Showing papers on "Rural area published in 1987"
TL;DR: In this article, a causal modeling approach is applied to secondary data measuring retail supply in rural and urban areas, and an explicit test of validity proposes a four-dimensional measurement model of retail satisfaction.
221 citations
TL;DR: The history of American education has been primarily an urban history as discussed by the authors, and school reform movements of the mid-19th century were targeted at the particular problems brought on by the Industrial Revolution.
Abstract: The history of American education has been primarily an urban history. School reform movements of the mid-19th century were targeted at the particular problems brought on by the Industrial Revolution. Early 20th-century school administrators, and later progressive educators, defined the majority of America’s educational problems in terms of school-based occupational and community living skills that city dwellers needed in modern America. Finally, school reforms of the 1950s–80s have been targeted primarily at such concerns as the plight of minorities in inner cities, national defense needs, and now occupational skills necessary to compete internationally. Such reforms have had the net effect of continuing the century-long bias of much educational policy, scholarship, and research toward urban-based issues and concerns. On the other hand, a variety of research and policy initiatives have emerged in rural America, typically sponsored by state departments of education in primarily rural regions of the countr...
171 citations
TL;DR: A large number of policy factors were found to influence the choice of most frequently used type of traditional, modern public or modern private prenatal care and the number of visits to each type of care, but few affected the first month of visit.
171 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the prevalence of Parkinson's disease is of uneven distribution within rural areas and the characteristics of the regions of high prevalence were also the areas with the highest use of pesticides.
Abstract: We make use of the unique combination of a homogeneous genetic and racial origin in the rural population of Quebec and the facilities of free and universal access to medical care, to study the distribution of the prevalence of Parkinson's disease in the 9 rural hydrographic regions of the Province. Through 3 different methods of ascertainment, confirmed by two control probes, we demonstrate that the prevalence of Parkinson's disease is of uneven distribution within rural areas. We further investigated the characteristics of the regions of high prevalence. These regions which are predominantly agricultural and areas of intensive market gardening were also the areas with the highest use of pesticides.
162 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Women in rural areas of Gambia should be encouraged by traditional birth attendants and by the staff of rural antenatal clinics to deliver at a health center or hospital, as prematurity and infections were the primary causes of neonatal deaths.
Abstract: Pregnancy outcome was studied in 672 women over a 1-year period in a rural area of Gambia where medical resources were very limited prior to the introduction of a primary health care program. Maternal mortality was quite high (22/1000) primarily the result of postpartum hemorrhage and infections. Stillbirth and neonatal death rates were also very high (35 and 65/1000); prematurity and infections were the primary causes of neonatal deaths. First or late pregnancies either prior to age 20 or after age 40 and multiple pregnancies were all associated with a poor pregnancy outcome. Women in these groups should therefore be encouraged by traditional birth attendants and by the staff of rural antenatal clinics to deliver at a health center or hospital. (authors modified)
145 citations
TL;DR: The authors argue that intra-class conflict can be a significant motive force in the economic, social and cultural constitution of rural areas, and argue that class conflict has been accepted as the staging of a play-off between middle class in-migrants and the indigenous working class element of the community.
137 citations
TL;DR: The age- and sex-specific incidence of hip fractures is central Norway is reported for the periods of 1972-1973 and 1983-1984 and the increase in incidence was the same in the rural and urban populations.
Abstract: The age- and sex-specific incidence of hip fractures is central Norway is reported for the periods of 1972-1973 and 1983-1984. The incidence of hip fracture for women had increased by approximately 22% in the intervening period. The region under investigation was subdivided into urban, semirural, and rural areas. The incidence was highest in the urban areas and lowest in the rural areas during both periods. This was most marked for cervical fractures and for women. The increase in incidence was the same in the rural and urban populations. A possible reason for the lower incidence of hip fractures in rural communities is that a more physically active life-style may protect against osteoporosis and fracture. Account should be taken of the lower incidence in rural areas when calculating the national hospital resources needed to care for hip fracture patients.
