Showing papers on "Rural electrification published in 2003"
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors summarise the results of a recent study on the various aspects of rural electrification, and look ahead to opportunities for electricity supply to rural and remote areas in the developing world, and translate the results into critical success factors and recommendations for decision makers.
117 citations
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: The intersection of energy, poverty alleviation and gender is a key issue that a number of energy programs and bilateral donors are eager to address as mentioned in this paper, and a particular focus is given on rural electrification with renewable energy, based on Asia Alternative Energy (ASTAE) program's historical comparative advantage.
Abstract: The intersection of energy, poverty alleviation and gender is a key issue that a number of energy programs and bilateral donors are eager to address. Because of pressure to meet the dual objectives of environmental and climate change and poverty alleviation, energy programs are being designed without proven models, and models are being sought urgently. Adding to knowledge in this area could improve the contribution of energy projects to poverty and gender objectives in a wide audience. This briefing paper summarizes current thinking on energy, poverty, and gender. A particular focus is given on rural electrification with renewable energy, based on Asia Alternative Energy (ASTAE) program's historical comparative advantage. Nonetheless, this is only a snapshot of the reality of rural energy poverty, which is noted where appropriate. In the first section, energy, poverty, and gender relationships are explored. Sustainable energy development and poverty thinking is described, the energy-poverty-gender nexus is analyzed, and current efforts in energy and gender are reviewed. New thinking on poverty is described in the second section, together with some implications for the energy sector. Some promising approaches, based on recent studies, to widening access to rural electrification to the poor in general are summarized in section 3, and key empirical questions are identified concerning energy-poverty links. Section 4 focuses on four key issues of rural electrification programs for poor rural women: gender-disaggregated data and analysis; wood energy, cooking, and their impact on health; gender-specific electricity needs; and equal access to credit and other resources for microenterprises. In conclusion, the important needs are to disaggregate by gender in the project cycle, document existing experiences, encourage multidisciplinary dialog, and develop new approaches in energy, poverty, and gender.
80 citations
TL;DR: Wang et al. as mentioned in this paper quantified the impact of rural investment in power sector on the rural economic development and poverty reduction in China, and concluded that priority of capital investment in rural power sector should be given to Jiangsu and Liaoning if the objective of the investment is to develop rural economy, and that the priority should be assigned to Hebei and Henan if the objectives are to reduce poverty in rural area.
65 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a field experience drawn from this field experience in one of the hill districts of Nepal demonstrates the positive effect of a rural-electrification programme with various innovative approaches, practical tariff policies and varieties of motivational and entrepreneurship development mechanisms.
46 citations
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: The energy, poverty, and gender project as mentioned in this paper addressed the following core issues: access to modern energy services, especially electricity, by the poor, affordability of these services relative to the poor's capacity-to-pay.
Abstract: The energy, poverty, and gender project addressed the following core issues: access to modern energy services, especially electricity, by the poor. The affordability of these services relative to the poor's capacity-to-pay. The extent of choice that the poor have in acquiring and making use of these services. The social and economic empowerment of women through modern energy interventions. Because poverty in Asia is largely a rural phenomenon, these issues were examined in the context of rural development with a special focus on electricity, which has been the predominant focus of ASTAE's activities to date.
41 citations
01 Oct 2003
Abstract: The Rural Electrification and Transmission Project will provide electricity to rural people, and improve the efficiency of the power sector, through initiatives that foster private sector participation in the power sector, reduce electricity costs, and remove infrastructure bottlenecks. To this end, and environmental assessment is deemed necessary, one that provides the following mitigation measures. Loss of standing trees and vegetation will be avoided as possible, re-planted as necessary, with no use of pesticides; construction works shall be scheduled one month following crop harvest as possible, to minimize potential disturbances; construction of new access roads should be aligned to cause minimum loss or damage on land uses; specific precautions shall be taken at freshwater swamps to preserve fish spawning, and aquatic life; to minimize soil erosion, no significant construction works will be undertaken during the monsoon season; excavated soil to be removed shall be disposed of in accordance with local communities, along roadsides or at private households, for re-vegetation purposes; fuel and hazardous materials shall be stored to prevent water contamination; appropriate wastewater treatment, water supply and waste disposal facilities should be in place; working schedules will be conducted during daytime hours, to minimize noise disturbances; cultural heritage sites will be avoided as possible, and, should new finds occur, the local authorities should be notified; protective barriers, and specific markers will be in place to mitigate bird, and wildlife disturbances; and, engineering designs shall be in compliance with international standards to prevent electromagnetic interference from AC power lines, and to avoid high electrical stress.
