Showing papers on "Rust published in 1978"

Mechanism of Zinc Adsorption by Iron and Aluminum Oxides

Abstract: Adsorption of Zn from aqueous solutions of ZnCl2 by hydrated Al2O3 and Fe2O3 was highly pH-dependent and increased markedly with increasing pH. Fe2O3 had a higher Zn adsorption capacity, at equivalent pH values, than Al2O3. Hydrogen ions were released upon adsorption of Zn2+ on the surface of Al2O3 and Fe2O3, suggesting that surface aquo (-OH2) and hydroxo (-OH) groups were involved in Zn adsorption. The molar ratio of H+ released to Zn2+ adsorbed onto Fe2O3 increased from 1.53 to 1.96 as suspension pH increased from 5.93 to 6.96, whereas the molar ratio of adsorbed Cl- to adsorbed Zn2+. Similiar results were obtained for Al1O3. It was postulated that two types of adsorption, specific and nonspecific, depending upon reversibility (exchangeeability with Ba2+, occured. Specific adsorption involved adsorption of Zn2+ and release of two H+ions for each mole of Zn2+ adsorbed and accounted for 60 to 90 percent of total Zn adsorption by Fe2O3. An olation bridge structure between Zn2+ and two surface -OH2 groups was postulated. Nonspecfic adsorption of Zn accounted for 40 to 10 percent of the total Zn adsorption, and was thought to involve adsorption of ZnCl+ or Zn2+ plus Cl- and the release of one H+ion for each mole ov Zn2+ adsorbed. A single-bond structure in which ZnCl+ replaced one H+ from surface -OH2 groups was postulated. The raio of specific to nonspecific adsorption increased with increasing pH. It was concluded that specific adsorption of Zn by Al2O3 and Fe2O3 may be at least partially responsible for the frequently responsible for the frequently reported fixation and unavailability of added Zn to soils.

Changes in the ethanol‐soluble carbohydrate composition and acid invertase in infected first leaf tissues susceptible to crown rust of oat and wheat stem rust

Abstract: SUMMARY Monosaccharides, sucrose and acyclic polyols in healthy and infected first leaves of oat and wheat susceptible to crown rust and stem rust respectively were quantitatively determined. In oat tissues heavily infected with crown rust (thirty-four lesions/cm segment), sucrose and reducing sugars increased during flecking and then declined. During sporulation of wheat stem rust-infected tissues, sucrose levels at an infection intensity of eight lesions/leaf were greater than those of comparable healthy tissues whereas, at a higher infection intensity (107 lesions/leaf), there was a slight decline in sucrose with increases in both fructose and glucose. Soluble sugars (combined sucrose, fructose and glucose) were greater in the ‘pustule area’ compared with ‘region adjacent’ on the same leaf of wheat. Activity of acid invertase in infected tissues is related to infection intensity in crown rust of oat. However, in wheat stem rust infected tissues, a stimulation of acid invertase only occurred during the appearance of definite type 4 lesions. At the sites of infection, there were increases in mannitol and arabitol during flecking and sporulation, and a direct correlation between acyclic polyol levels and numbers of erupted lesions/leaf.

The effect of calcium nutrition on the incidence of internal rust spot in the potato

Abstract: Tubers produced by potato plants grown in vermiculite and supplied with either 0, 1 or 3 mM calcium chloride solution developed brown necrotic lesions of internal rust spot. Plants supplied with 9 and 27 mM calcium chloride solution did not show the symptoms and had a substantially greater concentration of calcium in the tuber dry matter. It is concluded that internal rust spot is a physiological disorder associated with a low concentration of calcium in the affected tubers.

Structural studies of the development of infection structures of cowpea rust, Uromyces phaseoli var. vignae. I. Nucleoli and nuclei

Abstract: Light microscopical observations of living germ tubes and infection structures of cowpea rust were combined with an ultrastructural study to show that a nucleolus was present in the interphase nucl...

Some effects of applied sodium and potassium chloride on yellow rust in winter wheat

Abstract: SUMMARY In glasshouse experiments with plants in pots, applications of potassium chloride to the soil at 0.5 g/plant, 4 days before inoculation with Puccinia striiformis, decreased the severity of yellow rust on several winter wheat cultivars in comparison with untreated plants. Conversely, yellow rust was encouraged by applications of sodium nitrate. Sodium chloride in solution (8.6 g/l) reduced yellow rust when applied to the soil at the rate of 20 ml/plant but not when it was sprayed on to the leaves. In small-plot field experiments, sodium and potassium chlorides applied to the soil as dry powders in the spring at rates of 376, 1130 or 2260 kg/ha, significantly decreased the severity of yellow rust on most of the winter wheat cvs examined at each rate. The chlorides at these rates did not adversely affect the overall growth or yield in the absence of yellow rust.

