Showing papers on "Saline water published in 1973"

Influence of the concentration and volume of saline water on the food intake of sheep, and on their excretion of sodium and water in urine and faeces

Abstract: The intake of food and the excretion of urine and faeces by 15 Merino sheep were recorded while they were given fixed volumes of fresh or saline (1 -5 and 2.0% sodium chloride) drinking water. The food intakes of the sheep increased as the volumes of either fresh or saline water were increased from 0.5 to 6.0 l/day. The addition of sodium chloride to the water decreased the food intake, but the decrease was restored by an increase in the volume of water given of c. 50 % for 1.5 % sodium chloride, and c. 100% for 2.0% sodium chloride. However, on 2.0% sodium chloride, no further increase in the intake of food occurred with volumes above 3.0 l/day, and maximum intakes were only 6045% of the maximum intakes on fresh water. When the lower volumes of saline water were given, the amount of food eaten for a given volume of water was decreased at higher temperatures and slightly decreased by a higher potassium content of the diet. High volumes (4.0-6.0 l/day) of 2.0% sodium chloride depressed food intake when the ration was oaten chaff, but not when it was lucerne chaff. The increased intake of sodium arising from the addition of sodium chloride to the water was excreted in the urine, and there was no change in the sodium content of the faeces. The concentrations of sodium and potassium in the urine declined as the amount to be excreted was increased. The volume of urine excreted was related to the amount of sodium and potassium to be excreted, while the amount of water lost in the faeces was related to the quantity of faecal dry matter excreted and the type of diet.

Influence of saline drinking water on mineral balances in sheep

Abstract: The influence of sodium chloride ingestion via the drinking water upon the mineral balance in sheep has been examined. Four Merino ewes were offered rainwater containing zero, 0.8, or 1.3 % sodium chloride as the only source of drinking water. After correction for variations in mineral intake, the data showed that the urinary excretion of calcium, magnesium, potassium, phosphorus, sodium, and chloride was increased by saline water ingestion. The faecal excretion of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus was not affected by the inclusion of sodium chloride in the drinking water, but faecal potassium was decreased and sodium and chloride increased. The drinking of saline water by the sheep resulted in a decline in the calcium, phosphorus, and potassium balances, an increase in the sodium and chloride balances, and no change in the magnesium balance. The sodium balance was negative for the rainwater treatment, but all other balances were positive. Saline water ingestion also caused an increase in the glomerular filtration rate, a decline in plasma magnesium levels, and an increase in plasma potassium levels. It is concluded that saline water ingestion causes alterations in the pathways of excretion of minerals and the mineral balances in sheep, but the changes would appear to be of insufficient consequence to have detrimental effects.

Method and apparatus for converting saline water to fresh water

Abstract: Saline water, typically sea water or brackish water, after deaeration and deoxygenation is preheated, then further heated by steam condensing with the preheated saline water. By the further heating, bicarbonates are thermally decomposed, forming carbon dioxide, while scale compounds, comprising magnesium hydroxide, anhydrite and minor compounds containing silica, iron, alumina, phosphate, etc., are thermally precipitated. Some of the steam is uncondensed and issues from the further heated saline water with included, evolved carbon dioxide. It is condensed in preheating saline water; evolved carbon dioxide is separated from the condensate and recycled to the saline water to prevent alkaline scale in preheating, while condensate is combined with the further heated saline water, forming post-thermal saline water. This is flash vaporized while cooling and the steam is regenerated by compressing the flashed vapors. Cooled, post-thermal saline water is evaporated preferably in a vapor compression evaporator to form fresh water and saline water residuum.