32 citations
TL;DR: A regional survey of the progress of the 20th century can be found in this article, where the authors discuss the following: World War I, World War II, and postwar problems.
Abstract: Part 1 Preface ix Part 2 THE PROGRESSIVE ERA 3 Chapter 3 A regional survey. Age of prosperity. The Country Life movement. Agricultural organizations. Reformers, farmers, and the regulatory state. Agricultural education. Expansion of federal power. World War I. Part 4 THE AGE OF UNCERTAINTY 41 Chapter 5 Postwar decline. Science and technology. The Farm Bloc. The McNary-Haugen plan. The Agricultural Marketing Act. Part 6 THE NEW DEAL 67 Chapter 7 The Agricultural Adjustment Administration. The Commodity Credit Corporation. Dust Bowl. Resettlement and Farm Security. Rural electrification. The farm lobby. Part 8 PROSPERITY AND DECLINE 97 Chapter 9 World War II. Postwar problems. Science and technology. Agribusiness. Agricultural organizations. Part 10 FALLOUT 124 Chapter 11 The policy of dependency. Collapse. Embargo. Agricultural organizations. Science and technology. Part 12 CENTURY'S END 154 Chapter 13 Farm subsidies. Genetically modified crops. Agribusiness. Environmental concerns. A new agricultural policy. Part 14 A Note on Sources 175 Part 15 Index 183
31 citations
TL;DR: A 1 kWp multi-purpose battery charging station (BCS) was installed in a remote village in Vietnam providing charging facility to the batteries brought by the users and also supplies electricity to a cultural center as mentioned in this paper.
20 citations
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the authors focus on two determinant aspects of electrification with regard to poverty and gender: (a) the benefits realized by rural households and by communities as a whole, with special emphasis on the poor and women, and (b) the conditions of access to electrification for all, including the poorest of society.
Abstract: This report focuses on two determinant aspects of electrification with regard to poverty and gender: (a) the benefits realized by rural households and by communities as a whole, with special emphasis on the poor and women, and (b) the conditions of access to electrification for all, including the poorest of society. The chapter 2 analyzes the conditions of rural electrification in industrial countries. Chapter 3 gives a global scope on the situation of electrification, poverty, and gender in Indonesia and Sri Lanka. Chapter 4 describes the conclusions of this first qualitative phase and enhances what appears to be the key aspects for respondents. Chapter 5 describes the significant changes that are introduced into family routines due to the arrival of electricity. Chapter 6 deals with the benefits associated with the value of the home. Chapter 7 deals with the benefits of positivism and investments. Chapter 8 points out that in spite of their significant efforts, national utilities face misunderstanding and bad perception on the part of the population about the electrification process. Chapter 9 suggests that even fair application of theoretically equitable present rules result in inequity and poor exclusion. Chapter 10 cover knitting electricity. Chapter 11 discusses renewables.
9 citations
13 Jul 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a white light emitting diode (LED) for general lighting is examined as a solution to African rural electrification problems in the developing world, and comparisons are made with conventional technologies.
Abstract: This paper considers the concept of very advanced technologies being developed in the West, to solve rural electrification problems in the developing world. The myth that poor quality is cheaper and therefore more affordable for rural electrification is dispelled. On the contrary this paper points to instances when problems of the rural poor have been solved by using cutting edge technologies where standard solutions had proved unworkable. In this paper a futuristic technology, the white light emitting diode (LED), for general lighting, is examined as a solution to African rural electrification. Comparisons are made with conventional technologies.
