Showing papers on "Saline water published in 1990"

The effect of silicon on the growth of Prosopis juliflora growing in saline soil.

Abstract: A decrease in whole plant dry weight was observed when Prosopis juliflora (Swartz) DC. was treated with saline irrigation water for 24 days which was partially alleviated by the addition of 0.47 mM SiO2 to the irrigation water. The plants treated with high salinity and SiO2 showed a greater distribution of dry material to the leaves at the expense of the stems and roots compared to control plants. The possible use of SiO2 to grow plants may be beneficial in areas of high soil salinities.

Calcium influences growth and leaf mineral concentration of citrus under saline conditions

Abstract: We determined whether the ability of sour orange seedlings to withstand saline irrigation water could be improved by the addition of calcium to the water. Sour orange (Citrus aurantium L.) seedlings were treated for 4 months with a nutrient solution containing either no NaCl, 40 mM NaCI, or 40 mM NaCl plus various concen- trations of CaSO 4, CaCl 2, or KCl. After 4 months, the NaCl alone reduced root and shoot dry weights by ≈ 30% with no leaf necrosis. Addition of 1, 5, or 7.5 m M CaSO4 to solutions containing 40 mM NaCl significantly inhibited the NaCl-induced reductions in shoot dry weight. Addition of 7.5 mM CaCl2 or 7 mM KCl to the NaCl solution reduced leaf Na, but increased Cl to the toxicity level; hence, growth was not improved. The beneficial effect of CaSO4 was mainly attributed to a reduction in the accumulation of Na and Cl below the toxicity level in the leaves (0.4% and 0.5%, respectively) without a major increase in total dissolved salts. This study demonstrated that the beneficial effect of adding Ca depended on the anion associated with the Ca salt. Calcium sulfate, but not CaCl2, was able to overcome the damaging effect of NaCl to sour orange seedlings.

Salinity effects on emergence, vegetative growth, and seed yield of guar

Abstract: Guar [ (L.) Taub] seed is an important source of galactomannan gum used in food and industrial products. Increased demand and an insufficient domestic supply has led to an increased interest in this crop in the semi-arid western USA where many soils are, or have the potential to become, highly saline. This study was conducted to determine the effect of soil salinity on vegetative growth and seed yield of two cultivars, 'Kinman' and 'Esser,' grown under field conditions. Six salinity treatments were imposed on a Holtville silty clay [clayey over loamy, montmorillonitic (calcareous), hyperthermic Typic Torrifluvent] by irrigating with waters salinized with NaCl and CaCl (1:1 by weight). Electrical conductivities of the irrigation waters were 1.3, 2.5, 5.0, 7.4,10.0, and 12.4 dS/m during the 1st yr, and 1.2, 2.5, 4.5, 5.5, 6.5, and 7.5 dS/m during the 2nd yr. Seed yield of both cultivars was unaffected by soil salinity up to 8.8 dS/m (mean electrical conductivity of the saturated-soil extracts in the rootzone). Each unit increase in salinity above 8.8 dS/m reduced seed yield by 17%, which places guar in the moderately tolerant category for seed production. Reduction in the number of pods per plant and weight per seed were the primary factors contributing to reduced yields. Vegetative growth was decreased 9.6% for each unit increase in salinity above 4.9 dS/m. Plant emergence was determined in greenhouse sand cultures with irrigation waters of 0.8, 4.4, 8.5,11.3,15.7, and 18.8 dS/m. Emergence was unaffected by salt levels up to 8.5 dS/m; greater levels delayed but did not significantly reduce the percent emerged.

Combined effects of leaching fraction, salinity, and potassium content of waters on growth and water-use efficiency of wheat and barley.

Abstract: Wheat and barley seedlings growing in pots in a greenhouse, with a non-saline sandy loam soil were irrigated, by saline waters, S1, S2, and S3, having ECi=3, 9, and 15 mS cm-1, respectively. Each solution has three potassium concentrations, K1=6, K2=11, and K3=16 meq L-1, and all incorporated N (90 mg L-1) and micro-nutrients. Irrigation was provided to realize 0.2 and 0.5 leaching fractions (L). At maturity, dry matter of plant tops (Y), grain yield (G), and evapotranspiration (ET) of both crops responded significantly to the S, L, and K treatments. There were different interactions, however, between the crops indicating some effect of plant species. In both, a decrease in Y with increasing salinity was associated with a corresponding decrease in ET. In the most saline S3 treatments, where the available water to plants was the lowest, an ample K supply produced substantial improvements in salinity tolerance of both crops. Under these conditions, changes in Y and ET were independent of each other. Increasing K supply, reduced the rate by which Y decreased with respect to S. Barley accumulated dry matter more efficiently (in terms of ET Y-1, g per g) particularly under L=0.2. This efficiency for both crops did not respond to the water salinity but rather to the potassium concentration of the waters. The whole experiment was also carried out under two levels of phosphorus application (35 and 70 mg P kg-1 soil). Neither growth nor water-use efficiency were significantly affected by the higher rate of phosphorus application.

