Showing papers on "Rust published in 2010"

A QTL study on late leaf spot and rust revealed one major QTL for molecular breeding for rust resistance in groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Abstract: Late leaf spot (LLS) and rust are two major foliar diseases of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) that often occur together leading to 50–70% yield loss in the crop. A total of 268 recombinant inbred lines of a mapping population TAG 24 × GPBD 4 segregating for LLS and rust were used to undertake quantitative trait locus (QTL) analysis. Phenotyping of the population was carried out under artificial disease epiphytotics. Positive correlations between different stages, high to very high heritability and independent nature of inheritance between both the diseases were observed. Parental genotypes were screened with 1,089 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers, of which 67 (6.15%) were found polymorphic. Segregation data obtained for these markers facilitated development of partial linkage map (14 linkage groups) with 56 SSR loci. Composite interval mapping (CIM) undertaken on genotyping and phenotyping data yielded 11 QTLs for LLS (explaining 1.70–6.50% phenotypic variation) in three environments and 12 QTLs for rust (explaining 1.70–55.20% phenotypic variation). Interestingly a major QTL associated with rust (QTLrust01), contributing 6.90–55.20% variation, was identified by both CIM and single marker analysis (SMA). A candidate SSR marker (IPAHM 103) linked with this QTL was validated using a wide range of resistant/susceptible breeding lines as well as progeny lines of another mapping population (TG 26 × GPBD 4). Therefore, this marker should be useful for introgressing the major QTL for rust in desired lines/varieties of groundnut through marker-assisted backcrossing.

Escalating Threat of Wheat Rusts

Abstract: Last month, nearly 600 scientists from more than 80 countries convened in St. Petersburg, Russia, at the International Wheat Conference to discuss the world's most widely planted crop. This came on the heels of a Borlaug Global Rust Initiative (BGRI) workshop that focused on the rapidly spreading fungal diseases known as wheat rusts, which are causing epidemics that require urgent action. If we are to prevent devastating crop losses, nations must coordinate to enact short-term solutions; they must also expand long-term efforts in research, plant breeding, and surveillance. In the 1940s, American agronomist Norman Borlaug led the charge against wheat stem rust that threatened farmers in Mexico. By breeding new plant varieties to resist the causative pathogens, he spurred a Green Revolution that has held this worldwide threat in check since the 1970s. But in 1999, a virulent fungal strain (Ug99) was detected in Africa, making most commercial wheat varieties around the world vulnerable to stem rust once again.[*][1] While the world remains in fear of stem rust, large-scale epidemics caused by new virulent and aggressive strains of yellow rust fungus (also known as stripe rust) now pose a severe threat to the world's wheat supply. Since 2000, the United States and Australia have faced severe yellow rust epidemics. Even more alarming, last year yellow rust devastated major wheat-producing areas in China, northern and eastern Africa, western and central Asia, and the Middle East. The presence of two virulent and highly aggressive yellow rust strains (PstS1 and PstS2) at high frequencies at epidemic sites on five continents (including Europe) may represent the most rapid and expansive spread ever of an important crop pathogen. This epidemic trend may continue because the aggressive strains, which can tolerate higher temperatures, are still evolving. ![Figure][2] CREDIT: LN JORGENSEN, AARHUS UNIVERSITY, DENMARK Short-term responses to ongoing rust epidemics are limited to fungicide sprays, which may be unaffordable or unavailable in poor countries. Rapid replacement of the wheat most susceptible to rust with locally adapted, resistant, or less susceptible varieties is needed to slow down future spread. Any sustainable solution must involve political commitment; increased and coordinated international surveillance and monitoring; breeding for durable rust resistance; seed multiplication; and training of pathologists, breeders, and new young scientists. Fundamental research covering rust biology and epidemiology, evolutionary genetics, and rust-wheat interactions will also be required. For stem rust, such coordinated efforts have been successfully established by the BGRI and the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, which last month launched the Rust SPORE Web portal to track the advance of Ug99.[†][3] However, similar combined efforts are lacking for yellow rust, and the creation of an analogous reaction force will require substantial financial support. The recent agreement by the BGRI Executive Committee and international experts at the St. Petersburg meeting to establish a Global Rust Reference Center (GRRC) that targets all wheat rust fungi would unify and intensify wheat rust surveillance and training. A first step was taken last year, when the International Center for Agricultural Research in Dry Areas (ICARDA), the International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center (CIMMYT), and Aarhus University (Denmark) launched a facility to target yellow rust. The GRRC will complement existing surveillance efforts by CIMMYT, ICARDA, and national rust diagnostic laboratories and maintain a wheat rust gene bank to support resistance breeding and research. The burning question, however, is whether policy-makers in wheat-growing countries will provide the sustained support needed for national and international institutions to prepare for future challenges by the wheat rusts. Borlaug used to say, “Rust never sleeps.” Events of recent years show how right he was. [1]: #fn-1 [2]: pending:yes [3]: #fn-2

