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Showing papers on "Saline water published in 1985"


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the salinity-fertility relationship on crops irrigated with saline water has been investigated, and a great deal of the experimental work supports the view that standard fertilization recommendations for non- saline conditions are also suitable for saline conditions, and available data indicate that the apparent salt tolerance of agricultural crops varies with soil fertility level.
Abstract: Available data concerning nutrition and fertilization effects on crops irrigated with saline water are presented and discussed. Published data on the salinity-fertility relationship are, at least to some extent, contradictory; both positive and negative effects as well as no effect of fertilization on salinity tolerance have been recorded. However, a great deal of the experimental work supports the view that standard fertilization recommendations for non- saline conditions are also suitable for saline conditions. In addition, available data indicate that the apparent salt tolerance of agricultural crops varies with soil fertility level. Consequently, crops showing exceptionally high apparent salt tolerance at a low fertility level become more sensitive when adequately fertilized, although the absolute yield may be greatly increased. On the other hand, some data seem to show a real increase in salinity tolerance under improved fertility conditions.

143 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of water drop impact energy and water salinity on the infiltration rate (IR) of two sodic soils: Calcic Haploxeralf (loess) and Typic Chromoxerert was studied using a rainfall simulation.
Abstract: The effect of water drop impact energy and water salinity on the infiltration rate (IR) of two sodic soils: Calcic Haploxeralf (loess) and Typic Chromoxerert was studied using a rainfall simulation. Rain was applied at two energy levels: high energy rain with kinetic energy of 22.9 J/mm m² and a low energy rain, with kinetic energy less than 0.01 J/mm m². In the low energy rain, the initial IR of the soils (44 mm/h) was maintained during a distilled water rain on soils with ESP 2.5, and during saline water rain on soils with ESP values of 6.5 and 17–21.0. In Haploxeralfs with ESP values of 6.5 and 21.0 the final IR (FIR) under low energy rain dropped to 28.8 and 11.5 mm/h respectively. When the same soil and ESP levels were subjected to high energy rain, the FIR during saline water storms dropped to 6–9 mm/h and during distilled water simulated storms the FIR dropped to 0.9–1.4 mm/h. It was concluded, that both the water drop impact energy and the electrolyte concentration in the applied rain have a decisive effect on the IR drop of soils. When the chemical dispersion processes are minimal (low ESP and high water salinity) the mechanical impact of the drops predominate and the crust formation is mainly due to the distintegration of the soil aggregates and their compaction to a thin skin seal. When the soil ESP is high (> 2.5) and the water salinity is low (rain water), chemical dispersion processes have an increasing role in determining the IR of the soils.

133 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Although irrigation of sorghum with moderately saline water inhibits plant growth in comparison with irrigation with nonsaline water, it also inhibits water loss and allows a greater degree of osmotic adjustment, so that the plants are able to continue growing longer and reach lower leaf water potentials between irrigations.
Abstract: The daily (24 hour) changes in carbon balance, water loss, and leaf area of whole sorghum plants ( Sorghum bicolor L Moench, cv BTX616) were measured under controlled environment conditions typical of warm, humid, sunny days Plants were either (a) irrigated frequently with nutrient solution (osmotic potential −008 kilojoules per kilogram = −08 bar), (b) not irrigated for 15 days, (c) irrigated frequently with moderately saline nutrient (80 millimoles NaCl + 20 millimoles CaCl 2 ·2H 2 O per kilogram water, osmotic potential −056 kilojoules per kilogram), or (d) preirrigated with saline nutrient and then not irrigated for 22 days Under frequent irrigation, salt reduced leaf expansion and carbon gain, but water use efficiency was increased since the water loss rate was reduced more than the carbon gain Water stress developed more slowly in the salinized plants and they were able to adjust osmotically by a greater amount Leaf expansion and carbon gain continued down to lower leaf water potentials Some additional metabolic cost associated with salt stress was detected, but under water stress this was balanced by the reduced cost of storing photosynthate rather than converting it to new biomass Reirrigation produced a burst of respiration associated with renewed synthesis of biomass from stored photosynthate It is concluded that although irrigation of sorghum with moderately saline water inhibits plant growth in comparison with irrigation with nonsaline water, it also inhibits water loss and allows a greater degree of osmotic adjustment, so that the plants are able to continue growing longer and reach lower leaf water potentials between irrigations

123 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, acid hydrolysis of plagioclase and biotite are proposed as the main sources of salinity in the groundwater in hot dry rock (HDR) reservoirs.

