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Showing papers on "Rust published in 1985"


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: This chapter provides an overview of life cycle, disease cycle, physiological specialization, and control of wheat and rye stem rust with a focus on Puccinia graminis.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter provides an overview of life cycle, disease cycle, physiological specialization, and control of wheat and rye stem rust. Puccinia graminis is the cause of several rusts of important cereal crops. The stem rust of wheat is caused by Puccinia graminis. This disease is also known as black stem rust or summer rust. Although, in antiquity, P. graminis may have been a single population, the cultivation of groups of dissimilar crops resulted in the development and increase of different pathogen genotypes capable of attacking these crops. Crossing between cultures adapted to the same host could result in improved adaptation in the progeny; however, crossing between formae speciales would result in many progeny avirulent on both crops because of the recessive nature of virulence. Thus, the formae speciales have developed and been maintained as nearly separate populations of P. graminis. Crosses between tritici and secalis are relatively fertile. Progeny from such crosses often are virulent on a limited number of host genotypes of both rye and wheat. Crosses within cultures of either tritici or secalis can occasionally result in an F 1 culture that can be classified in the other forma specialis.

129 citations



Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: The severity of the wheat stem rust problem in North America over-shadowed the effects of wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia recondita in the early part of the 20th century as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Publisher Summary The severity of the wheat stem rust problem in North America over-shadowed the effects of wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia recondita in the early part of the 20th century. However, a major regional epidemic in 1938 throughout much of central United States on winter wheat emphasized its importance. Leaf rust primarily affects the leaf blades, whereas stem rust attacks the stem; thus, there is less time for a leaf rust epidemic development during the grain-filling period. Yield losses are usually less from leaf rust than from stem and stripe rust. Oat stem rust, like wheat stem rust, has been the most severe in the north central states and adjacent Canada. Crown rust is the most serious rust disease of oats in North America. Epidemics are common in the southern states, where the disease overwinters, and again on late seeded oats in Minnesota, the eastern Dakotas, and Manitoba. Crown rust is common in Mexico. Stem rust epidemics on barley develop more slowly than on wheat for a number of reasons that vary in importance with year and location.

71 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1985
TL;DR: Methods of a transfer of resistance genes from particular Aegilops species to the common wheat,Triticum aestivum, are discussed and several sources of complete, combined or single resistance have been detected in 487 accessions of 21Aegilop species.
Abstract: Resistance of the GaterslebenAegilops collection was studied in relation to the following wheat diseases: stem rust(Puccinia graminis), leaf rust(Puccinia recondita), stripe rust(Puccinia striiformis) and powdery mildew(Erysiphe graminis). Numerous sources of complete, combined or single resistance have been detected in 487 accessions of 21Aegilops species. Potential donors of the complete resistance have been found in diploidAe. speltoides, Ae. longissima ssp.sharonensis, Ae. mark-grafii and tetraploidAe. geniculata. Methods of a transfer of resistance genes from particularAegilops species to the common wheat,Triticum aestivum, are discussed.

52 citations



Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the dispersal gradient of stem, leaf, and stripe rust from point source mapped after 75 days at Karnal, northwestern India was analyzed and it was shown that the number of rainy days is more important in determining the build-up of rusts over northwestern India than the amount of rainfall.
Abstract: Publisher Summary In the Indian subcontinent, wheat (Triticum aestivum and T. durum) is one of the major winter cereals and the annual production is around 48–50 million metric tons. Wheat yields are affected by all the three rusts, stem rust, leaf rust, and stripe rust, in addition to various other diseases. As wheat is grown throughout the year in the Nilgiri and Palney Hills, there are wheat and other grass hosts available for the pathogen to survive on nearly all year. This chapter illustrates dispersal gradient of stem, leaf, and stripe rust from point source mapped after 75 days at Karnal, northwestern India. Climatic data shows that the number of rainy days is more important in determining the build-up of rusts over northwestern India than the amount of rainfall. Leaf rust effectively spreads to central India by wind and then is deposited by rain. Conditions that favor the transportation and deposition of leaf rust urediospores are identical with those for stem rust.