Circulation and salinity distribution in the southern part of the suez canal

Abstract: Results of 14 hydrographic sections along the southern part of the Suez Canal between Suez Bay and Great Bitter Lake from April 1964 to April 1965 are generally in agreement with previous sections taken 10 years before (1954–1955). A northward current prevailed from November to July and a southward current dominated from 15 August to 15 October, pushing the saline water mass (44%) to Suez Bay. Two sections on successive days during September 1964 showed differences explained by the sampling time in relation to the tides. In certain stations low salinity occurred after high water and high salinity after low water, mainly due to reversible tidal currents: The northward current at high water carries low salinity water from Suez Bay. Saline water from the Bitter Lakes moves southward during the ebb and attains its maximum at low water. No increase in salinity was observed in Suez Bay during summer 1966, contrary to all preceding observations in 1924, 1934, 1954, and 1964. Two sections taken in the southern canal in September 1966 did not indicate the usual reversal of currents toward the south. This confirms a previous observation that a change in the current regime in the Suez Canal took place in 1966, just after completion of the Aswan High Dam.

Salt Water Intrusion in the Summerside Area, P.E.I.

Abstract: Salt water intrusion is an acute problem in the coastal areas of Prince Edward Island. In the town of Summerside, ground-water supplies are developed from an aquifer hydraulically connected with the sea. Over the past ten years, there has been progressive contamination of the aquifer, particularly in wells close to the seashore. Investigations including test drilling, aquifer testing and chemical studies were undertaken in Summerside to study the nature and extent of the salt water intrusion. Landward encroachment of the saline water is aided by the relatively high transmissivity of the fractured Permo-Carboniferous sandstone which comprises a semiconfined aquifer. Two separate zones of salt water contamination exist—namely an upper zone from a depth of 0 to 80 feet caused by a landward hydraulic gradient of the fresh water due to heavy pumping and a second zone at a depth of 350 to 400 feet due to intermittent pumping resulting in a raising and thickening of the zone of diffusion. The extent of salt water intrusion is depicted, using hypothetical sections.

Pepper Plant Response to Irrigation Water Quality and Timing of Leaching

Abstract: When saline water is used for irrigation, leaching may be required if the level of salt accumulation in the root zone is expected to exceed the salt tolerance level of the crop. Under steady state conditions, leaching requirements depend mainly on the salinity level of the irrigation water (Ci) and on the tolerance of the crop to salinity (Cd) (United States Salinity Laboratory Staff, 1954). In the process of salt build-up in the soil, it may however be possible or even desirable, to reach, temporarily, levels of salinity higher than the specified tolerance level of the crop. It has been shown by many workers that, under conditions of changing salinity with time or with depth, the effective salinity is a weighted mean salinity (Shalhevet, 1970). Consequently, it may be possible to allow considerable accumulation of salts during the growing season, without causing undue damage to the crop, before leaching is required.

Sea water desalting apparatus

Abstract: Apparatus for treating sea water to separate potable water from the saline solution and recover the potable water. The apparatus includes a treating chamber maintained under subatmospheric pressure and into which sea water under pressure is introduced so that a substantial differential of pressure exists to cause the sea water to vaporize. Apparatus within the chamber separates potable water from saline water and collects the potable water while the saline water is discharged.

Freeze crystallization of saline water with a direct contact refrigerant

Abstract: A method and apparatus for the desalination of saline water by freezing in which a mixture of ice and concentrated saline water is formed by cooling the saline water by heat exchange with an evaporating liquid refrigerant, the ice is separated from the concentrated saline water and melted, and at least a portion of the evaporated refrigerant is reliquified by heat exchange with an aqueous solution which is itself cooled by heat exchange with liquid methane or liquid natural gas.

Irrigation with Saline Water

Abstract: The principal difference between irrigated and nonirrigated agriculture, when considered in relation to persistence and permanence, arises from salinity. All irrigation water contains soluble salts, and it is only a matter of time until a salinity or alkalinity problem arises unless measures are taken to prevent it. Therefore, the control of the salinity regime in the root zone is one of the main problems of irrigation in arid and semiarid zones.