132 citations
TL;DR: The household responsibility system (HRS) as discussed by the authors replaces the production team system as the unit of production and accounting in rural areas, restoring the individual household and replacing the traditional team system.
Abstract: Since 1978, the Chinese government has implemented a series of major reforms, including diversification of the rural economy, production specialization, crop selection in accordance with regional comparative advantage, expansion of free markets, and a marked rise in state procurement prices. These reforms have brought about dramatic changes in China's rural areas. However, the most important change was the emergence and eventual prevalence of the household responsibility system (HRS), which restores the individual household and replaces the production team system as the unit of production and accounting in rural areas. After the chaos of the Cultural Revolution, China's moderate leaders started to reconsider China's rural policies. Although the government admitted that solving the labor management problems within production teams was the key to improving productivity and recommended measures to relate rewards to performance more closely, the HRS was considered the reverse of the socialist principle of collective farming and was prohibited (Editorial Board of China Agriculture Yearbook 1980, p. 58). The official position at that time maintained that the production team was to remain the basic unit of production and accounting. Nevertheless, toward the end of 1978, first secretly and later with the blessing of local authorities, a small number of production teams in Anhui Province, which was frequently victimized by flood and drought, began to experiment with contracting land, other resources, and output quotas to individual households.
114 citations
TL;DR: This paper is the first of a series on this phenomenon in Brazzaville, capital of the Congo Republic, where a third of the country's population is already concentrated, and the most significant results of the previous studies of this town and the surrounding rural area are reviewed.
Abstract: For a growing number of citizens, the upheavals caused by rapid urban development completely transform malaria epidemiology in tropical Africa. This paper is the first of a series on this phenomenon in Brazzaville, capital of the Congo Republic, where a third of the country's population is already concentrated. After describing the main human and physical geographical aspects of the town, the most significant results of the previous studies of this town and the surrounding rural area are reviewed. They show the existence, until the beginning of the 1950s of a stable, holoendemic situation characterized by a malaria prevalence approaching 90% in children in both urban and rural areas. Since then the intensive development of anti-malaria campaigns in urban areas over about ten years led temporarily to a considerable decrease in the level of endemicity, while in rural areas it remained unchanged. In the 1960s, the vector control and systematic chemoprophylactic measures gradually stopped, permitting the study of a new malaria dynamic related only to the evolving particularities of a changing urban ecosystem.
TL;DR: Using a nine category continuum of residence ranging from major metropolitan counties of one million or more to isolated rural counties with las than 2,500 residents, the data presented indicate that although ruralurban differentials in mortality narrowed over the decade of the 1970s, by 1980 non-metropolitan counties continued to have crude death rates that were significantly higher than metropolitan counties for deaths from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer.
Abstract: Using a nine category continuum of residence ranging from major metropolitan counties of one million or more to isolated rural counties with las than 2,500 residents, the data presented indicate that although ruralurban differentials in mortality narrowed over the decade of the 1970s, by 1980 non-metropolitan counties continuedto have crude death rates that were significantly higher than metropolitan counties for deaths from all causes, cardiovascular disease, and cancer. A detailed examination of directly standardized rates reveals that virtually all of the rural-urban mortality differential is due not to residence per se, but to differences in demographic structure, particularly age composition. Rural areas have an age distribution more heavily skewed toward the older ages where the probability of death is higher. The implications of the findings for broad-based rural health care policy are discussed with an emphasis on the need to consider the special health and service needs ofan aging population.
TL;DR: Factors leading to urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders, such as current alcohol abuse or dependence, are more complex than can be explained by geographic boundaries alone.