32 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It would appear feasible to use remotely collected radiometric reflectance data to estimate disease incidence over large production areas with limited reference to use of hand-held radiometer or MSS data for the detection of disease and estimation of eventual crop loss.
Abstract: Sharp, E. L, Perry, C. R., Scharen, A: L, Boatwright, G. 0., Sands, D. C., lautenschlager, L F., Yahyaoui, C. M., and Ravet, F. W., 1985. Monitoring cereal rust development with a spectral radiometer. Phytopathology 75:936-939. Three wheat cultivars susceptible to either stem rust or stripe rust were evaluated to determine me association of stripe rust and radiometric leaf reflectance to rust development and yield. Four vegetative indices based on these measurements were used to detect differences between healthy and diseased plants. Vegetation index differences between inoculated and control plants became progressively greater as the rust infection developed. Thus, it would appear feasible to use remotely collected radiometric reflectance data to estimate disease incidence over large production areas. This information could also be used to estimate potential yield losses due to disease .. Addilionol key \"'ords; disease forecasting, Puccinill grllminis. Puccinill Slrii/ormis, remote sensing. Economic loss due to foliar pathogens has long been a worldwide threat to cereal producers. On a large land mass, the concern is with epidemics that develop over entire areas rather than with a single infection focus that develops on a few plants. The former situation may result from spore showers blanketing large areas. It often becomes difficult to describe and visually assess the amount of disease on a large scale and then to associate it with yield loss. Assessment of the severity of plant disease epidemics is essential for successful, timely, and cost-effective chemical control. Conventional methods of visual assessment are labor-intensive and results may vary with the experience of the individual. Remote-sensing techniques, including aerial photographs and high altitude satellite data, may provide an easily available permanent record of disease intensity for large crop areas without observer bias and error. Aerial photography, ground-based sensor data, and Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) data have been used to measure disease incidence in many agricultural systems. In 1933, Bawden (2) first used aerial photography for detecting plant virus diseases. Aerial photography was also used in 1956 by Colwell (5) to survey the cereal rusts and in 1962 by Brenchley and Dodd (4) and in 1967 by Manzer and Cooper (/9) who investigated potato late blight. More recently, disease surveys have been done on a number of crop species (5,13,20,25,28). In addition, remote sensing has been used for crop recognition surveys (3,33), yield predictions (12,14,15,22), land-use mapping (32), soil erosion and water use surveys (6,9,12,15,21), smog damage assessment (8), 'and observation of crop canopy temperatures (9,1 I, I5, 17) and stand densities (J). There is, however, limited reference to use of hand-held radiometer or MSS data for the detection of disease and estimation of eventual crop loss. For the most effective control measure scheduling and accurate potential loss estimation, it is often imperative that disease be detected early in the infection process. l!lifferences between the The publlc'llon costs 01thl' .rt,c'e wer' delr.yed in p.rt by pege ch.rge lIIyrnent Th\" .rticle must therelore be hereby marked \"edo.f/tllmen,\" in .ccord.nce With 18 U.S.C t 1734 IIOlelyto indlc.te thlll.ct This article is in the public domain and not copyrightable. It may be freely reprinted with customary crediting of the source. The American PhytopathOlogical Society. 1985. ~ PHYTOPATHOLOGY visible and near-infrared reflectance from healthy plants and those under stress are measurable with instruments before changes are detectable by eye (3,7,24,32,33). This may be the greatest advantage of using MSS data in disease surveys. Diseases profoundly decrease the infrared reflectance but increase the visible reflectance from plants (8,10,33,34). Healthy vegetation is highly reflective in the near-infrared but this quickly declines due to cellular changes caused by disease. Some investigators have reported that high reflectivity in a healthy crop is due to the leaf chlorophyll (8,23,33). The basis for most of these studies has been the observation that changes in the normal reflectivity pattern (signature) of a crop result from the loss of vigor in the diseased plants. Numerous formulae, such as vegetation indices (VIs), have been developed to reduce multi-spectral data to a single number for assessing vegetation characttfis'k;. This provides a method of showing changes in crop canopies (3,27) that can later be verified by field observation. The objective of this study was to investigate the use of VIs derived from data obtained with a hand held multi-spectral radiometer for detecting rust infections in winter and spring wheat and to compare these results with yield components and total grain yield. Assuming that rust pathogen activity is manifested in VI changes, efficient, rapid, and accurate quantification of infection and the study of its effect on yield should be possible. MA TERIALS AND METHODS Hana (CI12933), a winter wheat cultivar, and two spring wheat cultivars (Lemhi [CI 11415] and Federation [CI 4734J) were planted in 1.8 X 3.3-meter field plots .on the Montana State University Experiment Station at Bozeman. Plots were separated into two treatments: protected with the systemic fungicide triadimefon (Bayleton, Mobay Chemical Co.); and inoculated (ltana and Lemhi) with Puccinio striifqrmis West. (the stripe rust pathogen) or (Federation) with Puccinio grominis Pers. f. sp.rritici Eriks. & E. Henn. (the stem rust pathogen). Spreader rows of susceptible wheat cultivars were planted around the inoculated plots to ensure adequate and uniform infection levels. Plants in the spreader rows were inoculated by dusting them with a mixture of talc and lyophilized spores of the 100 RESl:LTS Various VIs have been used to interpret spectral data relative to crop condition and or estimates for biomass, leaf area. percent ground cover etc. (1.3,7,10.16,17). The vegetatile indices used in this study were a band ratio (R 75). a normalized difference index (~D7), and two perpendicular vegetatile indices (P\\'16 and P\\'17). The general form of these indices is described by Perry and Lautenschlager (27), but the coefficients in the indices used were custom fitted for this analysis by u,ing local soils da,ta . The data recorded in this study were analyzed to ascertain the relationships between the radiometric data and the conventional visual estimates of disease severity. The relationship between the radiometric data and test weight. number of heads per unit uea. number of kernels per head, and kernel weight was assessed. This assessment was based on data collected after the han'est of all wheat heads within one square meter; these data were then converted to the number of heads per unit area.

