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Saccadic masking
About: Saccadic masking is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 6454 publications have been published within this topic receiving 292327 citations.
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TL;DR: This theory provides a simple and powerful unifying perspective for both eye and arm movement control and accurately predicts the trajectories of both saccades and arm movements and the speed–accuracy trade-off described by Fitt's law.
Abstract: When we make saccadic eye movements or goal-directed arm movements, there is an infinite number of possible trajectories that the eye or arm could take to reach the target1,2. However, humans show highly stereotyped trajectories in which velocity profiles of both the eye and hand are smooth and symmetric for brief movements3,4. Here we present a unifying theory of eye and arm movements based on the single physiological assumption that the neural control signals are corrupted by noise whose variance increases with the size of the control signal. We propose that in the presence of such signal-dependent noise, the shape of a trajectory is selected to minimize the variance of the final eye or arm position. This minimum-variance theory accurately predicts the trajectories of both saccades and arm movements and the speed–accuracy trade-off described by Fitt's law5. These profiles are robust to changes in the dynamics of the eye or arm, as found empirically6,7. Moreover, the relation between path curvature and hand velocity during drawing movements reproduces the empirical ‘two-thirds power law’8,9. This theory provides a simple and powerful unifying perspective for both eye and arm movement control.
2,348 citations
TL;DR: The spatial interaction of visual attention and saccadic eye movements was investigated in a dual-task paradigm that required a target-directed saccade in combination with a letter discrimination task and the results favor a model in which a single attentional mechanism selects objects for perceptual processing and recognition, and also provides the information necessary for motor action.
1,870 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the posterior parietal cortex (area LIP) of two rhesus monkeys were recorded while they discriminated the direction of motion in random-dot visual stimuli and reported their direction judgment by making an eye movement to the appropriate target.
Abstract: We recorded the activity of single neurons in the posterior parietal cortex (area LIP) of two rhesus monkeys while they discriminated the direction of motion in random-dot visual stimuli. The visual task was similar to a motion discrimination task that has been used in previous investigations of motion-sensitive regions of the extrastriate cortex. The monkeys were trained to decide whether the direction of motion was toward one of two choice targets that appeared on either side of the random-dot stimulus. At the end of the trial, the monkeys reported their direction judgment by making an eye movement to the appropriate target. We studied neurons in LIP that exhibited spatially selective persistent activity during delayed saccadic eye movement tasks. These neurons are thought to carry high-level signals appropriate for identifying salient visual targets and for guiding saccadic eye movements. We arranged the motion discrimination task so that one of the choice targets was in the LIP neuron's response field (RF) while the other target was positioned well away from the RF. During motion viewing, neurons in LIP altered their firing rate in a manner that predicted the saccadic eye movement that the monkey would make at the end of the trial. The activity thus predicted the monkey's judgment of motion direction. This predictive activity began early in the motion-viewing period and became increasingly reliable as the monkey viewed the random-dot motion. The neural activity predicted the monkey's direction judgment on both easy and difficult trials (strong and weak motion), whether or not the judgment was correct. In addition, the timing and magnitude of the response was affected by the strength of the motion signal in the stimulus. When the direction of motion was toward the RF, stronger motion led to larger neural responses earlier in the motion-viewing period. When motion was away from the RF, stronger motion led to greater suppression of ongoing activity. Thus the activity of single neurons in area LIP reflects both the direction of an impending gaze shift and the quality of the sensory information that instructs such a response. The time course of the neural response suggests that LIP accumulates sensory signals relevant to the selection of a target for an eye movement.
1,678 citations
TL;DR: Overlapping regional networks in parietal, frontal, and temporal lobes were active in both tasks, consistent with the hypothesis that attentional and oculomotor processes are tightly integrated at the neural level.
1,599 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Eye movements are necessary for clear and stable vision, for which images of the world should be brought to the fovea and be held steady on the retina.
Abstract: Eye movements are necessary for clear and stable vision, for which images of the world should be brought to the fovea and be held steady on the retina. The main types of eye movements consist of saccadic eye movements, vergence, vestibular eye movements, smooth pursuit eye movements and eye movements for visual stabilization. Saccades are fast eye movements and have consistent relationship between their peak velocity and the size of the movements. The burst neurons in the brainstem are the generator of saccades and receive projections from the frontal eye field, supplementary eye field, parietal eye field, basal ganglia, superior colliculus and cerebellum. Saccades are evaluated by a speed and accuracy of the size. There are different types of saccade, such as visually triggered saccades, antisaccades, memory-guided saccade and predictive saccades. The specific test paradigms of saccades may show the localization and the type of diseases. Opsoclonus, flatter-like oscillation, ocular myoclonus, square-wave jerks are characteristic involuntary eye movements. Syndromes of the paramedic pontine reticular formation, medial longitudinal fascicules and one-and-a-half syndrome are caused by disease of the pons.
1,443 citations