8 citations
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors report the experiences with different PV projects in Peru, especially with a very successful project of PV electrification with 421 Solar Home Systems (SHS) in the region of Titikaka Lake, mainly on the Taquile island.
Abstract: It is nowadays accepted that solar photovoltaics represents for many rural areas in developing countries the only real possibility to get in the foreseeable future sustainable electrification, and improve so the livelihood of millions of people. Despite the availability of a mature technology of PV, however, only few successful projects of rural PV electrification are reported. The high investment cost of PV is normally considered as the main barrier, together with related problems like financing. The failure of many PV projects in rural areas of developing countries indicates however that there are also other conditions for a sustainable PV rural electrification. The experience of Peru has shown that there are several conditions, apart from the necessary financing, to make PV projects in rural electrification sustainable. This includes technical conditions, like a good quality control of all the components of the PV systems (battery, charge controller, etc.), as well as management and social conditions. Of particular importance is the involvement of the user of the PV system. We report here the experiences with different PV projects in Peru, especially with a very successful project of PV electrification with 421 Solar Home Systems (SHS) in the region of Titikaka Lake, mainly on the Taquile island. We think that an essential reason of the sustainability of this project is the fact that the SHS have to be repaid (eventually subsidized ) by their users, converting them finally in the owners of the systems.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors discussed the story of successful cooperative model in rural electrification in Bangladesh and discussed in detail in detail how the cooperative model is working on the cooperative principle and how the public utility is beset with problems such as revenue loss, labour unrest and corruption.
18 May 2003
TL;DR: The European Project MED 2010 was designed to study the large-scale deployment of renewable energy sources in countries south and east of the Mediterranean as mentioned in this paper, and the planning method is based on the use of a rural electrification tool developed by the EDF ( the LAPER software), and the computerised description of the MV grid currently installed in Morocco.
Abstract: The European Project MED 2010 was designed to study the large-scale deployment of renewable energy sources in countries south and east of the Mediterranean. The planning method is based on the use of a rural electrification tool developed by the EDF ( the LAPER software), and the computerised description of the MV grid currently installed in Morocco. The LAPER results show that feasibility of a large scale photovoltaic electrification program, identifying the villages pinpointed for electrification. The result of the studies carried out in Khouribga Province and Taroudannt Province of Morocco.
18 May 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the history, present status, incentives and future development of PV in Thailand are described, and a tentative action plan for the NEPO's tentative action in 2002-2006 is presented.
Abstract: This paper describes the history, present status, incentives and future development of PV in Thailand. According to the national energy policy office (NEPO)'s tentative action plan 2002-2006, by end of 2006 about 10 MWp, consisting of grid-connection and off-grid system will be added to the existing 5.6 MWp. In the long run the market opportunity in the neighboring countries' rural electrification program would become more appealing to the joint-venture groups in Thailand.
01 Jan 2003
13 Jul 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a tool named "Ecoelectrify" for the economic design of electric distribution systems for rural areas in developing countries, which allows to calculate the electrification cost over a period of 20 years (investment costs and yearly costs) for the different mentioned strategies allowing choosing the less expensive strategy.
Abstract: The aim of this paper is to present new tool named "Ecoelectrify", for the economic design of electric distribution systems for rural areas in developing countries Different means to electrify developing countries exist; by MV systems (three-phases or two-phases) or by an autonomous hybrid system This tool permits to calculate the electrification cost over a period of 20 years (investment costs and yearly costs) for the different mentioned strategies allowing choosing the less expensive strategy Afterwards the second step is the optimization of the chosen structure solved by a dynamic programming algorithm
18 May 2003
TL;DR: The French rural electrification program has brought electricity so far to more than 5000 isolated households and users in mainland France and the 4 French overseas departments as discussed by the authors, with financial aid and technical support from the French Environment and Energy Agency ADEME and Electricite de France as well as various other sources.