Uranium, vanadium, and molybdenum in saline waters of California.

Abstract: Analyses of saline water samples from large salt water bodies, agricultural drainage and evaporation ponds, and soil water extracts were used to determine the extent of elevated uranium (U), vanadium (V), and molybdenum (Mo) in agricultural environments of the San Joaquin Valley. Saline water samples and soil extracts were pretreated by chelation and solvent extraction to separate and concentrate, U, V, and Mo for analyses. (...)

Activation of water-in-oil emulsions of friction reducing polymers for use in saline fluids

Abstract: Friction loss in a saline liquid flowing through a conduit is reduced by combining fresh water and a water-in-oil emulsion of a water soluble friction reducing polymer, subjecting the combined material to mixing to invert the emulsion and introducing the inverted emulsion directly into the flowing saline liquid. In one aspect the water-in-oil emulsion is combined with saline water containing a surfactant to effect inversion prior to introduction of the combination into the flowing saline liquid.

Sulfur isotope evidence for regional recharge of saline water during continental glaciation, north-central United States

Abstract: Sulfate concentrations in ground water from the Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer of south-eastern Wisconsin and northern Illinois increase up to hundreds of times where the aquifer is confined beneath the Maquoketa Shale. There is no sulfate source in the aquifer or overlying rocks except for minor amounts of finely disseminated pyrite. Coinciding with increasing sulfate concentrations, {delta}{sup 34}S of the dissolved sulfate increases from less than {minus}5{per thousand} in the unconfined part of the aquifer to a nearly constant value of +20{per thousand} where the aquifer is confined and where sulfate reduction is minimal. The most likely source for this isotopically heavy sulfate is ground water associated with Silurian evaporites under Lake Michigan. It is uncertain if the sulfate-rich water was emplaced in pulses or mostly during the last glaciation.

A co-precipitation technique for determining trace metal concentrations in iron-rich saline solutions

Abstract: The analysis of trace metals in saline water samples poses many problems due to the complexity of the sample matrix. We present a method to analyze Pb, Cu and Zn in saline to hypersaline (as high as 300 parts per thousand) waters that also contain high Fe concentrations. This technique is rapid as well as precise and has a potential usage for such diverse environmental samples as hypersaline brines, acid mine drainage waters and groundwater leachate.

Mungbean response to irrigation with waters of different salinities

Abstract: Experiments were conducted in lysimeters (1985) and field plots (1986) to evaluate changes in soil moisture and salinity status following irrigations with different blends of a saline water, SW (ECiw = 6.4 dS/m) and non-saline water, NSW (0.3 dS/m) and their effects on the growth and yield of Mungbean (Vigna radiata L. Wilczek). Normalised to the yield of the treatment receiving NSW (100%), relative seed yields (RY) declined to 73, 11 and 3%, respectively, for the treatments receiving SW∶NSW blends of 1∶2 (2.5 dS/m), 2∶1 (4.7 dS/m) and SW as such. RY increased to 64 and 74% when NSW was substituted for presowing irrigation and 2∶1 SW∶NSW blend and SW, respectively were used for postsowing irrigations. Due to moderating effect of rainfall (9.8 cm) during the growing season of 1986, valus of RY obtained with 1∶2 and 2∶1 SW∶NSW blends were 81 and 42% and increased to 96 and 82% when these waters were applied after presowing irrigation with NSW. Irrigation at presowing with non-saline water leached the salts of shallow depths leading to better germination and initial growth. In addition, plants were able to extract greater amounts of water even from deeper soil layers. The RY of Mungbean was related to the weighted time averaged salinity of the 0–120 cm soil depth (ECe) by RY = 100-20.7 (ECe-1.8). The study indicated that applying NSW for presowing irrigation to Mungbean is more beneficial than using it after blending with saline water.