91 citations


Book ChapterDOI
TL;DR: Salinity had little effect on the yield of two varieties of Chinese cabbage, but increased the frequency of tipburn, while fruit from a processing tomato cultivar exposed to various degrees of salinity had higher values for total soluble solids (TSS) and acidity than their controls.
Abstract: The effect of salinity on the quality of various agricultural crops has not yet been explored much. This information is very important to Israel due to the increasing use of saline water for irrigation. This paper reports the effect of saline irrigation water on the quality, especially the taste, of several crops. Fruits from a processing tomato cultivar exposed to various degrees of salinity had higher values for total soluble solids (TSS) and acidity than their controls. The yield of fruit after saline water irrigation is lower, but this is offset by the higher fruit quality and its consequent higher value. Melon fruits from plants subjected to saline water scored higher in taste than their controls when the fruits were analyzed fresh. After 3–4 weeks of storage at room temperature, there was no longer any difference in taste. Even though salinity slightly increased the TSS content, this did not correlate with the taste scores. Iceberg lettuce grown with saline water did not significantly differ in taste from its control, even when the sensitive triangle taste test was used. The same was true for peanuts. Thus, for these two crops no advantage of better quality would compensate for possible lower yields. Salinity had little effect on the yield of two varieties of Chinese cabbage, but increased the frequency of tipburn.

81 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of seasonal variations in salinity and soil moisture profiles due to fluctuating water table on the performance of 16 tree species was studied, including Acacia auriculiformis, Terminalia arjuna and Leucena leucocephala.
Abstract: Field studies were carried out to study the influence of seasonal variations in salinity and soil moisture profiles due to fluctuating water table on the performance of 16 tree species. Over a yearly cycle water table having an EC of 2–46 mmhos/cm fluctuated between 10–140 cm from the surface. Seasonal variation in salinity profiles indicated that subsurface planting (30 cm below surface) provides less hostile saline environment to the roots. Due to genetic differences, species of trees differed in their ability to withstand salinity and aeration stresses individually and simultaneously. In areas where salinity is not associated with high water table conditions, tree species likeAcacia auriculiformis, Terminalia arjuna andLeucaena leucocephala can be grown. Tree species likeCasuarina equisetifolia Tamarix articulata andProsopis juliflora can be planted where high salinity or high water table conditions exist separately or simultaneously. If planting occurs on ridges,Acacia auriculiformis, Acacia nilotica andTerminalia arjuna can also be grown in these conditions.

54 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Overall, striped bass were as sensitive as most salmonid species to seven inorganic chemicals and three organic insecticides, and much more sensitive than the cyprinids, ictalurids, and centrarchids that have been tested.
Abstract: The toxicity to young striped bass Morone saxatilis of a contaminant mixture composed of organic and inorganic chemicals was determined in fresh and saline waters when the fish were 35–80 d old. Decreases in water hardness and associated decreases in alkalinity and pH increased the toxicity of the mixture. This increase was attributed to changes in the speciation of inorganic chemicals in water of differing qualities. Under standard conditions for acute toxicity tests, cadmium, copper, zinc, nickel, and chromium were more toxic to striped bass in soft than in slightly saline water. Overall, striped bass were as sensitive as most salmonid species to seven inorganic chemicals and three organic insecticides, and much more sensitive than the cyprinids, ictalurids, and centrarchids that have been tested.

42 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the physiological behavior and yield response of maize under irrigation with saline water was studied in the laboratory and in the field, and two maize cultivars (a field maize and a sweet maize) were irrigated alternately with saline (11 days from sowing), fresh (21 days from emergence), and saline (from day 33 to harvest) water.

25 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Water samples from the Tamar Estuary oxidized manganese when supplemented with Mn 2+ (2 mgl −1 ). The rates of oxidation were depressed in the presence of various metabolic inhibitors as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Water samples from the Tamar Estuary oxidized manganese when supplemented with Mn 2+ (2 mgl −1 ). The rates of oxidation were depressed in the presence of various metabolic inhibitors. The effect of Mn 2+ and temperature on the rate of manganese oxidation suggested that a biological process was largely responsible for converting Mn 2+ to Mn 4+ . Rates of manganese oxidation were much higher in freshwater (3·32 μgl −1 h −1 in water containing 30 mgl −1 of suspended matter) than in saline water (0·7 μgl −1 h −1 in water of salinity 32‰) containing the same amount of particulate matter. The rate of manganese oxidation was proportional to the particulate load (up to 100 mgl −1 particulates).