Changes in antioxidant enzyme activities and isozyme profiles in leaves of male and female Populus cathayana infected with Melampsora larici-populina

Abstract: Populus cathayana Rehd., a dioecious tree species, is widely distributed in the northern, central and southwestern regions of China. In poplars, Melampsora larici-populina Kleb. is mainly responsible for rust disease, which is considered to be the world's most important disease of poplars. Yet, little is known about sex-related responses to rust disease in poplars. The purpose of this work was to determine whether sexually different responses occur in the antioxidant system of poplars after infection by rust disease. Three-month-old male and female P. cathayana individuals were inoculated with M. larici-populina in a greenhouse. After 12 days of incubation, we investigated the changes in physiology, biochemistry, enzyme activities and isozyme profiles. It was discovered that (i) leaf rust disease inhibited photosynthesis, caused oxidative stress and cellular membrane damage and changed antioxidant enzyme activities and isozyme profiles in poplar leaves; (ii) male poplars suffered from lower infection levels and less negative effects of leaf rust disease than did females; (iii) males showed higher antioxidant activities and less H(2)O(2) accumulation than did females after being infected by leaf rust. Thus, our results indicate that leaf rust disease is more severe in female poplars, and they suffer from greater negative effects than do males. This is the first report about sexually different responses of poplars in the antioxidant reactions to rust disease. It offers some useful information about the effect of leaf rust on dioecious plants, especially on dioecious woody plants.

Development of classification criteria for resistance to soybean rust and differences in virulence among Japanese and Brazilian rust populations

Abstract: In recent years soybean rust, caused by Phakopsora pachyrhizi has become one of the most serious threats to soybean production in Brazil. Breeding lines and varieties have been selected for resistance to soybean rust in Asia. However, differences in virulence between Asian and Brazilian rust populations should be considered in order to select and use resistant resources from Asia. Here, we suggest criteria for distinguishing resistant from susceptible types by the analysis of four resistance characters: frequency of lesions having uredinia, number of uredinia per lesion, frequency of open uredinia, and sporulation level, determined by the utilization of 63 genotypes. Under growth chamber conditions, a set of 13 soybean varieties were exposed to three rust populations-one from Japan and two from Brazil-and evaluated for the resistance characters mentioned above. The Japanese and Brazilian populations clearly differed in virulence, as did the two Brazilian populations. Only two resistance genes, Rpp4 from PI459025 and Rpp5 from Shiranui, commonly conferred resistance on all three rust populations. The number of resistant varieties or resistance genes useful in both countries appears limited. Therefore, a resistant cultivar that is universally effective against soybean rust should be developed by pyramiding some major resistance genes and by introducing horizontal resistance.

Seedling and slow rusting resistance to leaf rust in Chinese wheat cultivars.

Abstract: Identification of resistance genes is important for developing leaf rust resistant wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars. A total of 102 Chinese winter wheat cultivars and advanced lines were inoculated with 24 pathotypes of Puccinia triticina for postulation of leaf rust resistance genes effective at the seedling stage. These genotypes were also planted in the field for characterization of slow rusting responses to leaf rust in the 2006–07 and 2007–08 cropping seasons. Fourteen leaf rust resistance genes—Lr1, Lr2a, Lr3bg, Lr3ka, Lr14a, Lr16, Lr17a, Lr18, Lr20, Lr23, Lr24, Lr26, Lr34, and LrZH84—either singly or in combinations, were postulated in 65 genotypes, whereas known resistance genes were not identified in the other 37 accessions. Resistance gene Lr26 was present in 44 accessions. Genes Lr14a and Lr34 were each detected in seven entries. Lr1 and Lr3ka were each found in six cultivars, and five lines possessed Lr16. Lr17a and Lr18 were each identified in four lines. Three cultivars were post...

