Showing papers on "Rural area published in 1970"

Woman's role in economic development

Abstract: Part 1 In the village: male and female farming systems the division of labour within African agriculture the plough, the veil and the labourer population pressure and sex roles in farming the economics of polygamy the status of younger wives work input and women's status loss of status under European rule the responsibility of the Europeans from cultivator to family aid the revolt of the women the casual worker the influence of caste on women's work and wages cheap labour for the export sector the female coolie the impact of agricultural modernization on the employment of women. Part 2 In the town: women in a men's world sex and race in market trade work input and earnings of market women from the market place to the super-market female services in male towns domestic servants industry - from the hut to the factory women's drop-out from industry why employers prefer male workers why women shun the factory the educated woman seclusion in the professionals the feminization of clerical jobs the pull of white collar jobs women in the urban hierarchy sex differentials in industrial skills and wages the hierarchy of race and sex the status of white collar workers. Part 3 From village to town: the lure of the town the value of subsistence production subsistence activities in urban areas urban job opportunities for women the two steps in economic development the impact of tradition and of imported culture patterns the pattern of migration and of female work the Arab and the Latin American patterns the South East Asian pattern the African pattern the unemployment scare employment opportunities in rural areas the urban labour market education as a cause of unemployment the cost of urbanization the strategy of development planning the design of female education the productivity of female labour the escape from competition a new pattern for the future

Agriculture and economic growth

Abstract: In recent years much has been written about agricultural structure and the size of agricultural holdings. This article attempts to set the current debate in perspective and relate it to economic growth. Startirig with a largely riiral economy, it describes agriculture's contribirtion to econontic growth and the repercussions of this growth on the agricultural sector. The particular problems of agriculture in an industrial economy like the U.K. are then considered in relation to its agricultural structure.

Vacation homes in the northeastern united states: seasonality in population distribution

Abstract: The vacation home market is emerging as a major force in shaping urban and regional development a result of the seasonal redistribution of the population. Existing urban and regional theory has accounted for the distribution of population only in accordance with the permanent place of residence without considering how this distribution varies on a seasonal or semi-permanent basis. It is estimated that some three-quarters of a million vacation homes currently exist in the more rural areas of Northeastern United States. The seasonal occupancy of these units has important implications for fluctuations in economic base, requirement of community services and facilities, and other factors relating to regional development.

A socio-epidemiological study of out-patients attending a city tuberculosis clinic in India to judge the place of specialized centres in a tuberculosis control programme.

Abstract: In India, specialized tuberculosis clinics exist mostly in cities. These clinics treat mainly persons with an awareness of symptoms who present themselves of their own accord. The few persons without symptoms are those who have been advised to have an examination. The urge to attend a specialized centre, presumably motivated by suffering or discomfort from symptoms and by awareness that specialized services exist, does not appear to be strong enough to overcome all the "obstacles" that lie between the patient and the tuberculosis clinic. A distance of 4 miles (6.4 km) or more is a major obstacle, irrespective of where the town limits lie. The socio-economic value of the patient to his family also appears to influence attendance. There is evidence that most patients first approach treatment sources, without regard to the nature of the service, whether specialized or general. It has been observed that if the quality of service rendered by a centre is unsatisfactory, the patient may constantly search for "better" treatment. Social considerations, other than suffering, which influence attendance could be termed "social preference". The justification for strengthening general health institutions (with adequate means for the diagnosis and treatment of tuberculosis), without taking urban or rural factors into consideration, is discussed in the light of the findings of this study.

Rural Industrial Growth in the 1960's

Abstract: This article relies on unpublished data from ongoing research and various special industry and small-area studies to assay dimensions and explore impacts on rural America of greatly accelerated industrial decentralization in the 1960's. Similar sources identify better highways and local services and facilities, and changing markets, products, and technologies as motivating forces. Brief attention is given to implications for population change, family and community well-being, and assimilation of poorly educated and unskilled rural people into today's economic mainstream.

The rural African party: political participation in Tanzania.