24 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a deterministic linear programming model was developed, incorporating both leaching requirements and the salinity response function of crops, to find the optimal cropping pattern and optimum use of saline groundwater.
Abstract: In areas having scarce canal water and poor quality groundwater, an opportunity exists to use the two sources conjunctively for irngation water supply. However, the use of saline water, either in isolation or by mixing with canal water, threatens soil salinization, unless steps are taken to protect the salt balance in the root zone. A deterministic linear programming model has been developed, incorporating both leaching requirements and the salinity response function of crops, to find the optimal cropping pattern and optimum use of saline groundwater. The model was applied to a canal command area.

23 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The distribution of the redox species of iodine and arsenic in two isolated pools of seawater underlying river water in deep holes in the estuary of the Yarra River is described.
Abstract: The distribution of the redox species of iodine and arsenic in two isolated pools of seawater underlying river water in deep holes in the estuary of the Yarra River is described In the river water, the dominant species are iodide and As(V) In the saline water of these holes, there are levels of iodine and arsenic greater than are present in the original seawater The subhalocline waters contained <022 ml 1-1 of dissolved oxygen, and the redox poise was intermediate between oxic and anoxic conditions Most of the iodate originally in the seawater was reduced to iodide, but As111) and As(V) coexisted Iodine and arsenic appear to have entered the water from the anoxic sediment

ReportDOI
TL;DR: Water that contains radium-226 radioactivity in excess of the 50picocurie-per-liter limit set for radium226 plus radium228 in the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations was obtained from the majority of wells sampled throughout Sarasota County as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Water that contains radium-226 radioactivity in excess of the 50-picocurie-per-liter limit set for radium-226 plus radium-228 in the National Interim Primary Drinking Water Regulations was obtained from the majority of wells sampled throughout Sarasota County A comparison of data from different aquifers showed that greater radium-226 radioactivities occurred in the intermediate aquifer where phosphate pebbles occur in a semiconsolidated matrix than occurred in deeper aquifers The highest radioactivity determined for radium-226 was 100 picocuries per liter in a saline water sample Analysis of data suggests that a major fraction of radium-226 is released by alpha-particle recoil of thorium-230 or its precursors Water that contains the highest concentrations of radium-226 usually contains enough water hardness or dissolved solids that it would not be used for domestic purposes without treatment Thus, ion exchange softening to reduce hardness or reverse osmosis to reduce dissolved-solids concentrations will also reduce radium-226 radioactivities to less than the 50-picocurie-per-liter limit for drinking water

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: This chapter highlights basic techniques and concepts of algal culture and presents a state-of-the-art report on algal biomass production, its problems, and achievements.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses laboratory growth techniques and outdoor biomass production of micro- algae. Algal culturing techniques can be divided into two categories: the first applies to laboratory conditions and a controlled environment and the second to outdoor conditions for the larger scale production of biomass. This chapter highlights basic techniques and concepts of algal culture and presents a state-of-the-art report on algal biomass production, its problems, and achievements. Algae growing in brackish or saline water in ponds are often faced with the problem of the increasing salinity caused by evaporation. Thus, when the water source is brackish or saline the organism of choice will be capable of growing successfully in a wide range of saline conditions and thus of adapting rapidly to changes in salinity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors derived and discussed the principles of achieving control of irrigation salinity level when waters of two different qualities and flow rates are used, and formulated and discussed dynamic performance of a prototype on a controlled dilution junction with and without water storage.
Abstract: The utility of a saline water source for irrigation might, in many cases, be greatly increased if it could be diluted by mixing it with a higher quality source of water prior to field application. This paper discusses a number of options for achieving such a dilution subject to imposed constraints. Firstly, we derive and discuss the principles of achieving control of irrigation salinity level when waters of two different qualities and flow rates are used. Secondly, we formulate and discuss the dynamic performance of a prototype on a controlled dilution junction with and without water storage. Finally, we discuss the general problem of achieving simultaneous salinity and flow rate control, using dual feedback control sensors to compensate for variations both in salinity and in flow rate of the saline supply source in order to produce a desired salt concentration in the irrigation water.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 May 1985-Botany
TL;DR: The amount of sodium in the aboveground part of the stalks of Scirpus americanus taken at the peak of biomass is a good indicator of the amount of salinity in the waters flooding the tidal marshes of an estuary.
Abstract: The amount of sodium in the aboveground part of the stalks of Scirpus americanus taken at the peak of biomass is a good indicator of the amount of salinity in the waters flooding the tidal marshes of an estuary. In fresh water, the Na concentrations remain below 10 000 and then increase sharply up to 20 000 – 30 000 mg/kg in brackish waters. Even though this plant can grow under brackish conditions, salinity has a considerable effect on the percentage of submersion it can withstand. Consequently, in the presence of saline water, the lower limit of the vegetation regresses towards the shore. In the case of fresh water, Scirpus americanus occupies the lower part of marshes up to an average of 75% of submersion, while in brackish water it extends to about 35% and then disappears when waters are more saline.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fluoride removal from saline waters using CaO, MgO and calcined natural dolomite (all fired at 1273 K), as an alternative for lime slurry neutralization process was studied in this paper.