31 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The LP evaluated in the young flag leaf is shown to be a very reliable criterion for partial resistance in the barley-Puccinia hordei pathosystem.
Abstract: Eight lines from the cross between ‘Vada’ and ‘Cebada Capa’ with long to very long latent periods and four barley cultivars representing the known range of partial resistance to barley leaf rust, caused by Puccinia hordei, were evaluated in the field for partial resistance and in the greenhouse for the latent period (LP) in the young flag leaf.

28 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Rust resistance was discovered in three Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke subspecies monodii (Maire) Brunken accessions from Senegal and the Rr1 gene should be useful in the production of rust resistant pearl millet hybrids and cultivars.
Abstract: Rust (Puccinia substriata var. indica) resistance was discovered in three Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke subspecies monodii (Maire) Brunken accessions from Senegal. Resistant plant were free of rust, although the bottom one or two leaves of some plants did develop a brown discoloration without pustules. Resistance was controlled by a dominant gene assigned the gene symbol Rr1. Backcrossing has been effective in transferring resistance from the wild grassy, monodii to cultivated pearl millet. The Rr1 gene should be useful in the production of rust resistant pearl millet hybrids and cultivars. 6 references, 1 table.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Results are reported on the inheritance of a source of rust resistance discovered in crosses which involved one Sf progeny selected from a pearl millet germplasm accession originating from Chad, indicating that rust resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene and susceptibility by its recessive allele.
Abstract: Pearl millet rust (Puccinia penniseti Zimm = P. substriata var. indica) can reduce yields in hybrid seed production fields, quality in forage, and occasionally grain yields. Results are reported on the inheritance of a source of rust resistance discovered in crosses which involved one Sf progeny, #2696-1-4, selected from a pearl millet [Pennisetum americanum (L.) Leeke] germplasm accession originating from Chad. F1, F2, BC1, BC2 plants and the parents of crosses between the resistant source and two different susceptible male sterile lines were evaluated under severe rust pressure at three locations in India. Progeny of 2696-1-4 and the F1 hybrids between 2696-1-4 and male sterile lines were all resistant, while the male sterile lines were severely rusted at each location. In general, F2 populations from susceptible ✕ resistant crosses showed a good fit to a 3 resistant: 1 susceptible ratio and the backcrosses involving susceptible male-sterile lines as recurrent parents showed a reasonably good fit to 1 resistant:! susceptible, indicating that rust resistance is conferred by a single dominant gene and susceptibility by its recessive allele. We propose the symbols Rpp1 and rpp1 for these genes

