Showing papers on "Saline water published in 1976"

Purification of saline water

Abstract: There is disclosed a treatment of water that greatly reduces the scaling tendency of the water during its subsequent use or processing. The treatment comprises precipitation and separation of the calcium values of the water as calcium carbonate by the addition of magnesium hydroxide precipitant thereto, with, as needed, a carbonate source, e.g., carbon dioxide. During subsequent use or processing, salts dissolved in the water are concentrated in a residual portion thereof and the residual portion is processed by the addition of calcium hydroxide to precipitate the dissolved magnesium values from the residual portion and supply the magnesium hydroxide that is employed as the precipitant in the treatment of the raw water. The treatment can be applied to any of a variety of water treating processes such as reverse osmosis, distillation, electrodialysis, freezing, vapor compression, ion exchange, evaporative cooling and/or boiler feed water treatment. All of these processes are limited in efficiency and equipment design by the concentration of calcium salts in the residual water which rapidly approach their solubility limits as the water is concentrated, thereby inhibiting further concentration or forming of scale on the separation equipment during the salt concentration steps of the treating process. This invention greatly increases the operating efficiency of salt concentration processes by reading the tendency of the water to form scale during its processing.

Energy recovery from saline water by means of electrochemical cells.

Abstract: An electrochemical concentration cell is proposed as a means of extracting the energy released from the mixing of freshwater with seawater. In order to obtain the maximum power from such a cell, a small amount of seawater must be added to the freshwater prior to its introduction into the cell in order to lower the internal resistance of the cell. The work available from the electrochemical concentration cell is of the same order of magnitude as the work derived from the use of an osmotic pump to extract energy from seawater. Both of these saline water techniques should be considered when unconventional, long-range power sources are evaluated.

Energy recovery from saline water by means of electrochemical cells. [Energy released from mixing of fresh water and seawater]

Abstract: An electrochemical concentration cell is proposed as a means of extracting the energy released from the mixing of freshwater with seawater. In order to obtain the maximum power from such a cell, a small amount of seawater must be added to the freshwater prior to its introduction into the cell in order to lower the internal resistance of the cell. The work available from the electrochemical concentration cell is of the same order of magnitude as the work derived from the use of an osmotic pump to extract energy from seawater. Both of these saline water techniques should be considered when unconventional, long-range power sources are evaluated. 1 figure.

DETERMINATION OF A SALT-WATER INTERFACE BY ELECTRIC RESISTIVITY DEPTH SOUNDINGS / Détermination d'un interface d'eau salée à l'aide des mesures verticales de résistivité électrique

Abstract: Vertical electrical resistivity soundings were measured near hydrological observation wells in order to ascertain whether geophysical means could be used to map saline water intrusion into a fresh water aquifer in Israel The soundings showed that the low resistivity layers associated with the salt water are readily discernible The technique was applied to the entire coastal belt and resulted in a detailed study of the saline water body and its extent Measurements were repeated six years later and good agreement between the two sets of measurements was noted This technique is therefore judged to be an accurate tool for the mapping of salt water intrusion in fresh-water aquifers

The Determination of the Saline/Fresh Water Interface by Resistivity Soundings

Abstract: Among other geological and hydrogeological features, the exact position of the saline/fresh water interface must be known before it is possible to assess the quantity of ground water which can safely be extracted without contaminating the aquifer with saline water. For many years, geoelectric soundings have proven to be a comparatively cheap and quick method of mapping the position of the saline/fresh water interface in both coastal areas and large inland basins. As the results of a geoelectric investigation must often be available immediately in the field there is generally not enough time for computer processing at the home office. However, specific graphical methods can be applied by the geologist-geophysicist in order to interpret manually geoelectric sounding data which have been obtained from a zone of saline water invasions. A brief description of these methods is given including the relevant references for directed reading. The practical application of one particular interpretation method is illustrated in a case history from Nacaome, Honduras. It also shows the general versatility of geoelectric surveys for obtaining in a short time and at a low cost qualitative information of exploitable groundwater resources in coastal areas.

Drinking water production - from saline/crude water by solar radiation on tent covering shallow basin and condensation

Abstract: Drinking water is produced from contaminated or saline water or directly from damp soil and seepage points in desert regions by utilizing the solar energy to the best advantage. A shallow basin with an inlet and an outlet for the crude water is covered by a tent made of material transparent to light and heat. The solar energy evaporates the water on the surface which condensates on the inclined tent walls and is collected in a bottom trough on the tent periphery.