01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, hydraulic, weighing lysimeters were used for three years to measure the effect of high, saline water tables on irrigation requirement of corn and the portion of total seasonal evapotranspiration supplied from the ground water was determined.
Abstract: Hydraulic, weighing lysimeters were used for three years to measure the effect of high, saline water tables on irrigation requirement of corn. For each of the years corn was grown with no water table and with combinations of 60 and 105 cm (2. 0 and 3. 5 ft) water-table depths and 0. 66, 3. 0, and 6. 0 dS/m**3**/ water table salinity. The portion of total seasonal evapotranspiration supplied from the ground water was determined. Results indicate that water-table depth affects use by corn much more than the water-table salinities studied. The paper suggests modifications in surface applications of irrigation water when shallow water tables are present.

Patent
26 Feb 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a process for converting saline water to fresh water by compressing fresh water vapor in a condensation chamber to create a pressure-temperature differential between the condensation chambers and an evaporation surface arranged above that chamber.
Abstract: Desalination apparatus comprising a vessel, an evaporation surface for receiving saline water in the vessel, a condensation chamber arranged in the vessel beneath the evaporation surface, an evaporation chamber arranged in the vessel above the evaporation surface, a fresh water tank for containing a reservoir of fresh water and fresh water vapor thereabove, a first conduit connecting the fresh water tank and the condensation chamber, a pump for compressing in the condensation chamber fresh water and fresh water vapor to maintain a pressure-temperature differential between the condensation chamber and the evaporation chamber at the evaporation surface, a second conduit connecting the evaporation chamber and the fresh water tank for removal of fresh water vapor from the evaporation chamber and its delivery to the reservoir of fresh water, and valves and conduits for conveying saline water to the evaporation surface and for taking off fresh water accumulated in the fresh water tank. The invention also includes a process for converting saline water to fresh water by compressing fresh water vapor in a condensation chamber to create a pressure-temperature differential between the condensation chamber and an evaporation surface arranged above that chamber, by vaporizing fresh water droplets separating from the saline water in an evaporation chamber arranged above the evaporation surface, and by transferring the fresh water droplets to a fresh water reservoir in a fresh water tank.


Patent
Yasunobu Nakamoto1
22 Aug 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, a solar pond of large scale comprises an intake and a return outlet which are not fixedly disposed but are movable in the direction of water depth, and the intake and the return outlet are connected through a saline water circulation loop in which necessary saline concentrations with respect to water depths of the solar pond can be efficiently obtained.
Abstract: A solar pond of large scale comprises an intake and a return outlet which are not fixedly disposed but are movable in the direction of water depth. The intake and the return outlet are connected through a saline water circulation loop in which necessary saline concentrations with respect to water depths of the solar pond can be efficiently obtained. This allows a solar pond with a specified saline concentration gradient to be established and repaired in a brief period.