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The reduced rust levels of these three combinations were not due to interactions between the partial resistance of these cultivars and the aggressiveness of the races but to major genes for hypersensitivity not effective to the races 1-2-1 and F, common in Western Europe, but effective against the rare races 22 and A.
Abstract: Six partially resistant spring barley cultivars were exposed to four barley leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) races in the field and in the greenhouse. The 24 cultivar-race combinations were tested in field plots of 1.5×1.5 m2 in two replications over two years. To reduce the interplot exchange of urediospores each plot was surrounded by winter rye. The level of barley leaf rust varied among cultivars, races and years. In both years the variance for cultivar-race interactions was highly significant and originating largely from the cultivar-race combinations Berac-22. Armelle-22, Armelle-A and Tyra-A. The Berac-22 interaction was towards higher, the other three interactions towards a lower level of barley leaf rust. The reduced rust levels of these three combinations were not due to interactions between the partial resistance of these cultivars and the aggressiveness of the races but to major genes for hypersensitivity not effective to the races 1-2-1 and F, common in Western Europe, but effective against the rare races 22 and A. This was revealed in the greenhouse experiments where all combinations had a susceptible infection type except Armelle-22, Armelle-A and Tyra-A, which showed low infection types in both the seedling and adult plant stages. The urediosori present in the field plots of these three combinations apparently arose from spores derived from other plots; this interplot interchange suggesting partial resistance. The interaction of ‘Berac’ with race 22 truly was a small race-specific effect within the polygenic, partial resistance of barley to barley leaf rust like the one reported before between ‘Julia’ and race 18.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The cause of rust has been a subject of research and discussion, especially in the light of modern electrochemical theory which indicates to us very clearly that to attribute to rust the binomial "water+atmospheric oxygen" alone is a solution which is far too simplistic.
Abstract: It must be first of all asked what rust really is. The question may seem to have an obvious answer. Anybody who has had anything at all to do with iron is acquainted with the effect of rust. Nevertheless, it has to be admitted that even a number of researchers who have dedicated themselves to the subject do not have such clear ideas about it as might be assumed on the first approach. The cause of rust has always been, and still is, a subject of research and discussion, especially in the light of modern electrochemical theory which indicates to us very clearly that to attribute to rust the binomial ‘water+atmospheric oxygen’ alone is a solution which is far too simplistic. A lot of theories have been put forward in this matter, but we shall obviously not have time to study them all. According to J. N. Friend, iron which has been subjected to the combined attack of water vapour and atmospheric oxygen only corrodes quickly when carbon dioxide is present, even in small quantities.


Patent
22 Aug 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for removing rust of other impurities from a metal surface by vaporizing the rust or the other impurity by means of laser irradiation is described.
Abstract: In the case of a process for removing rust of other impurities from a metal surface (11), by vaporising the rust or the other impurities by means of laser irradiation (9), the laser irradiation (9) is to be controlled (32-35) on the basis of the reflection of the laser radiation at the free metal surface (11).


