scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Saline water published in 1971"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the dielectric constant of saline water was represented by an equation of the Debye form and the parameters for the parameters were given as functions of the water temperature and salinity.
Abstract: The dielectric constant of saline water may be represented by an equation of the Debye form. Equations for the parameters in the Debye expression are given as functions of the water temperature and salinity.

715 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Two groups each of four Merino wethers, two years old and in very lean condition after many weeks on a straw ration, were fattened on a ration of lucerne hay and found that the saline drinking group had significantly less fat, more water, and more protein in the edible carcase.
Abstract: Two groups each of four Merino wethers, two years old and in very lean condition after many weeks on a straw ration, were fattened on a ration of lucerne hay. One group of animals drank 1.3 per cent sodium chloride solution for 16 weeks before and during fattening while the control group drank tap water throughout. Analyses done after body weight increases of about 12 kg showed that, compared to the controls, the saline drinking group had significantly less fat, more water, and more protein in the edible carcase. All differences were significant. Samples of fat from the omentum and perirenal area showed a tendency towards a higher degree of unsaturation in the saline-drinking animals although these results were not statistically significant.

21 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Zuni Salt Lake as discussed by the authors is a shallow saline lake in a maar in west-central New Mexico, formed during the late Pleistocene when volcanic and phreatic explosions punctured Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata.
Abstract: Zuni Salt Lake is a shallow saline lake in a maar in west-central New Mexico. The basin was formed during the late Pleistocene when volcanic and phreatic explosions punctured Paleozoic and Mesozoic strata. The lake is supported by runoff and saline springs (specific gravity 1.010 to 1.130), which rise along fractures in the volcanic conduits underlying the maar and apparently dissolve salt from the Permian Supai Formation. Two cinder cones occupy the center of the maar. The larger has a crater containing a pool of saline water (specific gravity 1.080) that is sometimes meromictic. Dominant organisms of Zuni Salt Lake and the Cinder Cone Pool are Artemia salina and Hydropyrus hians. The bottom of the pool is covered with a blue-green algal mat of Anacystis sp. Sediments in Zuni Salt Lake consist of salt crusts (halite, calcite, and gypsum) inter-bedded with layers of clay and organic matter. The sediments of the pool are watery sapropel, algal material, calcite, and gypsum. Fluctuations of the chemistry, physics, and biology of these aquatic environments are extreme because of sporadic but torrential rainfall entering the shallow lakes in late summer and early fall.

20 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: For example, during 1964-65, the US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, the Florida Department of Natural Resources, and the Florida Keys Aqueduct Commission, drilled test wells at Royal Palm Visitor Center (well NP-100) in Everglades National Park and in Pennekamp State Park (well G-1273) on Key Largo as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: confined aquifers such as the Biscayne aquifer.2 However, in some areas of southern Florida, natural supplies of fresh water are lacking, and people are forced to use water of poor quality. In such areas, saline water in the Floridan aquifer 3 will become an increasingly important supplement to the existing water supply. Many areas, shown in Fig. 3, are considered in this report. During 1964-65, the US Geological Survey, in cooperation with the National Park Service, the Florida Department of Natural Resources, and the Florida Keys Aqueduct Commission, drilled test wells at Royal Palm Visitor Center (well NP-100) in Everglades National Park and in Pennekamp State Park (well G-1273) on Key Largo. These drillings were done to determine the depth required to obtain a copious flow of artesian water from the Floridan aquifer and to monitor the salinity of the water. The purpose of the test well at Royal Palm was to study the feasibility of using artesian water for wildlife survival ponds dur-

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a study was conducted in two arid zones to determine the effect of saline water applied to various crops growing in coarse-textured soil, using trickle irrigation, and the test crops responded most favorably to this new method of water application in terms of plant development and yield.
Abstract: .A study was conducted in two arid zones to determine the effect of saline water applied to various crops growing in coarse-textured soil, using trickle irrigation. The test crops responded most favorably to this new method of water application in terms of plant development and yield. The method provides us with the possibility of raising the permissible salinity level of irrigation water, and thus to increase the water reserves suitable for agricultural use in the world.

10 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Aedes natronius Edw, Culex tenagius van Som and C. nakuruensis Mattingly were found to breed in salinities ranging from 0 to over 8% NaCl; five species, including Anopheles gambiae Giles, were found only in fresh and brackish waters, while the remainder were found in fresh water as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Larvae of 18 species of mosquitoes were found in the region of Lake Manyara, a saline lake in Tanzania. Aedes natronius Edw., Culex tenagius van Som. and C. nakuruensis Mattingly bred in salinities ranging from 0 to over 8% NaCl; five species, including Anopheles gambiae Giles, bred only in fresh and brackish waters, while the remainder were found only in fresh water. The saline habitats were also alkaline. C. tenagius occurs only in association with hot springs throughout East Africa, but larvae were found in salinities of 0- > 8% NaCl, alkalinities of 0.05–0.32N, pH 7.8- > 11 and at temperatures of 22–42 C. C. tenagius, C. nakuruensis and C. telesilla De Meillon & Lavoipierre were new records for Tanzania, as was Ae. lineatopennis (Ludl.) collected from a nearby settlement. It is considered that the species able to breed in both fresh and salt water, namely, Ae. natronius, C. tenagius and C. nakuruensis, may comprise a complex of fresh-water and salt-water races, or even species.

7 citations


Patent
06 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this article, a scale removal method for use in saline water desalting apparatus characterized in that, during the time the desalts operation is being performed, an acid is added to the saline water for short periods at predetermined time intervals in the salt water passages for condensation, heating and heat recovery.
Abstract: A scale removal method for use in saline water desalting apparatus characterized in that, during the time the desalting operation is being performed, an acid is added to the saline water for short periods at predetermined time intervals in the salt water passages for condensation, heating and heat recovery.