Efeito de alta temperatura no desenvolvimento de Hemileia vastatrix em cafeeiro suscetível

Abstract: The development of rust epidemics in tropical conditions of Brazil has been different than previously expected. Despite of high humidity the development is reduced to a minimum during the summer. High temperature was assumed to have a detrimental effect on the rust development. This paper reports the results of a study concerning the effect of high temperature on Hemileia vastatrix development. Temperature treatment of inoculated young plants at 400C for 4 hours in 4 consecutive days was sufficient to prevent rust development. The curative effect was permanent indicating that the fungus was destroyed inside the plant tissue. Practical implications of such results are considered.

Rust inhibitor and oil composition containing same

Abstract: A rust inhibitor comprising the reaction product of a hydrocarbylsuccinic anhydride in which the hydrocarbyl radical has from about 6 to 30 carbon atoms and an aminotriazole is provided. The rust inhibitor is effective in motor fuel and lubricating oil compositions.

Rust inhibiting additive compositions for oils

Abstract: Compositions which include mixtures of a calcium hydroxide overbased oil-soluble calcium sulfonate, hexylene glycol and a surfactant consisting of an ethoxylated aliphatic amine, particularly, diethoxylated cocoamine or diethoxylated soyamine, are useful as rust inhibiting additives for oils and the like By incorporating these compositions in petroleum based oils such as petroleum based oils of lubricating oil quality which come into contact with metal surfaces under conditions such that the metal surfaces tend to rust or otherwise be subject to deterioration it is possible to inhibit rust formation on such metal surfaces

Relative susceptibility to blister rust caused by Cronartium flaccidum of several species of pine

Abstract: At Florence, Italy, several species of pine were experimentally infected with blister rust. Inoculations were carried out on 3 and 15 months-old seedlings. After antificial and natural inoculation, Brutia, Aleppo, Austrian, Swiss mountain, Maritime and Italian stone pine showed pyenia and aecia. Spotted seedlings of Ponderosa pine showed only mycelium of C. flaccidum in needle and stem tissues. The exotic species seemed to have a very high degree of resistance to blister rust.

Air venting system for automotive vehicles

Abstract: A system for preventing rust in an automobile body comprising a system of removable plugs which permit the passage of air through certain body structure to prevent the accumulation of moisture or water.

Selection for resistance to ryegrass mosaic virus and crown rust (Puccinia coronata Corda) in Italian ryegrass populations

Abstract: Inoculation in the glasshouse revealed marked differences in resistance to both ryegrass mosaic virus (RMV) and crown rust (Puccinia coronata Corda) among eight unselected populations of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.). Two generations of selection for crown rust resistance led to a significant improvement in all eight populations, while one generation of selection for RMV gave a more variable response. Frequency distributions of individual genotype scores suggested that much of the resistance to crown rust was under the control of one or two genes with major effects, while resistance to RMV appeared to be controlled by a large number of genes each having a small effect. In the field, resistance to RMV meeisured after 20 months was strongly correlated with that obtained in the glasshouse. Natural infection by crown rust in the field was too low to reveal any differences between populations, although three populations from the Po Valley region of Northern Italy became heavily infected with Puccinia recondita. Selection for disease resistance significantly reduced the persistency of three populations, but that of four others was unaffected and one showed a significant improvement. Selection reduced water-soluble carbohydrate (WSC) levels in spring slightly but significantly from 27.6 to 25.8% WSC overall. These results emphasize that agronomic performance must be monitored during selection for disease resistance.

Rust inhibitor additive compositions, method of making, and aqueous fluids containing the same

Abstract: The anti-rust properties exhibited by the aqueous fluids described herein are provided by one or more of the rust inhibitor additive composition prepared by reacting: (A) at least one aliphatic polycarboxylic acid acylating agent characterized by the presence within its structure of an aliphatic hydrocarbyl-substituent with (B) at least one hydroxy-substituted aliphatic amine, and (C) at least one basically reacting alkali metal compound.

Noneffectiveness of Ribes eradication as a control of white pine blister rust in Yellowstone National Park

Abstract: Eradication of Ribes spp. to control white pine blister rust in Yellowstone National Park was started in 1947. In 1968 this study was initiated to evaluate the previous control effort. Ribes eradication was suspended in 1968 in 18 white pine stands and Ribes and rust were allowed to increase within rust control units. Eleven stands outside eradication units were selected as checks. In 1968, and again in 1978, percent rust infection on pine and the importance of Ribes were determined. Neither rust nor Ribes increased during the 10-year period; both were essentially absent from the "eradicated" stands in 1968 and 1978. Even though Ribes populations were comparatively high in the noneradicated stands, incidence of rust was nearly absent. The data show that the eradication of Ribes in Yellowstone has had little or no effect on spread and intensification of rust in the Park.

