydrogen ion.
Abstract: An investigation was made of the luminescence and lasing characteristics of 3-methoxybenzanthrone solutions of different acidity. It was established that at a certain acidity of a solution the transfer of molecules of this dye to an excited state produced a new ionic form resulting from the attachment of a hydrogen ion. When a solution with the optimal acidity was pumped with the second harmonic of a ruby laser, stimulated emission was observed for both ionic forms and continuous wavelength tuning was attained in the range 540–660 nm.