5 citations


Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: Land mammals have neuroendocrine controls and cellular pumping mechanisms to maintain inter- and intracellular electrolyte concentrations to maintain sodium conservation, and animals evolved in the desert are more salt tolerant than swamp-based animals like bovids.
Abstract: Land mammals have neuroendocrine controls and cellular pumping mechanisms to maintain inter- and intracellular electrolyte concentrations. Sodium conservation is highly developed. In the ocean and in arid hot areas the salinity of water reaches four or more times that of the body fluids. Either such water is not consumed or kidneys are developed to excrete the surplus electrolyte. Amongst sheep and cattle, 180–220 mmoll-1 NaCl is the concentration chronically tolerated in drinking water. Sheep and goats do not drink in winter, so that saline water is not a nutritional problem, until summer. Camels live satisfactorily when drinking 1850 mmoll-1 NaCl (5.5%) but sheep accept only 220 mmoll-1 NaCl (1.3%) Animals evolved in the desert (jerboas, quokkas, camels) are more salt tolerant than swamp-based animals like bovids. There are renal and cellular adjustments to the high salt intakes but all members of a breed or species do not make the adjustment as well as others.

3 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The high chloride groundwater in the Hokusetsu area, Osaka Prefecture was described in this paper, where 1400 ppm of chloride was dissolved in the A group and 2000 ppm in the B group.
Abstract: The high chloride groundwater in the Hokusetsu area, Osaka Prefecture was described. 1400 ppm of chloride was dissolved in the A group and 2000 ppm in the B group. These were the highest concentrations of over 740 investigations in the Eastern Osaka area. This high chloride groundwater was in one or more layers with aquifers of depths of 100m180m and it is assumed that they are present in the Osaka Group Upper Part. As the sample was composed of a water mixture from various layers, the salt concentration in a single layer is much higher. Both A and B groups are of the same origin and the groundwater was distributed in a rather wide range. The feature of the water quality is that it has low alkalinity, high chloride and contains significant amount of sulfate. Phosphorus content is low. Among cations, the content of sodium is high and that of calcium and magnesium is also high but their content is 1/11/2 of sodium. The water quality type is chloride type of 3 kinds of cations. The origin of this groundwater is sea water which has been sealed off at a certain period and remained stagnant, and the presence of sulfate is due to incomplete flushing out of saline water so low alkalinity was maintained in an environment of insufficient reduction of sulfate. The presence of large quaintities of magnesium and calcium can be explained by ion exchange between concentrated solution of the salt and clay minerals, adsorption and pricipitation.

3 citations


Patent
01 Feb 1971
TL;DR: Solutions of soluble compounds, eg, aqueous alkaline solutions of substituted isocyanuric acids, are injected into an intruding front of saline water to form an insoluble precipitate, thus decreasing formation permeability and reducing or eliminating contamination of fresh water aquifers by saline water.
Abstract: Solutions of soluble compounds, eg, aqueous alkaline solutions of substituted isocyanuric acids, are injected into an intruding front of saline water to form an insoluble precipitate, thus decreasing formation permeability and reducing or eliminating contamination of fresh water aquifers by saline water

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: Salinity problems resulting from high salinities in streams and in shallow watertables arise frequently from the clearing of forests and from irrigation as mentioned in this paper, and the major areas affected are the River Murray Valley and the south-western parts of Western Australia and Victoria.
Abstract: Salinity problems resulting from high salinities in streams and in shallow watertables arise frequently from the clearing of forests and from irrigation. The major areas affected are the River Murray Valley and the south-western parts of Western Australia and Victoria.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a case study was performed to evaluate potential applications of desalted saline water for agriculture using 2 distillation type processes and 2 membrane type processes, and the investigation determined the costs and benefits associated with desalting saline water at concentrations of 1,500, 900, 400, 200, and 50 ppm.
Abstract: .A case study was performed to evaluate potential applications of desalted saline water for agriculture using 2 distillation type processes and 2 membrane type processes. The investigation determined the costs and benefits associated with desalting saline water at concentrations of 1,500, 900, 400, 200, and 50 ppm. Benefits from desalting are generated by shifts to more profitable crops, reduced costs for drainage, and reduction in fertilizer and labor requirements with better quality water. Costs are based on the project features such as desalting plants, raw water diversion facilities, storage reservoirs, conveyance and distribution systems, brine disposal, blending facilities, and gypsum addition systems. Hydrologic studies determined the crop irrigation requirements, water demand schedules, desalted water storage requirements, brine disposal requirements, and size of facilities required. Reconnaissance design layouts were made for producing desalted water using a combination of 14 schemes. The study also included a review of irrigation practices. The benefit-cost ratios range from 0.4 to 1.0 for 1,500 ppm irrigation water to 0.8 to 1.0 for 50 and 200 ppm water. Investment costs per acre are high, ranging from $12,900 to $20,900. Irrigation benefits are based on the increase in production from a desert condition with no water supply to the irrigation conditions studied.

01 Apr 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a series of reports designed to present accounts of progress in saline water conversion and the economics of its application, which are expected to contribute to the long-range development of economical processes applicable to low-cost demineralization of sea and other saline water.
Abstract: From Forward: "This is one of a continuing series of reports designed to present accounts of progress in saline water conversion and the economics of its application. Such data are expected to contribute to the long-range development of economical processes applicable to low-cost demineralization of sea and other saline water."