Coating method for coarse base material

Abstract: PURPOSE: To carry out heavy corrosion preventive coating exhibiting long-term anticorrosiveness with simple ground treatment by treating the surface of steel spoiled with oil and rust to wash out the oil; removing the rust; coating a specified under-coating agent; and finishing the coated steel with a rust preventive coating. CONSTITUTION: The surface of steel spoiled with oil and rust is coated with a synthetic detergent soln. or sprayed with seawater to wash out the oil, and the rust is removed with a power tool or brush. The treated steel is then coated with an under-coating agent made of epoxy coating contg. a curing agent and the principal ingredient consisting of epoxy resin, magnetic iron oxide, a pigment and a solvent, thereby fixing the residual oil and rust. The coated steel is finished with a rust preventive coating. COPYRIGHT: (C)1980,JPO&Japio

Rust on weeping willow in Australia.

Abstract: On 10th April, 1978, a rust was found on weeping willow (Salix babylonica L.) at Rydalmere, a western suburb of Sydney. Only uredinia were found on this tree, but examination of weeping willows within a mile or two showed heavy rust infection present, and abundant development of both uredinia and telia. The Forestry Commission of New South Wales and the Commonwealth Department of Health in Canberra were notified and, in subsequent weeks, specimens were received from a wide area of eastern New South Wales. Collections made in southern Queensland were also sent by the Queensland Department of Primary Industries. These represent the first records of a rust on weeping willow in Australia and, from its widespread occurrence in eastern Australia in April-May 1978, it seems that it had probably been present undetected for several weeks or months. The only rust known on weeping willow is Melampsora coleosporioides Dietel, first described from Japan (3, 4) and known also from China (1, 2) and Hong Kong (specimen IMI 128356 in the herbarium of the Commonwealth Mycological Institute). Examination of several collections of M. coleosporioides from Japan, China and Hong Kong and comparison with the Australian rust has shown that it also is M. coteosportokies. Infected trees show abundant development of small (0.2-0.5 mm diam.) bright yellowish orange powdery uredinia on the under surface of the leaves. In the early stages, no other symptoms are shown and it is easy to miss infected trees unless the undersurface of their leaves is examined. All observations made so far have been on trees in autumn and early winter, when leaf fall occurs normally, but heavily infected trees showed browned shrivelling leaves which fell earlier than normal and did not develop the yellow leaf colour seen on unaffected trees. Some trees seem much less affected than others. Urediniospores are mainly obovate to oval in shape, a few subglobose or pyriform to irregular, finely echniulate over their whole surface, with several indistinct germ pores and measure 19-28 x 13-18 J.l.m. Abundant clavate to capitate paraphyses occur amongst the spores. Telia develop as pale amber coloured sori embedded in the leaf tissue. They darken as they mature and eventually are dark brown to almost black, 0.2-0.5 mm in diam. or fusing into larger composite sori up to 1-2 mm across. Teliospores are elongated, rectangular in side view and polygonal due to mutual pressure in surface view. They measure 25-35 x 7-10 J.l.rn and have a pale brown wall, uniformly 1-2 J.l.rn thick. With one exception, aI/ records of M. coleosporioides in Australia to date are on S. babylonica. However, one collection (DAR 31820) made at Rockley, in the central tablelands of New South Wales in April 1978 was on S. fragifis L. Infection was moderately heavy and both uredinia and telia were present. In Japan and China, M. coleosporioides has been recorded on several Salix spp, in addition to S. babylonica. These are S. amygdalina L. var. nipponica Schneid. (3), S. glandulosa Seem en (4), S. heteromera Hand.-Mazz. (2), S. matsudana Koidz. (2) and S. mesneyi Hance (1, 2). M. coleosporioides is the fourth pathogen of widely grown introduced trees to be detected in Australla in recent years (the poplar rusts, M. medusae Tnilrn. and M. larici-popufina Kleb., and Dothistroma septospora (Dorog.) Morelet on Pinus radiata are the other three). The con-

Hydroperoxy-halophenylacetic acid esters

Abstract: Esters of alpha-hydroperoxy-bix-p-Cl (or Br)-phenylacetic acid R = opt. substd. alkyl, allyl, cycloalkyl, aryl or aralkyl R = Cl or Br Acaricide, worm-killing agent; active against rust mites, common red mites, and bud mites. Prepn. of the corresp. alpha-hydroxy-esters which are pesticides.