Biology and pathology of Ribes and their implications for management of white pine blister rust

Abstract: Summary Ribes (currants and gooseberries) are telial hosts for the introduced and invasive white pine blister rust fungus, Cronartium ribicola. Knowledge of wild and introduced Ribes helps us understand the epidemiology of blister rust on its aecial hosts, white pines, and develop disease control and management strategies. Ribes differ by species in their contribution to initial establishment and subsequent intensification of blister rust. Their significance to pine infection depends on their inherent capacities to become infected and support spore production, their abundance and environmental interactions. Ribes and white pines are adapted to disturbance and frequently co-occur in forest and woodland ecosystems. Differences in light and moisture requirements affect how long various species of Ribes occupy a site. Natural or artificial selection increases rust resistance in white pines, Ribes, and other host genera; but selection also affects virulence and aggressiveness of C. ribicola. Blister rust pathosystems evolve. Local pathosystems wherein the rust and its hosts coexist with reduced damage could arise by several processes.

Molecular diversity and association of SSR markers to rust and late leaf spot resistance in cultivated groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.)

Abstract: With 1 figure and 2 tables Abstract Molecular diversity and association of simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers with rust and late leaf spot (LLS) resistance were detected in a set of 20 cultivated groundnut genotypes differing in resistance against both diseases. Out of 136 bands amplified from 26 primers, 104 were found polymorphic (76.5%). Cluster analysis (UPGMA) revealed two main clusters separated at 52% Jaccard’s similarity coefficient according to disease reaction to rust and LLS. Based on the Kruskal–Wallis one-way anova and simple regression analysis three and four SSR alleles were found associated with rust and LLS resistance, respectively.

Status of wheat rust research and control in China.

Abstract: In China, wheat is grown on approximately 24 million hectares with an annual yield of 100 million tonnes. Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici, is a threat mainly to spring wheat in northeastern China. Leaf rust, caused by P. triticina, occurs on crops in the late growth stages in the Yellow-Huai-Hai River regions. Stripe rust, caused by P. striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is destructive in all winter wheat regions and is considered the most important disease of wheat in China. During the last 20 years, widespread stripe rust epidemics occurred in 2002, 2003, and 2009, and localized epidemics occurred in many other years. In recent years, major yield losses were prevented by widespread and timely applications of fungicides based on accurate monitoring and prediction of disease epidemics. A total of 68 Pst races or pathotypes have been identified using a set of 19 differential wheat genotypes. At present, races CYR32 and CYR33 virulent to resistance genes Yr9, Yr3b, Yr4b, YrSu and some other resistance genes are predominant. Moreover, these races are virulent on many cultivars grown in recent years. Of 501 recent cultivars and breeding lines 71.9% were susceptible, 7.0% had effective all-stage resistance, mostly Yr26 (= Yr24), and 21.2% had adult-plant resistance. Several resistance genes, including Yr5, Yr10, Yr15, Yr24/Yr26, YrZH84 and some unnamed genes, are still effective against the current Pst population. All have been widely used in breeding programs. Lines with one or more of Yr1, Yr2, Yr3, Yr4, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9 and other unnamed resistance genes are susceptible to currently predominant races. Durable adult plant resistance sources are being increasingly used as parents in breeding programs. Progress has been made in genomics and population genetics of Pst, molecular mapping of resistance genes, and cytological and molecular mechanisms of the host-pathogen interactions involved in stripe rust.

Attempts to remove gametocidal genes co-transferred to common wheat with rust resistance from Aegilops speltoides

