Showing papers on "Saline water published in 1991"

Tomato fruit yields and quality under water deficit and salinity.

Abstract: Effects of deficit irrigation and irrigation with saline drainage water on processing tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cv. UC82B) yields, fruit quality, and fruit tissue constituents were investigated in two field experi- ments. Deficit irrigation reduced fruit water accumulation and fresh fruit yield, but increased fruit soluble solids levels and' led to higher concentrations of hexoses, citric acid, and potassium. Irrigation with saline water had no effect on total fresh fruit yield or hexose concentration, but slightly reduced fruit water content, which contributed to increased inorganic ion concentrations. Fruit set and marketable soluble solids (marketable red fruit yield x percent soluble solids) were generally unaffected by either irrigation practice. Water deficit and salinity increased starch concentration during early fruit development, but, at maturity, concentrations were reduced to < 1%, re- gardless of treatment. Higher fruit acid concentrations resulted from water deficit irrigation and from irrigation with saline water relative to the control in one year out of two. These results support the contention that deficit irrigation and irrigation with saline drainage water may be feasible crop water management options for producing high quality field-grown processing tomatoes without major yield reductions. Appropriate long-term strategies are needed to deal with the potential hazards of periodic increases in soil salinity associated with use of saline drainage water for irrigation.

Effects of salinity on spermatozoa motility, percentage of fertilized eggs and egg development of Baltic cod (Gadus morhua), and implications for cod stock fluctuations in the Baltic

Abstract: Variation in cod stock strength in the Baltic Sea is considered to be dependent on abiotic conditions such as salinity and water oxygen content in the spawning areas (the Baltic deep basins). Spawning cod were caught off northern Gotland, Sweden, from April to June in 1989 and 1990. Our investigation revealed a reduction in spermatozoan motility and a subsequent reduction in the percentage of fertilized eggs in salinities of 10 to 12‰. Normal egg development required a minimum salinity of 11‰. This coincides with the osmolality of the seminal plasma and egg yolk; i.e., the Baltic cod is adapted to hyperosmotic conditions for spawning and is thus totally dependent on periodical inflows of saline water from the North Sea.

Polymer Effects on the Hydraulic Conductivity of Saline and Sodic Soil Conditions

Abstract: Water used for irrigation in many semiarid regions of the world contains high levels of salinity and/or sodicity which affect hydraulic conductivity. Polymers mixed with the irrigation water may affect hydraulic conductivity. The hydraulic conductivity of a Haplic Durixeralfs soil classified as Arlington sandy loam was measured in disturbed laboratory columns using waters of various electrolyte concentrations, sodium adsorption ratios, and with or without a polymer. Cationic polysaccharide, guar derivative (CP-14), and very low negative charge polyacrylamide (2J) polymers were investigated. After passing several pore volumes of water through the soil, the soil was removed from the column, dried, sieved, and repacked into the columns. The hydraulic conductivity was then measured using city of Riverside, CA tap water. The greatest increase in hydraulic conductivity with CP-14 compared to the control occurred with SAR equal to 5 and at the two highest electrolyte concentrations. The 2J polymer was most effective in increasing hydraulic conductivity when it was added to the high electrolyte solution. During the second run with tap water, the hydraulic conductivity for no polymer and CP-14 treatments were similar to each other and less than the 2J treatment. The polyacrylamide apparently promoted aggregate stability to the soil when it is dried, whereas the guar did not. This behavior may be caused by the high molecular weight of the polyacrylamide.

Salt tolerance of prickly pear cactus (Opuntia ficus-indica)

Abstract: In view of the need to exploit saline water resources in agriculture in arid zones, we investigated the salt tolerance of Opuntia ficus-indica in plants growing in solution culture. Salt (NaCl) was added in concentrations ranging from 5 (control) to 200 mol m-3. Cladode growth was sensitive to salinity, being 60% of the control at 50 mol m-3 NaCl. The root-to-stem ratio decreased significantly only at 200 mol m-3. Various other parameters were studied, such as water content, Na, K and Cl content, osmotic pressure, and CO2 uptake. Of these parameters the decreases in cladode water content and CO2 uptake were related to the decrease in cladode growth. Raised salinity increased cladode osmotic pressure, which was associated with tissue dehydration. We concluded that osmotic adjustment does not occur in prickly pear under salt stress.

Effects of saline water on growth and survival of mottled duck ducklings in Louisiana