Abstract: • We studied rural-urban differences in the prevalence of Diagnostic Interview Schedule (DIS)— DSM-III alcohol abuse or dependence from a community survey (part of the Epidemiologic Catchment Area program) of 3921 adults living in the Piedmont of North Carolina. Bivariate analyses disclosed that current alcohol-related problems, as identified by the DIS, were more common in the rural area (4.2% vs 2.6%). In a logistic regression analysis that controlled for potential confounders, including age, sex, race, socioeconomic status, and the DIS- DSM-III diagnoses of major depression and antisocial personality disorder, the elevated odds of alcohol abuse or dependence in the rural area remained significant for the interactive variable "rural blacks" (relative risk, 2.88). Factors leading to urban-rural differences in psychiatric disorders, such as current alcohol abuse or dependence, are therefore more complex than can be explained by geographic boundaries alone.
TL;DR: Results show that in spite of the rapid expansion of health services since the Ethiopian revolution serious problems of allocation and access persist, and coverage of the modern health services was associated with socioeconomic status and mobility of patients as well as availability of health Services.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors argue that the characteristics of rural areas, particularly their size, remoteness and lack of resources, together with the strength and orientation of the rural ideology, have a unique influence on both gender role and gender relations.
31 May 1987
Book•
01 Jan 1987
TL;DR: The authors found that rural women were severely restricted in their public roles and rights primarily because of their household status as dependents of their husbands, rather than because of a notion of female inferiority.
Abstract: In this book, Judith Bennett addresses the gap in our knowledge of medieval country women by examining how their lives differed from those of rural men. Drawing on her study of an English manor in the early-fourteenth century, she finds that rural women were severely restricted in their public roles and rights primarily because of their household status as dependents of their husbands, rather than because of a notion of female inferiority. Adolescent women and widows, by virtue of their unmarried status, enjoyed greater legal and public freedom than did their married counterparts.
Book•
30 Sep 1987
TL;DR: In this article, an approach aimed at helping rural dwellers, governments, and donor agencies attain their water supply and sanitation objectives sooner and more effectively and efficiently than would be possible if past approaches were to continue.
Abstract: Rural populations throughout the developing world continue to be without adequate access to safe, convenient water and appropriate sanitation facilities. Although considerable advances have been made, the results overall have met the expectations neither of rural dwellers nor of investors. More and more countries and aid institutions are concluding that something must be done to accelerate progress in the future. To achieve that goal, this paper argues that a fundamental reorientation of policies and investment strategies is needed. It proposes an approach aimed at helping rural dwellers, governments, and donor agencies attain their water supply and sanitation objectives sooner and more effectively and efficiently than would be possible if past approaches were to continue. The findings and conclusions are based on an extensive review of investment project reports, the published literature, and discussions with water and sanitation experts at the World Bank and elsewhere. The investment projects examined cover a range of water supply systems, excreta disposal facilities, and some related health education programs.
TL;DR: While accessibility in the study area improved between 1979 and 1982 through the establishment of more dispensaries and maternity and child-welfare centres, the relative efficiency of locations has remained low.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The results show that the decrease in vectorial density which accompanies urbanization has considerable parasitological repercussions.
Abstract: Five schools were chosen in different districts of Brazzaville where the intensity of malaria transmission, determined in a previous study, is representative of the very varied conditions observed in this town in relation to urbanization. The parasitological and serological results found in schoolchildren are analysed according to the level of transmission to which they are exposed, and compared with the results of a longitudinal survey carried out in the rural area of the Brazzaville region. In the urban area malaria prevalences in schoolchildren aged from 5 to 9 years and from 10 to 14 years vary considerably according to the districts. They are, respectively, 78·9% and 84% in Massina, 58·8% and 71·7% in Talangai, 32·3% and 46·9% in Bacongo and 5·6% and 12·6% in Moungali. In Poto-Poto, no positive thick films were found in a representative sample of 62 schoolchildren aged 6 and 7 years who have always lived in this district, and the malaria prevalence is only 6·9% in schoolchildren aged 14 and 15. In the rural area, the malaria prevalence is 76·4% in schoolchildren aged 5 to 9 and 82% in those aged from 10 to 14. According to standard immunofluorescent technique, 63% of children aged 6 and 7 years living since birth in the central part of the Poto-Poto and Moungali districts have no detectable antibodies. In the rural area, all children over 4 years of age are seropositive. These results show that the decrease in vectprial density which accompanies urbanization has considerable parasitological repercussions. All levels of malaria endemicity are found in Brazzaville despite the presence of a very high malaria stability index. The presence of a constant maximum plasmodic index in the 10 to 14 years age group is discussed. This seemingly paradoxical observation is attributed to the growing use of antimalarial drugs, self-medication representing now one of the essential aspects in urban areas as well as in developed rural areas.