Abstract: Rust resistance genes (introgressions S24 and S13) transferred to hexaploid wheat from two Aegilops speltoides accessions could not be used commercially due to associated gametocidal (Gc) genes. Crosses to wheat followed by rigorous selection for increased fertility were employed in an attempt to separate the unmapped S24 stem rust resistance from the Gc gene(s). However, improved fertility of the better selections could not be maintained in subsequent generations. Since the S13 introgression (leaf, stripe and stem rust resistances) mapped to chromosome 3A, allosyndetic pairing induction was used in an attempt to remove the Gc gene(s). This produced putative primary recombinants with improved fertility and plant type, the best of which had exchanged a small region of Ae. speltoides chromatin, yet was still associated with (reduced) Gc effects. This selection (04M127-3, which appears to have the Su1-Ph1 suppressor) was then crossed with wheat. Surprisingly, the 04M127-3 gametocidal effect differed drastically from that of the original introgression allowing the recovery of 35 recombinant, leaf rust resistant progeny. Microsatellite and DArT markers showed that each secondary recombinant had exchanged most of the Ae. speltoides chromatin. Although the data suggested that a complex multigenic interaction may govern the gametocidal response, preliminary indications are that the Gc effect had largely been removed and it now seems possible to completely separate the gametocidal genes from the S13 leaf rust resistance gene (here designated Lr66). The associated (S13) stripe rust and stem rust resistance genes were lost during recombination.

Chromosome Location, Linkage with Simple Sequence Repeat Markers, and Leaf Rust Resistance Conditioned by Gene Lr63 in Wheat

Abstract: RL6137, a ‘Thatcher’ backcross line of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) has resistance to Puccinia triticina (causal agent of wheat leaf rust) derived from T. monococcum. To determine the chromosome location of this resistance, RL6137 was crossed with Thatcher and F 2 individual seedlings were tested for segregation of leaf rust resistance and segregation of polymorphic simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Leaf rust resistance genotypes of F 2 individuals were confi rmed with segregation of F 3 families. The F 2 seedlings and F 3 families segregated for a single leaf rust resistance gene. The SSR markers barc 57 and barc 321 located on chromosome 3AS were tightly linked with the leaf rust resistance gene. The leaf rust resistance gene in RL6137 was designated as Lr63. This gene conditions low to intermediate infection types to most P. triticina isolates and can be used in wheat improvement programs to enhance leaf rust resistance.

STUDY ON THE RUSTING EVOLUTION AND THE PERFORMANCE OF RESISTING TO ATMOSPHERIC CORROSION FOR Mn-Cu STEEL

Abstract: The rust evolutions of the corrosion mass gain, the corrosion rate, the chemical composition, and the cross-section of the rust layer versus cycles of dry/wet alternate corrosion test were summarized on the basis of the study progress on the rust layer of Mn-Cu weathering steel. The validity of the cyclic dry/wet corrosion acceleration test simulating the atmospheric corrosion has also been discussed. Moreover, we have described the principle of synergistically improving the corrosion resistance of the rust layer resisting to both coastal atmospheric corrosion and industrial acidic rain atmospheric corrosion through adding alloying elements Cu, Mn and P. Meanwhile, the mechanism of P in the rust layer and the relationship of the ion-selectivity of Mn-Cu steel rust layer and its structure have been discussed.

Molecular Mapping of Wheat Leaf Rust Resistance Gene Lr42

Abstract: Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks., is an important foliar disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) worldwide. Leaf rust resistance gene Lr42 from Aegilops tauschii Coss. has been used as a source of rust resistance in breeding programs. To identify molecular markers closely linked to Lr42, a segregating population of near- isogenic lines contrasting for the presence of Lr42 was developed in the hard winter wheat cul- tivar Century background and evaluated for rust infection type at both seedling and adult-plant stages. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were screened using bulked-segregant analysis. Two markers closely linked to Lr42 were identi- fi ed on chromosome 1DS. The closest marker, Xwmc432, is about 0.8 cM from Lr42. Physical mapping of both SSR markers using Chinese Spring nullitetrasomic and ditelosomic genetic stocks confi rmed that the markers linked to Lr42 were on 1DS. Markers for Lr42 were highly poly- morphic between parents and among a diverse set of wheat germplasm collected from several countries, indicating that these markers are use- ful for marker-assisted selection for Lr42.

Genetic Markers and Leaf Rust Resistance of the Wheat Gene Lr32

Abstract: Leaf rust (caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks.) is a worldwide and yield-limiting disease of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The gene Lr32, which confers seedling resistance to leaf rust, was previously transferred from Aegilops tauschii Coss. (RL5497-1) to chromosome 3DS of common wheat. Without exception, Lr32 conferred resistance to 616 diverse isolates of leaf rust sampled from Canadian wheat fields over the past decade (2000 to 2009). Marker alleles specific to chromosome 3DS of RL5497 were found in Lr32 backcross lines of both Katepwa (BW196R) and Thatcher (RL6086). These introgressions from A. tauschii had no adverse effects on either agronomic performance or end use quality. A map based on 338 doubled haploid lines (DHL) from the cross of BW196R x Thatcher showed that Lr32 was slightly distal (0.6 cM) to two simple sequence repeat (SSR) loci wmc43 and barc135, which cosegregated on chromosome 3DS. A survey of the fragments amplified in wheats of diverse origin showed that both wmc43 and barc135 were cross-applicable as markers for stacking Lr32 with other broadly effective leaf rust resistance genes.