01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: It was recommended that rust intensity be recorded by using a modified Cobb scale that was developed at the time the International Bean Rust Nursery program was organized in 1975 and that was included in the original instructions for recording data for that nursery.
Abstract: At the 1983 bean rust workshop a standard set of grades or reaction classifications were adopted for recording the various host reaction types to the bean rust pathogen, Uromyces appendiculatus (=U. phasedi) (3)Following an explanation of this grading scale, it was recommended that rust intensity be recorded by using a modified Cobb scale that was developed at the time the International Bean Rust Nursery program was organized in 1975 and that was included in the original instructions for recording data for that nursery (1).


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a steel surface was shown to be formed by exposure to formic acid vapor and liquid water, which is comparable in structure to that produced by burnt methanol.

Patent
27 Jun 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a rust converter and a rust preventive that contains an aqueous dispersion, emulsion or solution of at least one polymeric binder and trihydroxybenzene.
Abstract: The rust converter and rust preventive contains (a) an aqueous dispersion, emulsion or solution of at least one polymeric binder and (b) at least one trihydroxybenzene. (c) It has an essentially neutral reaction.

01 Jan 1985


Patent
20 Feb 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a method for removing rust and other contaminants from a metal surface by evaporation of the grate or the other Verunreini conditions by means of laser radiation (9) to the Laserbestrah lung was presented.
Abstract: In a method for removing rust and other contaminants from a metal surface (11) by evaporation of the grate or the other Verunreini conditions by means of laser radiation (9) to the Laserbestrah lung (9) starting from the reflection of the laser radiation at the bare metal surface (11) controlled (32-35) who the.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The pathogens (Siratro rust and bean rust race egh) on their respective hosts showed significantly different responses to dew period temperature for infection and the pattern of response to the different post deW period temperatures was significantly different, although the optimal temperature range for maximum infection in this stage was the same.
Abstract: Collections of rust on Phaseolus vulgaris and Macroptilium atropurpureum from Australia and South America were examined. Telia of Siratro rust were not observed. Urediniospores of the Siratro rust encompassed a broader range in size than those of bean rust (Urornyces appendiculatus) but were generally within the accepted range for that species. The walls of the Siratro rust urediniospores were significantly thicker than those of the bean rust urediniospores and were outside the given range. Although the Siratro rust produced small (160 µm) sporulating uredinia on the bean rust differential cultivar Golden Gate Wax, all members of the bean rust differential set were classified as resistant to it. The pathogens (Siratro rust and bean rust race egh) on their respective hosts showed significantly different responses to dew period temperature for infection. The pattern of response to the different post dew period temperatures was also significantly different, although the optimal temperature range for maximum infection in this stage was the same. Optimal environmental conditions for maximum disease development during the pre-penetration stage of the disease cycle were 20°C and 24 h of dew for Siratro rust and 15-20°C and 24 h of dew for the bean rust. The optimal temperature range for maximum disease development for the Siratro and bean rust pathogens in the post-penetration stage of infection was 20-26°C. While maximum numbers of uredinia developed on bean at 14-24°C this temperature range resulted in the latent period and generation of time being extended by one day in comparison to those at 20-26°C and 24-32°C.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Groundsel was grown at three soil temperatures in an unheated glasshouse during winter in order to examine how a combination of unavailability of soil water due to freezing and of infection by rust would affect water relations and growth.
Abstract: Groundsel ( Senecio vulgaris L.) was grown at three soil temperatures (ambient, and −2 and 6 °C) in an unheated glasshouse during winter in order to examine how a combination of unavailability of soil water due to freezing and of infection by rust ( Puccinia lagenophorae Cooke) would affect water relations and growth. Measurements were continued after plants were transferred to a controlled environment room (10 ° C, 12 h light per day) for recovery. Low soil temperatures for 2 or 6 weeks reduced leaf water potential ( ψ 1 ) and, over the shorter period, rust exacerbated this reduction. Turgor potential ( ψ p ) also fell during soil freezing, more so in rusted than control plants, but both regained turgor rapidly when freezing ended. However, rust prevented a return to pre-freezing ψ 1 during the recovery period. Rust reduced the gain in total dry weight (about 70% of which was leaf dry weight) in plants held at ambient soil temperatures and increased the loss of dry weight of plants held at low soil temperatures; loss of root tissue may have contributed to the inability of rusted plants to regain normal ψ 1 during recovery. In both healthy and rusted plants, specific leaf area (area per unit weight) tended to decrease during low temperature treatment and to increase during recovery. Rust inhibited the increase in leaf area during the recovery period, probably because it lowered ψ 1 and, consequently, increases in dry weight were inhibited by rust, particularly in plants previously held at −2 °C.