TL;DR: In this article, a household survey conducted in a relatively poor county in northwestern China allow assessment of the impact of education on the employment status and earnings of urban dwellers and on the value of output of small farms.
TL;DR: The American Midwest of the 1980s has suffered from a depressed farm economy which has led to rural depopulation as mentioned in this paper, and state and federal government spending cuts will tend to accelerate the decline of these towns.
TL;DR: Traditional-contemporary aspects of socioeconomic structure and educational attainment emerged as most important and age was consistent in its role but gender varied according to whether a distrito is more rural or urban.
Abstract: Out-migration in Venezuela was examined as a function of personal attributes and place or contextual characteristics related to development thus combining the individual and mass perspectives. This is part of a broader effort to elaborate upon "development paradigm of migration" based on the observation that economic growth involves structural changes in society which in turn affect the role of specific migration factors. Development indices were derived by principal components analysis of 21 variables pertaining to distritos a small political unit. STRUCTURE 1 component represents a traditional-contemporary continuum in economic and social structure; PRESSURE a 2nd component represents the degree to which distrito population is dependent rather than economically active and its level of population pressure. Personal characteristics in addition to migrant status include the age educational level and gender of 65994 individuals in 1971. These variables were used in logistic regressions for the entire sample for persons from distritos with large and intermediate-sized urban places and for those from distritos with small urban places and rural areas. Educational attainment was the most important variable for distritos with no urban center in excess of 20000 and second in importance for distritos with urban centers of greater than 20000. Its role was consistent across subsamples as was that of age. Gender was among the most important determinants of out-migration in rural and less urban distritos but a minor factor elsewhere. This is because females gravitate to and tend not to leave major urban centers where employment opportunities are more numerous and gender-biased attitudes less prevalent. In general traditional-contemporary aspects of socioeconomic structure and educational attainment emerged as most important. Age was consistent in its role but gender varied according to whether a distrito is more rural or urban. Dependency-population pressure was significant in all settings but less important overall.
TL;DR: It is suggested that higher blood pressure in the rural setting was mostly accounted for by the older age of the population, and correlated positively with age, weight, pulse rate, sex and sodium:potassium ratio.
Abstract: Blood pressure and anthropometric characteristics were studied in 312 rural and 675 urban Bantu of Zaire aged 10 years and more; proteinuria and the urinary sodium to potassium ratio were determined. On average, systolic and diastolic pressure were higher in rural than in urban Bantu, and rose with advancing age in both populations. However, rural Bantu were older, lighter and smaller, and had a lower sodium:potassium ratio than urban Bantu. Using multiple regression analysis, systolic and diastolic pressures correlated positively with age, weight, pulse rate, sex and sodium:potassium ratio; diastolic pressure also correlated negatively to height. After adjusting blood pressure for these independent correlates, systolic pressure remained significantly higher in rural Bantu. However, no significant difference persisted between the two populations after adjusting blood pressure for age alone. The prevalence of hypertension in rural and urban Bantu increased with age and was 14.2 and 9.9%, respectively, for participants at least 20 years old; women were more affected in the rural area, whereas men were more affected in the urban population. The occurrence of proteinuria was higher in rural Bantu than in urban; it was similar in participants with and without definite hypertension. It is suggested that higher blood pressure in the rural setting was mostly accounted for by the older age of the population.
TL;DR: Higher than expected levels of illness in the rural area and the health services to be largely dependent on general practice which, like all rural services, is becoming increasingly centralised and inaccessible.