Evaluation of resistance of current wheat cultivars to stripe rust in Northwest China, North China and the Middle and Lower Reaches of Changjiang River epidemic area.

Abstract: 【Objective】 Stripe rust of wheat(Triticum aestivum L.),caused by Puccinia striiformis f.sp.tritici,has been considered one of the most damaging for wheat production in Northwest China,North China,and the Middle and Lower Reaches of Changjiang River wheat region in China.The objective of this study was to evaluate the resistance levels of current wheat and advanced lines to this disease in the target epidemic region.【Method】 A total of 501 entries of wheat cultivars and advanced lines,collected from thirteen provinces of China,were evaluated for stripe rust resistance of seedlings in greenhouse with selected races(CYR32 and CYR33),and of adult plants in the field with eight mixed races at Yangling,and in fields under natural infections at Tianshui,during 2008-2009 wheat growth seasons.【Result】 Among the 501 cultivars or advanced lines,there were only 34(6.8%),and 110(22.0%) entries that were resistant at seedling and adult plant stages respectively.A high frequency of cultivars and advanced lines(71.0%) showed a susceptible reaction(infection type ≥ 3) in the field at Tianshui in Gansu.There were significant differences in the resistance level of wheat entries among the different epidemic regions.According to the analysis of pedigree,the application of resistant sources of current wheat cultivars to stripe rust among different epidemic regions were focused on a little major effective Yr genes,such as Yr26/24,Guinong resistance lines,and some CIMMYT resistance lines.【Conclusion】 The resistance levels of current cultivars to stripe rust were very low,and the forecast for epidemic situation of stripe rust must be enhanced in order to avoid stripe rust epidemic in large area.The available sources of rust resistance were too less in wheat breeding programs,and simultaneous utilization in different epidemic regions.

Prediction of yield losses in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) caused by yellow rust in relation to epidemiological factors in faisalabad

Abstract: Thirty six genotypes were screened against yellow rust to check their level of susceptibility or resistance. Among 36 genotypes screened against yellow rust, 18 were susceptible, 6 were moderately susceptible to susceptible, 7 were moderately resistant to moderately susceptible and 5 genotypes remained resistant. Yield losses were predicted in wheat on the basis of varying level of yellow rust severities. It was observed that susceptible genotypes showed higher yield losses as compared to resistant genotypes. Maximum severity of 90% of yellow rust resulted in 54% to 55% calculated and predicted losses, respectively. While 40, 50, 60 and 70% disease severity of yellow rust caused 35-34%, 38-37%, 42-40% and 46-47% calculated and predicted losses, respectively. However, the decline in losses was observed as the genotypes changed their reaction from susceptible to moderate susceptible. Similarly, losses were diminished as the varieties/lines showed moderate resistant reaction from moderate susceptible. Minimum temperature and relative humidity remained positively correlated while the maximum temperature showed negative correlation with stripe rust severity. With the increase of minimum temperature and relative humidity a rise up in stripe rust infection was seen while as the maximum temperature increased stripe rust infection decreased on different genotypes. It may be concluded from the study that environmental factors played major role in the spread of the disease which result in yield losses.

Seedling resistances to rust diseases in international triticale germplasm.

Abstract: Seedling resistances to stem rust, leaf rust and stripe rust were evaluated in the 37th International Triticale Screening Nursery, distributed by the International Wheat and Maize Improvement Centre (CIMMYT) in 2005. In stem rust tests, 12 and 69 of a total of 81 entries were postulated to carry Sr27 and SrSatu, respectively. When compared with previous studies of CIMMYT triticale nurseries distributed from 1980 to 1986 and 1991 to 1993, the results suggest a lack of expansion in the diversity of stem rust resistance. A total of 62 of 64 entries were resistant to five leaf rust pathotypes. In stripe rust tests, ~93% of the lines were postulated to carry Yr9 alone or in combination with other genes. The absence of Lr26 in these entries indicated that Yr9 and Lr26 are not genetically associated in triticale. A high proportion of nursery entries (63%) were postulated to carry an uncharacterised gene, YrJackie. The 13 lines resistant to stripe rust and the 62 entries resistant to leaf rust represent potentially useful sources of seedling resistance in developing new triticale cultivars. Field rust tests are needed to verify if seedling susceptible entries also carry adult plant resistance.