Patent
23 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, a bright-annealed ferritic stainless steel material has a composition consisting of, by weight, 0.30-1.15% Fe with inevitable impurities including = 8X(C%+N%)+0.15.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a bright-annealed stainless steel material with superior rust resistance and superior specular glossiness by restricting the amounts of impurities in a stainless steel having a specified composition and by specifying the relation among C, N and S and that among Nb, C and N. CONSTITUTION:This bright-annealed ferritic stainless steel material has a composition consisting of, by weight, 0.01-5.00% Si, 0.01-5.00% Mn, 8.0-35.0% Cr, 0.20-1.00% Nb and the balance Fe with inevitable impurities including =8X(C%+N%)+0.15. The composition may further contain one or more among 0.30-1.00% Cu, 0.20-3.00% Ni and 0.1- 4.0% Mo, and 0.01-0.20% Ti and/or 0.01-1.00% Zr. By the composition, the bright-annealed stainless steel material has >=1,000 specular glossiness and superior rust resistance.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Variation in disease levels, induced with fungicide, treatments and cultivars differing in resistance, has been used to assess yield loss and to derive relationships between disease level and yield loss to report the use of these techniques for assessing losses from leaf rust and yellow spot in wheat in northern New South Wales.
Abstract: leaf rust and yellow spot, caused by the fungi Puccinia recondita Rob. ex Desm. f. sp. tritici Eriks. &Henn. and Pyrenophora trttici-repentis (Died.) Drechsler, respectively, are among the principal foliar diseases of wheat In the north-eastern wheat belt of Australia. leaf rust has generally been considered to be of secondary importance to stem rust (Puccinia graminis Pers. f. sp. trictici Eriks. & Henn.). This is reflected in the cultivars currently recommended for this region. All have resistance to stem rust but several are susceptible to leaf rust (1). Yellow spot became severe with the widespread adoption of stubble retention farming (10, 14). No current cultivars have high resistance to yellow spot. Variation in disease levels, induced with fungicide, treatments and cultivars differing in resistance, has been used to assess yield loss and to derive relationships between disease level and yield loss (6). This paper reports the use of these techniques for assessing losses from leaf rust and yellow spot in wheat In northern New South Wales.

Patent
04 May 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, an epoxy resin containing a ketimine compound as a curing agent is applied to the surface of a metal having a rust layer, whereupon, the moisture in the rust layer cures the epoxy resin paint and fixes the rust surface.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To apply corrosion-proof coating to the surface of a metal by fixing a rust layer, by applying an epoxy resin paint containing a ketimine compound as a curing agent to the surface of a metal on which a rust layer remains. CONSTITUTION:An epoxy resin containing a ketimine compound as a curing agent is applied to the surface of a metal having a rust layer. Whereupon, the moisture in the rust layer cures the epoxy resin paint and fixes the rust layer. As mentioned above, the epoxy resin paint can be directly applied to a rust surface without applying under-coat treatment and corrosion-proof coating is applied to a metal surface.