Showing papers on "Saline water published in 1981"

Seasonal transitions and water mass formation in the Iceland and Greenland seas

Abstract: The dense waters of the Iceland and Greenland sea gyres are not simply the product of a gradual transition between cold, relatively fresh polar waters on the west and warmer, saline Atlantic water on the east, but instead constitute a unique hydrographic region, bounded by the polar and arctic fronts, which we term the arctic domain. Although deep and bottom water is the best-known water mass formed in the arctic domain, the region also produces a spectrum of dense intermediate water types in winter. Our study concentrates upon water mass formation in the Iceland Sea, where the principal winter product is an intermediate water mass nearly as cold as the deep water, but slightly less saline and therefore always lying above the deep water. The intermediate water mass produced in greatest volume in the Greenland Sea is warmer and more saline, although of nearly the same density as that produced in the Iceland Sea. The principal difference between the seasonal transitions in the Greenland and Iceland seas is that the transition in the Greenland Sea involves slightly more saline water than does that in the Iceland Sea, due to a more pronounced contribution of cooled Atlantic water. Subsequent along-isopycnal mixing of the intermediate water masses produces water which needs only to undergo a final cooling stage to be transformed into new deep and bottom water.

Chemistry, physics and evolution of Antarctic saline lakes

Abstract: Unlike Hey wood’s reviews (1972, 1977a), which considered all lakes in Antarctica, this review deals only with Antarctic saline lakes. The dividing value between fresh and saline water is here regarded as 3%0 total dissolved salts, a value which follows the convention adopted by Bayly & Williams (1973) but which it is recognised has no fundamental biological reality; biological change in fresh to saline waters follows a continuum (Bayly 1967).

Critical depth to saline groundwater in non-irrigated situations

Abstract: The salinity of soil sampled from profiles exposed by a backhoe did not relate well with the vegetative cover growing on the soil, yet there was a good relationship between cover and depth to the saline water table. Results demonstrated that the depth to a saline water table can be used as an indicator of the possible productive potential of a soil.

Rapid reclamation of brackish-water fishponds in acid sulfate soils

Abstract: The reclamation of acid sulfate soils for agriculture is generally considered to be a slow process. The productivity of brackish water fishponds in these s o i l s also remains poor for 5 to 15 years after construction or deepening. This is due to the very slow growth or inactivity of the algae on which the fish feed, and to the intermittent fish kills by extremely acid water which leaches from the dikes during rains after dry periods. However, the water management possibilities inherent in the operation of brackish water fishponds in tidal areas with a dry season enable the operators to reclaim both the pond bottoms and the surrounding dikes in one dry season, without a need for expensive chemical amendments. The procedure involves thorough drying and dry cultivation of the pond bottom until it cracks to a depth of about IO cm, followed by repeated inundation with saline or brackish water. The water is renewed every few days until its pH remains above 5. This cycle of thorough drying and repeated flushing is restarted one to several times, until the pH of the first inundation water after drying remains above about 5. Most of the acid is thus removed by diffusion into the standing water rather than by leaching to the subsoil. The surrounding dikes are reclaimed at the same time. First, low paddy bunds are built along the edges of the flat crests of the dikes or a small ditch is dug along the center. Cross bunds are constructed wherever the elevation of the dike changes. Saline or brackish water is then

Geochemistry of the Dry Valley lakes

Abstract: The Dry Valleys area is characterised by the presence of a number of lakes and ponds, some of them fresh but others containing extremely saline water. In this repon a general description of the nature of these waters is given. From the geochemical point of view, the most interesting problems concerning the saline lakes are those of salt origin, the evolution of the lakes themselves, and the causes of the unusually high temperature of the bottom water of Lake Vanda. For the possible sources of salts, an explanation using a single source has never been successful, and most workers are now inclined to favour multiple sources. From the geochemical point of view, the most interesting problems concerning the saline lakes are those of salt origin, the evolution of the lakes themselves, and the causes of the unusually high temperature of the bottom water of Lake Vanda. For the possible sources of salts, an explanation using a single source has never been successful, and most workers are now inclined to f...