Abstract: The French rural electrification program has brought electricity so far to more than 5000 isolated households and users in mainland France and the 4 French overseas departments. Throughout the last decade, the big majority of the remote sites have been equipped with standalone PV generators with financial aid and technical as well as institutional support from the French Environment and Energy Agency ADEME and Electricite de France as well as various other sources. We draw a review of the program, pointing out its particularities and accompanying measures that have helped to improve constantly the provided service.
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the authors identify the barriers to the use of renewable energy systems (RES) for rural electrification in Chile and make some recommendations for the removal of those barriers, including the lack of knowledge about RES, higher investment cost of RES, the general preference for grid extension projects, the absence of arrangements for the long-term operation and maintenance of RES.
Abstract: Rural economic development is a national priority in many developing countries. However, rural areas frequently lack the safe and reliable electricity supply that is needed for the development of numerous economic activities. At the same time, the remoteness, isolation, and low electricity demand of many rural communities make them very unlikely to be reached by the extension of the grid. Therefore, off-grid generation systems are required to provide electricity services to those isolated rural communities. The traditional solution to this problem has been the use of internal combustion engines. However, combustion engines are short-lived and expensive to maintain, require a regular supply of fuel, and have a significant impact on the environment. In recent years, renewable energy systems (RES) have emerged as a clean and easy-to-maintain alternative to the use of diesel engines for rural electrification. The challenge, however, is how to make them affordable to low-income rural households given their high upfront capital cost. This thesis is aimed at identifying the barriers to the use of RES for rural electrification in Chile and making some recommendations for the removal of those barriers. To achieve these goals, three different studies have been carried out: a comparison of the Chilean program for rural electrification with other rural electrification programs in Latin America, a series of interviews with different agents involved in the rural electrification process, and the analysis of several RES projects in different regions of Chile. Some of the barriers identified are the lack of knowledge about RES, the higher investment cost of RES, the general preference for grid extension projects, the lack of arrangements for the long-term operation and maintenance of RES, the absence of a certification system for renewable energy equipment, and the lack of financial instruments for renewable energy microentrepreneurs. Some recommendations to enhance the Chilean program for rural electrification are to focus its efforts on supplying electricity for productive applications, to develop a methodology for the definition of operation and maintenance responsibilities, and to address the problem of matching a growing demand in off-grid projects by defining procedures for project expansion. Thesis Supervisor: Stephen R. Connors Title: Director, Analysis Group for Regional Electricity Alternatives Master Thesis in Technology and Policy Ricardo Forcano 3 I want to acknowledge the valuable help of Stephen R. Connors (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), David H. Marks (Massachusetts Institute of Technology), and Hugh Rudnick (Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile). Without their support and thoughtful advice this thesis would not have been possible. I also want to recognize the helpful cooperation of Francisco Aceituno (Comision Nacional de Energia de Chile), Rosa Maria Argomedo (Comision Nacional de Energia de Chile), Miguel Aritio (ISOFOTON S.A.), Jorge Avalos (Comision Nacional de Energia de Chile), Carlos E. Bonifetti (MTF Ltda.), Javier Castillo (Comision Nacional de Energia de Chile), Luis Costa (United Nations Development Program), Anibal Diaz (Corporacion para el Desarrollo de la Ingenieria), Jaime Espinoza (Universidad Tecnica Federico Santa Maria), Pedro Maldonado (Universidad de Chile), Miguel Mansilla (Universidad de Magallanes), Rolando Miranda (Grupo SAESA), Norberto Perez (Compania General de Electricidad), Reinhold Schmidt (Corporacion para el Desarrollo de la Ingenieria), Gustavo Silva (Compania General de Electricidad), Miguel Thauby (Thauby y Cia. Ltda.), and Luis Toledo (Universidad de Magallanes). This thesis has been carried out with the financial support of Servicio de Estudios de la Fundacion La Caixa and Laboratory for the Energy and the Environment at MIT. Master Thesis in Technology and Policy Ricardo Forcano
01 Jan 2003
Dissertation•
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explore households' energy uses and to measure the impacts of having both grid and non-grid electricity in rural areas of the Eastern Cape, taking the electrification from the early 1990s as the point of departure.