Book•
12 Apr 1987
TL;DR: The authors studied the relationship between rural development and migration and found that rural migration is both a response to chronic conditions of rural poverty and a factor potentially exacerbating urban poverty conditions, and that the only way to deal fairly with both urban and rural poverty would be to foster socioeconomic development of rural areas.
Abstract: Perhaps because I grew up on a farm in Ohio, I have long been interested in rural development. Although I fll'St became a migrant at the age of 17 when I left the farm to continue my studies in a city college, I was not aware of the relation between rural development and migration until many years later when I began studying patterns of urban and rural poverty. This research has grown out of my continuing investigation of the ways that migration .has been seen as both a response to chronic conditions of rural poverty and a factor potentially exacerbating urban poverty conditions. If governments wanted to deal with urban poverty, they would want to restrict urban in-migration, yet if they reduced urban in-migration, this would remove one of the important means available to persons seeking to raise themselves out of rural impoverishment. This would clearly be a no-win situation for the rural poor; the only way to deal fairly with both urban and rural poverty would be to foster socio-economic development of rural areas. Thus, I became interested in studying the patterns of rural development which actually have had an effect on the migration decisions of rural families.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: It is suggested that HIV seroprevalence is low in rural central Africa compared with urban centres, i.e. heterosexual promiscuity and STDs are similar in rural and urban-based adults in Rwanda.
Abstract: Detection of HIV antibodies by means of an immunoenzymatic assay, an indirect immunofluorescence technique and Western blot was attempted on 375 serum samples collected in the Murunda area, a remote rural area situated in Rwanda, central Africa. Two out of 147 (1.4%) adults from a strict rural area, five out of 59 (8.5%) adults from an adjacent market place, and 49 out of 169 (30%) STD clinic attenders from the same area were HIV seropositive. In the first two groups, HIV seropositivity was associated with a history of sexually transmitted disease (STD) in the previous 2 years (P less than 0.001) and with a history of travel to a Rwandese urban centre in the previous 5 years (P less than 0.05). This study suggests that HIV seroprevalence is low in rural central Africa compared with urban centres. Risk factors for HIV seropositivity are similar in rural and urban-based adults in Rwanda, i.e. heterosexual promiscuity and STDs. Many HIV seropositive rural subjects from this study are likely to have acquired HIV infection through sexual contacts in Rwandese cities.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors document the increased urban-rural interaction in China and argue that the new developmental strategy apparently has helped narrow the urban-Rural gap, arguing that income differentials between peasants and workers have declined.
Abstract: This paper documents the increased urban-rural interaction in China and argues that the new developmental strategy apparently has helped narrow the urban-rural gap. Income differentials between peasants and workers have declined. Direct commercial interaction between peasants and rural factories and urban residents and urban factories have increased dramatically, and peasants have begun to play a significant role in developing the previously moribund urban service sector. Since 1984, rural surplus labor, previously hidden by the over employment of the rural collective sector, has begun to stream into China's urban centers, particularly the new small towns springing up in the countryside. At the same time, peasants are precipitating an increase in China's medium-size cities as well. Moreover, the creation of a vigorous rural economy, with its increased demand for consumer and producer goods and the closer integration of the urban and rural sectors, has generated strong pressures for the liberalization and ...
TL;DR: The traditional urban-rural dichotomy may now be inappropriate for sociopsychiatric research because of the concentrated differences in the unemployed men and the unpartnered women.
Abstract: A field survey in French Canada confirmed the familiar finding that rural residents have lower rates of depression than metropolitan residents and showed that this difference remains even after allowing for sex, age, marital status, education, employment, and internal migration. However, no support was obtained for the hypothesis that the metropolitan sample was feeling less communally supported than the rural sample, and the rates in a small county center proved to be lower than in the rural area, not higher as would be predicted on the assumption that its life is urban. Finally, the rural-metropolitan differences proved to be concentrated in two minorities, the unemployed men and the unpartnered women, rather than spread widely. It is suggested for these reasons that the traditional urban-rural dichotomy may now be inappropriate for sociopsychiatric research.