Late Quaternary Diatoms and Paleoceanography of the Sea of Japan

Abstract: To delineate the paleoceanography of the Sea of Japan since the last glacial maximum, I first tried to formulate the relationship between the present-day distribution and physico-chemical properties of surface water masses and the diatom flora in the modern sediments collected at 78 stations which are widely distributed in the sea. Then the results from this examination were applied for the upper portion of eight piston cores with the assistance of key tephra and its 14C age for a time scale.The floral analysis of the diatoms in modern sediments is performed by principal components analysis employing the Q-mode variance-covariance matrix. On floral analysis, two species associations are defined by the second principal component; species association in the warm-current region (Pseudoeunotia doliolus, Melosira sulcata and Thalassiosira oestrupii) and one in the cold-current region (Denticulopsis seminae, Thalassiosira sp. 1 and Thalassiosira nordenskioeldii), From relative frequency of these species at a random count of about 200 diatom specimens for each sample, R value was obtained to facilitate the application of the results from the diatoms in modern sediment samples to core samples. The value is defined as:R=(P. doliolus+M. sulcata+T. oestrupii)/(P. doliolus+M. sulcata+T. oestrupii+D. seminae+T. sp. 1+T. nordenskioeldii)The value are generally constant below a certain surface water masses classified by their physico-chemical properties. From interpretation of the third principal component, the relative frequencies of Pseudoeunotia doliolus and Melosira sulcata provide a useful clue to estimate the degree of the influence of low saline water of the upper surface water in the southern part of the sea; Pseudoeunotia doliolus is dominant in samples from the high saline area, and Melosira sulcata in those from the low saline area.The paleoceanography of the Sea of Japan since the last glacial maximum are deduced on the basis of these criteria as follows: 1) The supply of the warm water which have a similar oceanographic structure to the present-day Tsushima Warm Current, began about 7, 000-8, 000y.B.P. 2) The frontal zone in the eastern half of the Sea of Japan was to the south of its present position, and its southern boundary reached at least as far as the eastern offing of the Oki Islands during a period, from about 15, 000 to 9, 000y.B.P. in conservative estimation, following decrease of the sea water supply through the Tsushima Straits. 3) The zone at that time was probably formed between the low saline water brought from the East China Sea and the cold water which occupied the northern part of the sea. 4) The low saline water probably occupied the surface layer of the southern part of the sea at the last glacial maximum.

The Use of Saline Groundwater in Arid Areas

Abstract: An account is given of large-scale trials of the use of saline water for the trickle irrigation of forest trees in the desert areas of Abu Dhabi, in eastern Arabia. Water of salinities up to an equivalent of 16,000 ppm have been used on Casuarine glauca and Eucalyptus camaldulensis . Growth rates ranged from 1.7 m in 7 years on salinities of 16,000 ppm to 10–12 m in 8 years on salinities of 2000–2500 ppm. Trickle irrigation appears to allow the use of more saline water than can be used with other systems, perhaps because plant roots are not subject to the fluctuations in moisture stress that occur under all other systems.

Salt Balance Studies in Saline Water Irrigated Soils

Abstract: Salt balance studies of the soils irrigated with saline water (EC 2.7 to 12 mmhos/cm) in four different crop sequences have shown seasonal cyclic changes in salinity, exchangeable sodium and ionic composition. Salt concentration increased during irrigation cycle, whereas, monsoon rain preverted salt accumulation in the surface layers. High salinity of the irrigation water lowered the evapo transpiration (ET) but increased the leaching fraction (LF) of irrigation water and modified the ionic composition. Irrigation depth, salt concentration and leaching fraction governed the salt accumulation in soil. Only 23–27% of the added salts of sodium and chloride accumulated in the soil and the rest got leached down during crop season itself. Frequent irrigations with saline water were conducive for higher values of ET and LF and to lower the salinity and ESP levels of the soil, thereby resulting in higher yields of different crops.