Double line-source sprinkler system for determining the separate and interactive effects of water and salinity on forage corn

Abstract: The line-source sprinkler system provides a water application pattern which is uniform along the length of the plot and continuously variable across the plot. A double line-source system is described which makes it possible to determine simultaneously the response functions for two factors — salinity and water — and their interaction, on a relatively small area. It is based on two parallel sprinkler lines with overlapping wetting, supplied with water of different quality. The lines are fitted with groups of sprinklers with a range of nozzle sizes to produce different rates of water application. This modified line-source technique has the following advantages: (i) it produces a wide range of water application amounts in combination with a large gradient in water salinity; (ii) different rates of water application are obtained between the two lines within each salinity level; and (iii) on the side of the lines where no overlapping occurs, the use of different rates results in the application of the same amount of water at different distances from the line-source. This is in contrast to the common line-source arrangement, in which the amount of water falling at a given distance from the line is always the same. A study using the double line-source system was carried out to determine the interactive effects of water and salinity on forage corn.

Chemical Effects of Saline Irrigation Water on a San Joaquin Valley Soil: II. Field Soil Samples

Abstract: Representative samples were collected from the surface horizon of an Entisol in field plots that had received applied waters of differing quality over a 5-yr period while cropped with cotton (Gossypium sp.), wheat (Triticum sp.), and sugarbeets (Beta vulgaris L.). Irrigation was either with California Aqueduct water, saline well water, or a 1:1 mixture of the two. The soil samples were analyzed for saturation extract electrolytic conductivity (EC e ); soluble and exchangeable cations; and carbonate and gypsum content. (...)

Deep groundwaters in the crystalline basement of Finland, with implications for nuclear waste disposal studies

Abstract: A country-wide survey on deep groundwater composition and conditions has recently been performed within the Finnish part of the Precambrian crystalline Fennoscandian Shield. The results obtained from some 50 sampling sites, mainly drillholes made for ore prospecting purposes, demonstrate the heterogeneous compositions of groundwaters in the basement rocks. Chlorine values range from a few mg/l to 100 g/l. Compositional layering is evident and caused by increasing salinity with increasing depth. The geochemical and isotopic features of the saline and highly saline waters are indicative of the long residence times and isolated nature of these waters. Hence, these waters could be considered as potential repository environments. More detailed studies in the saline water environment are recommended.

Concurrent action of salinity and water stress on leaf gas exchange and water relations in tomato

Abstract: Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) grown in pots were irrigated for four weeks with 0.04,0.08,0.12 molai NaCl solutions and a control solution. Half the plants in each salt treatment were water stressed for five days. Single leaf gas exchange at near ambient C02, water consumption and plant water relations were measured. Both salt and water stress reduced growth, water potential and gas exchange rates. Well watered plants were only slightly stressed by a salt concentration of 0.04 molai, while plant growth continued at a concentration of 0.08 molai. Short-term water stress imposed greater stress than long-term salt stress; carbon exchange rate (CER) was partially limited by stomatal closure in the case of water stress and by mesophyll limitation with longer-term salinity treatments. Osmoregulation in response to salt stress did not impart particular tolerance to transient water stress.

Chemical Effects of Saline Irrigation Water on a San Joaquin Valley Soil: I. Column Studies

Abstract: A glasshouse soil column experiment was performed to characterize salinity and sodicity developed from waters of differing composition applied to a representative soil from the San Joaquin Valley of California. The soil column experiment was designed to simulate physicochemical conditions in a field experiment conducted in the western San Joaquin Valley, where an Entisol above a shallow, saline aquifer was irrigated with waters of varying quality. (...)

The Effect on Egg Shell Quality of Supplementing Saline Drinking Water with Sodium or Ammonium Bicarbonate

Abstract: Supplementing the town water supply of laying hens with 600 mg sodium chloride (NaCl)/L significantly decreased egg shell quality and significantly increased the incidence of egg shell defects without affecting egg production and egg weight or food and water intakes. A smaller, but still significant, increase in egg shell defects was also observed with sodium bicarbonate (NaHC03) supplementation of town water. Ammonium bicarbonate (NH4HC03) supplementation of town water had no significant effect on egg shell defects and, when added to drinking water containing NaC1, significantly reduced the incidence of shell defects. A smaller beneficial effect was observed when NaHCO3 was added to saline water. Ammonium bicarbonate, when added to saline drinking water at concentrations of 250 and 450 mg/L, reduced water intake, an effect not observed when these same supplements were added to town water. This suggests that the presence of NaCl in the water may affect kidney function so that the use of NH4HC03 may have limited value, especially at higher water salinities. Shell gland fluid composition was influenced less by treatment than by whether or not hens were laying eggs with defective shells.