Method of recovering fresh water from saline water

Abstract: A method of recovering fresh water from underground saline water. The method involves the pumping of water vapor from an underground location immediately above a supply of saline water to a condensor where the fresh water is recovered. The heat of condensation released by the vapor during recovery is returned to the underground saline water to raise its temperature and thereby increase its rate of vaporization. Other alternative processes to increase the rate of vaporization include utilization of an external source of waste thermal energy, injection of refrigerant into the underground saline water, and in those structures where petroleum residues may be simultaneously and profitably recovered with the fresh water, the injection of refrigerants soluble in petroleum into the underground saline water.

Saline Aquifers--Future Storage Reservoirs for Fresh Water?: ABSTRACT

Abstract: In the advanced industrial countries the most favorable, least expensive sites for surface reservoirs are already in use or the land already is preempted for other uses and is unavailable for the storage of water. In addition, there are many flat areas in coastal zones, also underlain by saline aquifers, that are unsuitable for water storage although a surplus of fresh water is available in such areas at certain times of year. The lack of a reliable, year-round supply of water has been a major factor in preventing commercial and residential development in these areas. The storage of fresh water in slightly saline aquifers has been tried empirically several times with some success. To study the physical process in the laboratory we have constructed and operated several miniaquifers and, simultaneously, have devised some approximate mathematical models. The annual cycle of injection, storage, and withdrawal of the fresh water has been found to be feasible under the idealized assumptions normally found in groundwater hydrology--a horizontal, isotropic, homogeneous aquifer of uniform porosity, transmissivity, and storativity. Laboratory experiments on a single-well system built into a miniaquifer constructed of epoxy-consolidated, uniform blasting sand show that the efficiency of the process, per cycle, increases as the number of cycles increases. Our omputational procedure verifies this and has enabled us to change inexpensively and quickly such parameters as density difference, dispersion coefficient, input rate and period, withdrawal rate, storage period, etc. The studies show that storage of fresh water in an aquifer that contains brine is feasible, if a sufficient number of cycles is considered. The cost, in terms of irretrievable fresh water, is calculable under these conditions. Additional studies were and are being made on a 9-unit well field. Preliminary results show that although the recovery percentage at the end of the first cycle is smaller than that of a single well operating by itself, by the time the third cycle is reached a multiwell system is more efficient. A greater percentage of the water injected during the third cycle is recovered than is recovered by a single well under the same circumstances. Most water-bearing formations dip and, in many, a measurable groundwater flow occurs under natural, undisturbed conditions. Each of these circumstances affects the position and configuration of the "bubble" of fresh water. For example, the injected fresh water is lighter than the saline water and should tend to move to the roof of the aquifer and thence updip. This should result in a lower recovery efficiency compared with that from a horizontal aquifer. However, the recovery efficiency depends greatly on the duration of the storage part of the cycle. Single-well experiments in a dipping aquifer verify and quantify this expectation. There are indications that it may be possible to overcome the effect of dip and to stabilize the position of the injected fresh water by constructing and perating a system of injection and withdrawal well updip and downdip from the injection well. This paper is a progress report on work that is well underway but not yet complete. As to the effect of various combinations of dip, movement of native ground water, and density differences, on the recovery efficiency of a multiwell project, we have some qualitative ideas, but at present are trying to devise a quantitative basis for design that will handle all of the variables simultaneously. End_of_Article - Last_Page 1598------------

The effect of saline on the eye irritation caused by swimming-pool water

Abstract: In laboratory experiments the acute eye irritation produced by exposure to tap water was not significantly increased when chlorine compounds were added to the water at concentrations of 1 mg./l. The greatest irritation was produced by 2 mg. Cl(2)/l. as NH(2)Cl. The addition of NaCl at concentrations above about 0.5% abolished the irritant effect of tap water, and prevented irritation even when 1 mg. Cl(2)/l. was present.In a field experiment involving two swimming baths, one with fresh and the other with saline water (0.5% NaCl), eye irritation in the saline bath was significantly lower than in the freshwater bath only when the swimming time did not exceed 30 min.