On the rate of ice formation in water cooled by a more saline sublayer

Abstract: A less saline water mass (of salinity S 1 ) at its freezing temperature ( T 1f ) is superposed on a more saline water mass (of salinity S 2 ) of a temperature T 2 < T 1f . Both water masses have temperatures lower than their respective temperatures for maximal density, thus 0 ? S 1 < S 2 < 24.7%. As heat diffuses much faster than salt there will be thermal convection in the two water masses. Heat is transferred down into the lower layer and ice forms in the upper layer. The present paper shows that in the actual parameter range ( R ? ? 10) the heat exchange between the layers is controlled by the molecular processes in the pycnocline and not by the properties of the induced thermal convection in the homogeneous layers. A theory that predicts some experimental results on the growth-rate of ice quite well is developed. DOI: 10.1111/j.2153-3490.1981.tb01785.x

A simple method of using highly saline water for irrigation

Abstract: Hofuf-Alhassa is one of the important agricultural areas of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The water available for irrigation purposes is limited in quantity and saline in nature.To maximize the use of available water sources, a technique is described to mix irrigation water with drainage water, taking into consideration the salt balance effect in the soil under the Alhassa conditions.

Preservation of eel liver

Abstract: PURPOSE:To improve the preservability of a fresh raw eel liver, by treating an eel liver with boiling fresh water and boiling saline water, removing oil and water from the liver, immersing the liver in an ethanol solution of tocopherol, and vacuum- packaging together with saline water. CONSTITUTION:The guts of an eel are boiled in water, and the oils and fats separated from the guts are overflowed by adding hot water to the boiling water. The liver is separated exclusively from the boiled guts, boiled in fresh water, and again boiled in dilute saline water obtained by adding 1% salt solution to the boiling fresh water. The boiled liver is centrifuged to separate the oil and water therefrom, and immersed in an ethanol solution of tocopherol. After the immersion treatment, the liver is vacuum-packed together with saline water having a concentration of 2%, sterllized e.g. in a retort at 120 deg.C, and stored.

Effect of Depth and Composition of Underground Water and Mulching on Salt Accumulation and Yield of Maize and Wheat

Abstract: In an experiment carried out in lysimeters the effect of quality and depth of underground water and rice husk mulch on the growth of maize and wheat was studied. There was a gradual reduction in grain and straw yield of maize with decrease in depth of water table for non-saline underground water without mulching and a reverse trend was observed with saline underground water. Maximum yield of wheat was obtained at 100 and 150 cm water table depths for non-saline and saline underground waters, respectively. Accumulation of salts in the surface soil layer was significantly higher for saline than for non-saline ground water treatment. An increase in the utilization of ground water with successive growth stages of these crops was observed. Mulching caused a significant decrease in ground water utilization which was significantly higher from non-saline than from saline water.

A Potential for Water-Efficient, C₄ Halophytes in Arizona's Agricultural Water Budget

Abstract: An additional problem is that saline aquifers underlie the major riverbottom irrigation districts in the state (Figure 1). Unlike the deep supplies of fresh water, the saline aquifers receive recharge from surface flows as well as underground flows from adjacent, higher drainages, and are not undergoing depletion (U.S.G.S., 1978). Unfortunately, the low salt tolerance of most conventional crops severely limits the usefulness of these saline water resources for agriculture (Allison, 1954).

Effect of River Discharge an the Distribution Pattern of Dissolved Constituents in the Gamô Estuary, Miyagi Prefecture

Abstract: This study reports a series of measurements of chlorinity, dissolved inorganic nitrogen, phosphate and oxygen in the Gamo estuary, a salt wedge estuary.NH4+ and PO43- concentrations of saline water in the salt wedge generally increased with the distance upstream, whereas dissolved oxygen concentration decreased with it. In addition, the development of anoxic condition and the accumulation of NH4+ and PO43- were observed in the bottom saline water inside a series of basins. The strong local difference in the chemical properties was found in the deep water of basins separated by a shallow sill at the high river discharge. The results suggest that the increase of NH4+ and PO43- concentration and the decrease of dissolved oxygen in the saline wedge are explained by detention time in the estuary and also indicate that the highly saline waters are generally trapped and isolated in the deeper parts of the basins by shallow sills. The phytoplankton bloom dominated by diatoms (Cyclotella) in the surface river water and the high density of ciliates (Mesodinium) immediately below the halocline were observed at the low river discharge.