Abstract: Because the codes, rules and ideology of mass, single-party systems reach the village areas more slowly than do the tangible personalizations of party authority, a situation of potential misuse of power exists where rural party organizations operate. Peasants are aware of face-to-face confrontations by a familiar figure who has gained a party position; they are unaware of the precepts and regulations that the national party has laid down for the village level functionaries. Consequently, political victimization is most prounced at the very grass-root level that national leaders are attempting to integrate politically. Moreover, by its nature the rural party is a multi-faceted organization that is acceptable to the peasants because its leaders provide services that in more structured societies are carried out by specific agencies and contracts. Functions such as family arbitration, police investigation and criminal adjudication are mixed with the more classical party activities of representation and the dispensing of patronage. Taken together, the above two characteristics of a rural party—potential abuse, and the multi-faceted nature—significantly influence the extent and form of political participation in the areas they serve. This article attempts to analyze these characteristics in Tanzania, and thereafter to assess rural party participation, and more broadly to suggest the theoretical dimensions of political participation in a new nation. Participation, it may be argued, is the problem par excellence for leaders of the new nations. The building of a state, both in terms of economic development and in the creation of a national consciousness, depends upon some type of participation by the citizens.

Enrolment and Grade Attainment following the Introduction of Free Primary Education in Tanzania

Abstract: The elimination of all primary school fees in January 2002 in Tanzania marked the start of the ambitious Primary Education Development Programme (PEDP). This programme aimed to enhance not only access to primary education but also the quality of teaching. This paper examines the effects of the introduction of free primary education on school enrolment and grade achievement. Data from the 2001 Household Budget Survey (HBS), collected just before the reform, and the 2007 HBS, collected 5 years into the programme, are employed to examine these effects. This is done by running a difference-in-difference comparison using a before-and-after comparison for age cohorts that did and did not benefit from the reform. School fee elimination is found to have enhanced enrolment rates significantly with girls, children from poorer families benefiting most. The impact of the reform on grade achievement, however, is found to have been negative, particularly for those living in rural areas and children from poor households. PEDP, thus, created a dilemma as increased opportunities for one set of deserving children went at the expense of opportunities for other, equally deserving children

Trends in pregnancy and fertility in a rural area of East Pakistan.

Abstract: Data from three separate studies conducted in Maputo, Mozambique, in 1993 are used to analyse the relationship between the type of social environment in which women work and their fertility and contraceptive use. The analysis finds that women who work in more collectivized environments have fewer children and are more likely to use modern contraception than women who work in more individualized milieus and those who do not work outside the home. Most of these differences persist in multivariate tests. It is argued that collectivized work environments are most conducive to diffusion and legitimation of reproductive innovations. In contrast, individualized environments tend to isolate women and therefore may retard their acceptance of innovative fertility-related behaviour.

Planning In Rural Areas

Abstract: Despite Its Increasing Importance, Planning In Rural Areas Is Often Unsuccessful. At Least A Partial Cause Is The Lack Of Meaningful Communication Between Planners And Rural Organizations. Planning Programs In Rural Areas Often Fail To Respond To The Informal Nature Of Rural Government, The Slower Pace Of Change And Smaller Number Of Perceived Crises, And Special Problems Of Meeting Costs And Demands For Professional Personnel In Rural Communities. These Conditions Change As Rural Areas Urbanize, And A Community'S Location On A Continuum From Completely Rural To Nearly Urban Is An Important Consideration For Planners. In Addition, Various Misconceptions Of Rural Conditions, Problems, And People May Hamper Effective Planning In Rural Areas.

Medical problems of developing nations: an attempt to bring medical care to rural communities in Iran.

Abstract: Despite great scientific advances in medicine a large section of society, primarily rural, still receives poor medical care; the Western countries are no exception'10. Before medical care in rural areas can be improved three problems must be considered: the actual provision of medical services; the quality of the latter; and finally the development of a system for continuing these services in the context of medical tradition. Medical tradition determines a certain standard, creates the framework of medical practice, and is self-percetuating. In most developed countries a modern medical tradition has already evolved. It is not the purpose of this article to discuss these traditions and the manner in which they meet society's need for better medical care, but rather to point out that in the developing nations the concern is for the rapid delivery of good medical care based on a modern medical tradition.