Abstract: This thesis explores issues of electrification in the rural areas of the Eastern Cape. First the set of issues explored are the rural areas electrification and general development background issues, taking the electrification from the early 1990s as the point of departure. Non-grid electrified, grid-electrified and non-electrified households in six Eastern Cape province areas were intervievved to gather intonnation on their energy consumption. The research was undertaken to explore households' energy uses and to measure the impacts of having both grid and non-grid electricity. Socia-economic backgrounds of researched households are analysed to explore their contribution and influence to thc types of energy sources used by households. By exploring socioeconomic backgrounds, a picture is given of conditions that drive rural households to use different types of energy. By comparing the electrified and non-electrified households. the thesis explores and explains how the transition and switching from one fuel to the other is made within these households. Lastly, there is also an analysis of the way different electricity supply options used in the rural areas affect the way people use energy. This includes discussion as to whether different electricity supply options are accepted better than others and the reasons for this. The conclusions drawn from the research done for this thesis shows that energy is a key component of rural development, yet energy demand (in terms of electricity use) in rural areas is low due to their underdeveloped nature. Even if modem energy is delivered to rural pOOL households are often faced with very restricted income v;hich severely limits energy use especially t()[ thermal applications. These problems have to be addressed as a \vhole. In order to satisfy needs of people in rural areas. the provision of electricity, either grid or off-grid must hand in hand with integrated local development through which poverty as a whole may be addressed. Un ive rsi ty of Ca pe To w
01 Jul 2003
TL;DR: The PAS 62111 as mentioned in this paper is a set of specifications for small hybrid power systems for isolated villages, using renewable energies, or to individual power systems designed to ensure the three key points for a sustainable and successful electrification.
Abstract: The electrification of rural areas of developing countries, as well as part of the poor suburban areas, are not likely to be electrified by national grids before decades or centuries. So the right solutions for electrifying these areas are off grid small hybrid systems using, if possible and affordable, renewable energies. Furthermore, the market for rural electrification is now growing fast and the international organisations like the World Bank and the political authorities, are more and more involved in this field and seeking for relevant standards or specifications. As grids are well defined by international standards, it is obvious that there is a lack of standards or even of technical specifications for this kind of systems. A first set of specifications was published in 1997 by EDF R and D Division, in partnership with the French Agency for the Environment and for Energy Management (ADEME) and the French Photovoltaic Industry. This document is currently the legal reference in France And Overseas Departments, but also for the electrification projects which are currently carried out abroad by French actors. This first set of specifications was accepted as the PAS 62111 by IEC in 1999 (publicly available specification). These specifications are dedicated to small hybrid power systems for isolated villages, using renewable energies, or to individual power systems. They are designed to ensure the three key points for a sustainable and successful electrification: the quality of manufactured products, the quality of implementation of projects, the quality of operation, maintenance and replacement The original PAS has been re structured into 12 parts. A new 62257 series dedicated to small systems, 50 kVA max and below 120 V DC and 230 V AC, for rural electrification is under work for three years now and is going on fairly well. It is expected to be achieved in 2006. Twelve countries are involved in the process and a few of them are very active participants to the work. An original organisation have been proposed by IEC in order to deal with this huge work involving several TC's. A ''Joint Coordinating Group'' (JCG) have been created in order to coordinate the work. This paper aims at explaining the history of the document, the current organisation within IEC, the progress report of the work and the planning for the future. (orig.)
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the capacity development in photovoltaic systems technology carried out in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Nepal and Vietnam under the aegis of a regional research and dissemination programme "Renewable Energy Technologies in Asia".