Marker assisted gene pyramiding of leaf rust resistance genes Lr24, Lr28 along with stripe rust resistance gene Yr15 in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Abstract: Two highly effective genes for leaf rust resistance viz., Lr24, Lr28 and a stripe rust resistance gene Yr15 were selected for pyramiding in the background of a susceptible but high yielding bread wheat variety HD2877. The screening against most virulent pathotypes of leaf rust 77-5 (121R63-1) and stripe rust, 46S119 and 78S84 indicated that all the three genes confer a high degree of seedling and adult plant resistance.The use of molecular markers, namely, SCS1302607, SCS421570 and Xgwm273 validated the presence of resistance genes, Lr24 and Yr15 in Sunstar*6/C80-1//V763–2312 and Lr28 in HW2033 both being donors. The application of molecular markers facilitated identification of individual plants in three-way cross (HD2877 x Sunstar*6/C80-1//V763–2312) x HW2033, BC1 -F1 and BC2 -F1 generations possessing the targeted genes. Finally eight plants were selected in BC2 -F2 generation carrying the desired resistance genes, Lr24, Lr28 and Yr15 in different combinations in the background of HD2877. The availability of combination of major rust resistance genes in desirable background would facilitate the strategic deployment of wheat varieties to achieve durable resistance.

Physiologic Specialization of Wheat Leaf Rust (Puccinia triticina Eriks.) in the Czech Republic in 2005-2008

Abstract: In 2005–2008 virulence of the wheat leaf rust population was studied on Thatcher near-isogenic lines with Lr1, Lr2a, Lr2b, Lr2c, Lr3a, Lr9, Lr10, Lr11, Lr15, Lr17, Lr19, Lr21, Lr23, Lr24, Lr26 and Lr28 . Samples of leaf rust were obtained from different parts of the Czech Republic. A total of 233 wheat leaf rust isolates were analyzed. Resistance gene Lr9 was effective to all tested isolates as in the four previous years. Virulence to Lr19 (0.8% of the analysed isolates) was found. Gene Lr24 conditioned resistance to almost all collections and a lower frequency of virulence was also observed on Lr2a and Lr28 . Twenty-six winter wheat cultivars, seven spring wheat cultivars and seven winter triticale cultivars registered in 2005–2008 were tested with 7 leaf rust isolates. Winter wheat cultivars Biscay, Mulan and Orlando were resistant to all isolates and were also resistant in field trials.

Environment-friendly rust remover and production method thereof

Abstract: The invention discloses an environment-friendly rust remover, comprising the following raw materials in parts by weight: 15-30 parts of organic acid, 5-15% of glycerin, 0.1-2 parts of dextrin, 0.5-10 parts of sodium molybdate, 0.5-2 parts of phosphoric acid, 45-70 parts of water and 0.05-0.1 part of SI-1 additive. The organic acid used in the invention is any one of citric acid, tartaric acid, malic acid, chlorogenic acid, oxalic acid, benzoic acid, salicylic acid and caffeic acid. The invention improves the traditional formula, the manufacturing process is advanced and the manufacturing method is simple, rapid and efficient. The invention overcomes the shortcoming that the existing rust removers pollute the environment, and the rust remover not only has good rust removing function, but also has excellent rust prevention function.

Low-surface treatment moisture cured heavy anti-corrosion coating

Abstract: The invention discloses a solvent-based two-component heavy anti-corrosion coating and a preparation method thereof. The solvent-based two-component heavy anti-corrosion coating is cured at the normal temperature and serves as a long-life anti-corrosion coating applied to a steel structure surface which contains a small amount of rust and water and to a moist concrete structure surface.

An EST-SSR marker linked with yellow rust resistance in wheat.