Patent
28 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, fresh vegetables are immersed in a saline water having a concentration of 10-20% for a whole day and night, frozen in a freezing chamber adjusted to -10-40 deg.C, and vacuum-dried under a vacuum of 1mm.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain pickles preservable for a long period in a common warehouse without causing discoloration, etc., by immersing fresh vegetables in a saline water having a specific concentration for a whole day and night, and freeze-drying in vacuum under a specific condition. CONSTITUTION:Fresh vegetables are immersed in a saline water having a concentration of 10-20% for a whole day and night, frozen in a freezing chamber adjusted to -10--40 deg.C, and vacuum-dried under a vacuum of <=1mm.Hg while raising the temperature of the vegetables. Pickles can be prepared from the above treated vegetables, by reconstituting the freeze-dried vegetables by immersing in hot water having a salt concentration of 10-20% at <=60 deg.C, and seasoning the product.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The bacterial population in the Bot River estuary is clearly adapted to estuarine conditions, and was found to be salt tolerant, and saline water was required for maximal growth rates.
Abstract: SUMMARY The effect of temperature and salinity variations on the suspended bacterial population of the Bot River estuary, a closed estuary, was examined. The population was found to be salt tolerant, and saline water was required for maximal growth rates. Temperatures below 15°C inhibited growth. Bacterial isolates fell into two groups as regards temperature optima, the one having an optimum of 23°C and the other 30°C. The bacterial population in the Bot River estuary is clearly adapted to estuarine conditions.

Patent
15 Mar 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a wick in a vertically inclined vessel apart from a light-transmittable plate and the bottom of the vessel, and furnishing a saline water supply device at the upper end of the wick was used to convert efficiently saline water into fresh water.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To convert efficiently saline water into fresh water with use of solar heat by providing a wick in a vertically inclined vessel apart from a light-transmittable plate and the bottom of the vessel, and furnishing a saline water supply device at the upper end of the wick. CONSTITUTION:The raw saline water is supplied into an upper trough 11 provided at the upper part of a partition wall 5 in a vessel 4 from a saline water supply device 9 connected to the upper end of a wick 8 through a raw material preheater 10 furnished in a condensing chamber 7. The overflowing water is heated by the sunlight S pouring over the upper surface of the wick 8, and a part of the water is evaporated in an evaporation chamber 6. The evaporated steam which enters the condensing chamber 7 along with the gas circulating between the condensing chamber 7 and the evaporation chamber 6 by natural convection is brought into contact with the bottom plate 3 of the vessel and further condensed and cooled. The condensed fresh water is discharged from a freshwater discharge device 16 at the lower end of the condensing chamber 7.




Patent
04 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe a process and device for concentrating saline water with a view to an industrial production of the inorganic salts present in the latter, where the initial saline water is delivered by pumping 20, 22 to a spraying device 24 arranged at a height, which sprays the saline water in the form of rain into a column of air 26 whose relative moisture is lower than the relative moisture existing at the surface of the concentrated saline water collected.
Abstract: Process and device for concentrating saline water 12 with a view to an industrial production of the inorganic salts present in the latter. According to the invention the initial saline water 12 is delivered by pumping 20, 22 to a spraying device 24 arranged at a height, which sprays the saline water in the form of rain into a column of air 26 whose relative moisture is lower than the relative moisture existing at the surface of the concentrated saline water 14 collected. In addition, a mixing ratio of the sprayed saline water to the air is chosen such that the quantity of heat present in the droplets is much smaller than that present in the air (for example 0.02). The invention is intended especially for industrial production of potassium hydroxide from an appropriate saline water.

01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: Limnocythere bradburyi is a new species of nonmarine ostracode that is living in several lakes in the central Mexican Plateau as mentioned in this paper, which is characterized as humid temperate with mild equitable temperatures throughout the year.
Abstract: Limnocythere bradburyi is a new species of nonmarine ostracode that is living in several lakes in the central Mexican Plateau. These lakes are shallow, turbid, and pan-shaped, having relatively unstable and fluid substrates. Water levels of these lakes are high in the summer and low or dry in the winter. These lakes usually contain fresh to slightly saline water during the rainy season (summer-fall) and slightly saline water during the dry season (winter-spring), and have a solute composition that is dominated by Na+, HCO3--CO32-, Cl- ions. The regional climate is characterized as humid temperate with mild equitable temperatures throughout the year. Winter temperatures are usually above 0?C, whereas summer temperatures are commonly below 30?C. The water temperature of the lakes containing L. bradburyi generally reflects atmospheric tem- peratures. The ostracode's life cycle coincides with the climatic wet cycle and is therefore completed during the warmest period of the year, which is in marked contrast to ostracodes living in lakes in the United States and Canada that usually begin their life cycle with the spring rain and snow melt in cold water and complete their life cycle in warm water. This contrasting climatic life-cycle pattern between central Mexico and the United States may be sufficient to explain why L. bradburyi occurs commonly in many Quaterary deposits in the southwester United States, but has not been found living in the United States.