Abstract: Photovoltaic (PV) technology has recently evolved as an attractive option for rural electrification worldwide, particularly in the developing countries. However, a number of barriers need to be addressed for its widespread introduction. Capacity enhancement of institutions and individuals is crucial for its long-term sustainability as their efforts to develop innovative approaches and models suitable to the local conditions would be key to successful dissemination. This paper describes the capacity development in photovoltaic systems technology carried out in Bangladesh, Cambodia, Lao PDR, Nepal and Vietnam under the aegis of a regional research and dissemination programme "Renewable Energy Technologies in Asia". A number of approaches were employed for capacity development. The relevance of capacity enhancement to promote PV deployment, and details of how this regional programme assisted in developing capacity leading to promotion of PV development in these countries are presented. Specific examples related to research needs, development of accessories, awareness, and development of infrastructure in the participating countries and institutions have been described in detail. Regional networking has proved to be very effective in promoting such renewable energy technologies in the Asian context.
13 Jul 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a brief revisit is made to the electricity distribution systems of the 19/sup th/ century and the authors then make a leap into the future: thanks to the foresight of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV).
Abstract: In this paper a brief revisit is made to the electricity distribution systems of the 19/sup th/ century. The authors then make a leap into the future: thanks to the foresight of the Partnership for a New Generation of Vehicles (PNGV). The argument is made that the new proposed 42 V DC automotive system can be applied with advantage to rural electrification.
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this article, a Small Hydroelectric Project (SHP) is proposed for augmenting the power generation especially using renewable energy source and for helping in rural electrification of the country.
Abstract: India is booming. It is predicted that soon India will be one of the largest economies in the near future. With the fruits of liberalization slowly trickling down, a need has been felt for infrastructure, specifically power sector. With the enactment of Electricity Act 2003 and major thrust into power sector by Government of India, generation, transmission and distribution will witness radical changes in the years to come. Power is the lifeline of modern societies. It is base for the development of any economy in the world. There is a large demand-supply gap in the country. To reduce this demand and supply gap there is a need to increase our installed capacity. This requires huge money for implementation of various projects and thus the need for IPP's, which was further, strengthened by Electricity Act 2003. In order to encourage power generation in the private sector the Government of India has liberalized its policies. The private sector has risen to this challenge by showing a very positive attitude. The SHP has been proposed to be developed for augmenting the power generation especially using renewable energy source and for helping in rural electrification of the Country. After Small Hydroelectric Project, the electrical energy produced shall be utilized for augmenting the energy supply in the local rural distribution network and shall provide electricity to unelectrified villages. The energy availability will also improve the voltage profile and reliability of the power system in the remote area.
18 May 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared the performance of one photovoltaic pumping system (PVP) and one solar home system (SHS) on the island of Lesvos in Greece.
Abstract: Water pumping systems and electrification of remote houses are two of the most important needs in the rural electrification sector. Often both needs emerge at the same time and same place. The installation of one photovoltaic pumping system (PVP) and one solar home system (SHS) might be one concept for the satisfaction of those needs. The installation of a hybrid system composed of PV modules, inverters, batteries and genset could be another reliable solution. University of Kassel identified two such cases on the island of Lesvos in Greece. There are two sites in a distance of approximately 10 km of each other, having very similar climatic conditions (solar radiation and temperature). Both sites are far from the public electric grid. The needs are very similar too; both sites need water for irrigating and electricity for a farm house. University of Kassel installed both a PVP+SHS at one and a Hybrid system on the other site. The power flow data of both system has been indicated, an economical comparison of both concepts are presented after one year of data monitoring.
18 May 2003
TL;DR: In this article, a specially elaborated "train the trainer" concept company members are trained with social knowledge which was put together by social scientist and companies in an European project in order to create awareness of social dynamics and their consequences.