Abstract: Expressed sequenced tags containing simple sequence repeats (EST-SSRs) were used to identify molecular markers associated with yellow rust resistance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). A cross between yellow rust resistant (PI178383) and susceptible (Harmankaya99) wheat genotypes was performed and respective DNA pools from the resistant and susceptible F2 seedlings were constructed. 78 EST-SSR primers were used for bulked segregant analysis and one EST-SSR marker (Pk54), identified as 200 bp fragment, was present in the resistant parent and resistant F2 hybrids but not in the susceptible ones. 108 wheat genotypes differing in yellow rust resistance were screened with Pk54 and 68 % of the wheat genotypes, known to be yellow rust resistant, had the Pk54 marker, further suggesting that the presence of this marker correlates with yellow rust resistance.

Relation between leaf rust (Melampsora epitea) severity and the specific leaf area in short rotation coppice willows

Abstract: Willow leaf rust (Melampsora epitea) is an important leaf pathogen in short rotation coppice plantations. Although ecological factors influencing rust severity are rather well known, to date, the connections between leaf morphological traits and rust infections are poorly studied. The aim of this study was to examine the relation between rust severity and specific leaf area (SLA). Willow leaves of three different clones from waste-water-irrigated and non-irrigated plantation areas were used. The results revealed a significant positive correlation between SLA and rust severity. There were clone specific differences whereas more rust pustules were always accompanied with higher SLA. Waste-water-irrigated plants had higher SLA and always more rust damages. These results suggest that leaves with low SLA are less susceptible to leaf rust in various conditions.

Susceptibility of European cultivars of Italian and perennial ryegrass to crown and stem rust F. X. SchubigerJ. BaertB. BayleP. BourdonB. CagasV. Cernoch • E. CzemborF. EickmeyerU. FeuersteinS. HartmannH. Jakesova • D. JohnstonB. KrautzerH. LeenheerH. LellbachC. PerssonW. Pietraszek • U. K. PosseltM. RomaniL. RussiS. SchulzeM. C. TardinF. VanHee •

Abstract: A set of 15 Italian (Lolium multiflorum),three hybrid (L. boucheanum) and 33 perennialryegrass (L. perenne) cultivars were evaluated fortheir rust susceptibility in the field. The cultivars weregrown in 2001, 2004 and 2007 at 29, 32 and 27European sites, respectively. Rust incidence wasscored during different growth cycles using a scalefrom one (no rust) to nine (susceptible). Crown rust(Puccinia coronata f. sp. lolii) was the mostfrequently observed rust species on Italian, hybridand perennial ryegrass during all three experimentalyears. There was a highly significant difference inmean crown rust scores among Italian and perennialryegrass cultivars, respectively, in each of the F. X. Schubiger (&) B. BollerAgroscope Reckenholz-Ta¨nikon, Research Station ART,Reckenholzstrasse 191, 8046 Zurich, Switzerlande-mail: franz.schubiger@art.admin.chJ. BaertILVO-Eenheid Plant, 9090 Melle, BelgiumB. BayleDLF Trifolium, 49320 Les Alleuds, FranceP. BourdonS.A. Carneau, 59310 Orchies, FranceB. CagasOSEVA PRO Ltd., Grassland Research Station RoznovZubri, 75654 Zubri, Czech RepublicV. CernochPlant Breeding Station, 74247 Hladke Zivotice,Czech RepublicE. CzemborIHAR Radzikow, 05-870 Blonie, PolandF. EickmeyerSaatzucht Steinach, 94377 Steinach, GermanyU. FeuersteinEuro Grass Breeding GmbH, 27330 Asendorf, GermanyS. HartmannInstitut fu¨r Pflanzenbau u. Pflanzenzu¨chtung derBayerischen Landesanstalt fu¨r Landwirtschaft,85354 Freising, GermanyH. JakesovaPlant Breeding, 74247 Hladke Zivotice,Czech RepublicD. JohnstonN.I. Horticulture and Plant Breeding Station, Loughall,Armagh BT 618 JB, Northern Ireland, UKB. KrautzerBundesanstalt fu¨r alpenla¨ndische LandwirtschaftGumpenstein, 8952 Irdning, AustriaH. LeenheerDLF Trifolium Netherlands B.V., 4727 ST Moerstraten,The NetherlandsH. LellbachBAZ Institut fu¨r Landwirtschaft und Kulturen,18190 Gross Luesewitz, Germany