Abstract: The integration of new energy technologies in rural areas can only succeed if the local cultural and socio-economic conditions are considered from the beginning of a project. Companies need abilities to assess these conditions and integrate these results into their project work. Through a specially elaborated "train the trainer"-concept company members are trained with social knowledge which was put together by social scientist and companies in an European project. Relevant social characteristics concerned with the technical and financial sustainability are taught in order to create awareness of social dynamics and their consequences for rural electrification projects. Practical applications are enhanced with the training on analysis techniques, exploitation of social analysis results, communication and promotion skills. In this paper the details of the concept, training contents and applications are shown.
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: Uganda Photovoltaic Pilot Project for Rural Electrification (UPPPRE) as discussed by the authors is a project that uses solar PV for rural electrification in areas remote from the national grid.
Abstract: Publisher Summary Out of the population of 22 million of Uganda, 80% live in the rural setting, whereby they cannot easily access the national grid. Uganda lies along the Equator, which means it gets at least eight hours of solar radiation, making it easy to have a good level of electrification through the use of solar panels. National personal income levels make it difficult for many people to afford electricity for all purposes. It means that even those who are connected to the grid need to use solar power for water heating. Increased use of solar energy contributes to the reduction in GHGs. The other benefit of solar energy is the improved quality of life achievable by the rural population. In 1998, the Government of Uganda started a project called Uganda Photovoltaic Pilot Project for Rural Electrification (UPPPRE) funded by the United Nations Development Program/Global Environment Facility. The main objective of the project is to develop markets and establish a foundation for sustainable use of solar PV for rural electrification in areas remote from the national grid. The need to reduce emissions of greenhouse gases is paramount, and therefore, calls for joint implementation of the Kyoto Protocol. The Government of Uganda is making every effort to make provisions in its budgets so that rural people can benefit from the electrification program. Solar energy must be made affordable to even the poorest of the poor and this is geared towards combating excessive emission, which poses several present and potential hazards to communities, countries and the entire globe.
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors reviewed the potential role of solar/wind/bio-mass, and small hydro power-based technologies in improving the economic conditions of agricultural production, employment, development of small-scale industries, drinking water, health, education, and power for irrigation, for obtaining optimal performance in Indian condition.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter reviews the technological options through the potential role to be played by solar/wind//bio-mass, and small hydro power-based technologies in improving the economic conditions of agricultural production, employment, development of small-scale industries, drinking water, health, education, and power for irrigation, for obtaining optimal performance in Indian condition. It is well known that 75 % to 80% of the Indian population resides in a large number of villages where they require basic amenities such as drinking water, power for energizing pumps for irrigation, fuel for cooking and lighting for houses etc. Centralized power generating system will not be able to meet the energy demand due to inadequate funds for transmission systems and staggered population in above areas. In such cases, renewable energy developments will be ideal and provide a more suitable approach for power/power generation in a decentralized manner for remote and rural electrification and related community developments. The chapter provides technological options by tapping renewable energy sources which may ensure cost-effective and pollution free power generation for bridging the gap between demand and supply among such communities. Subsequently, it may have better scope for commercialization for decentralized technologies to promote reconstruction and development at grass root level, for gainful employment and improved lifestyles of the people in remote and rural areas of developing nations such as India.
01 Jan 2003
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study of three micro-hydro systems was conducted to identify and expose the barriers that have tended to deny the rural population access to affordable electricity supply.
Abstract: Rural electrification and sustainable energy has had very little impact in Papua New Guinea (PNG) over the last few decades. The bulk of its population (85%) lives in isolated and dispersed villages in the rural areas that are still yet to be connected to an electricity supply. This paper looks at the National Government’s efforts towards rural electrification in the past few decades up to the present time. The paper looks specifically at the effort to introduce renewable energy sources like micro hydro systems and solar PV. Case studies of three micro hydro systems were conducted to identify and expose the barriers that have tended to deny the rural population access to affordable electricity supply. In addition the associated problems in the commercialization and provision of infrastructure to support renewable energy systems are examined.