Abstract: We studied the effects of saline drinking water on the growth and survival of penned mottled duck (Anas fulvigula) ducklings at Rockefeller Wildlife Refuge in southwestern Louisiana in 1989. Duckling mortality at different salinities was 100% at 18 ppt, 90% at 15 ppt, and 10% at 12 ppt. No ducklings died within treatments of <12 ppt, but the growth rate of ducklings in the 12-ppt treatment was lower (P _ 0.05) than all lower salinity treatments. When ducklings were given 12-ppt salinity water and exercised, mortality would have exceeded 70%. Initial lethargy shown by ducklings in the 9-ppt treatment, combined with potentially high mortality of ducklings given 12-ppt salinity water and exercised, suggested that the upper salinity threshold tolerated by wild mottled duck broods lies within this range. We advocate creation and management of semi-impoundments in coastal Louisiana and Texas to prevent deterioration and/or loss of marshes of <9-ppt salinity to provide quality habitat for mottled duck broods and other species of flora and fauna dependent on these marshes. J. WILDL. MANAGE. 55(3):471-476 The mottled duck is a nonmigratory species occupying a restricted range in North and Central America. Isolated populations occur in Florida, central Mexico, and the coastal marshes from Mississippi westward to northern Veracruz, Mexico (Bellrose 1980). However, the greatest number (98%) of mottled ducks occurs in coastal marshes of Louisiana and Texas where there is an estimated breeding population of 110,000 (Stutzenbaker 1988). There is concern about the mottled duck because annual surveys conducted in Louisiana have indicated a 44% decline from 1971 to 1983 (Stutzenbaker 1988). Stutzenbaker (1988) hypothesized that the loss and deterioration of remaining habitat in both Texas and Louisiana might be responsible. Saltwater intrusion, in particular, has caused significant habitat changes in Louisiana marshes. From 1968 to 1978, for example, freshwater marsh vegetation decreased and saline vegetation increased, especially in areas transected by large canals (Chabreck and Linscombe 1982). Furthermore, saline drinking water may affect the condition of both adult and juvenile waterfowl (Windingstad et al. 1987, Tiejte and Teer 1988). Ducklings are even less tolerant of salt water than adult birds because their salt glands are poorly developed, especially at <6 days of age (Ellis et al. 1963, Schmidt-Nielsen and Kim 1964, Riggert 1977). Mallard ducklings, for instance, suffered mortality, reduced growth, and a variety of sublethal physiological abnormalities when exposed to high concentrations of sodium sulfate, magnesium sulfate, and saline water occurring in natural wetlands in Saskatchewan (Mitcham and Wobeser 1988a,b). In North Dakota, wild ducklings concentrated and fed around freshwater seepages on saline lakes (Swanson et al. 1984). Female mottled ducks often bypass less productive areas of marsh close to the nest while leading ducklings to more productive broodrearing areas (Baker 1983). Therefore, ducklings traveling through, or remaining in, marshes affected by saltwater intrusion could suffer decreased survivorship. Our study determined the effects of saline water on the growth and survival of mottled duck ducklings. We hypothesized that survivorship, growth rates, and levels of body mass and carcass components would decrease as salinity levels increased. Financial support was provided by private corporations and landowners concerned with wetland management in the Louisiana coastal zone. We are extremely grateful to R. G. Vincent, Jr., from the Miami Corp., B. N. Kirkpatrick from the J. G. Gray Estate, W. P. Hardeman from the Amoco Production Co., J. P. Donohue from the Vermilion Corp., T. Wright from the Sweetlake Land and Oil Co., and J. Woddard from the FINA Oil and Chemical Co. J. T. Joanen and W. G. Perry provided assistance and ideas throughout the study. W. M. Shields and L. W. VanDruff reviewed the manuscript, and

Effect of saline water on rice yields and soil properties in the Murrumbidgee Valley.

Abstract: Rice was grown on a transitional redbrown earth for 3 consecutive seasons and irrigated with saline groundwater of salinities 0.25, 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 dS/m. A 4.0 dS/m treatment was applied in the final year. Grain yield was only affected by the 4.0 dS/m treatment, where a 25% yield reduction occurred. Soil salinities increased with increasing salinity of applied treatments, reaching equilibrium after 3 years. The higher salinity treatments resulted in significantly increased rice field water consumption, attributed to increased infiltration rates. The presence of high electrolyte levels in the soil surface prevented any detrimental effect of increased soil sodium levels on soil properties. However, the communal supply system with potential cultivation of salt-sensitive species such as soybean, along with the potential for higher groundwater accessions, suggests that the salinity of irrigation water should be maintained as low as possible.

Determination of trace metals in saline irrigation drainage waters with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer after preconcentration by chelation-solvent extraction

Abstract: Preconcentration of Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, V, Mo, Ni, Co, Cr, Tl, Ga, Au, U Hg, Se, As, Sn, Sb, Bi, and Te from saline water is described using multielement chelation with ammonium pyrrolidinedithiocarbamate extracted into chloroform. Extract residues were taken up in dilute nitric acid solution for analysis by simultaneous multielement inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES). Recovery percentages of elements at low microgram per liter levels in spiked saline samples ranged from 92 to 102%. Saline agricultural drainage and evaporation pond water samples from the San Joaquin Valley, CA, were analyzed by this method. In the case of U, the accuracy of the combined procedure was confirmed by an independent method.

Effects of irrigation frequency, salinity of irrigation water, and soil type on growth and response of bermudagrass

Abstract: An important irrigation management decision when using saline waste‐waters is the proper selection of the irrigation frequency. The objective of this research was to determine the impact irrigation frequency had on the growth of common bermudagrass ( Cynodon dactylon (L.) Pers.) when irrigating with saline waters of three different concentrations on three different soil types. Bermudagrass was grown for an 18‐month period as an extension to a previous 2‐year salinity study. Bermudagrass was grown in large columns packed with three different soil types (sandy loam, silt loam, and clay). Saline water was synthesized and applied at three different salinity levels (electrical conductivities of 1.5, 3.0, and 6.0 dS m‐1). Irrigations were applied at a rate beyond measured evapotranspiration to establish a leaching fraction of 0.15 on all columns. Irrigations were applied at either one, two, or four times per week. Soil salinity was measured in soil cores taken before and after the experiment. Dry matte...

Complexing properties of humic substances isolated from sea water; the contribution of these substances to complexing capacities of water from the Baltic Sea and geochemical implications of this phenomenon

Abstract: Some 20% of the cadmium, 60% of the lead and 70% of the copper dissolved in the Baltic Sea occur in the form of organic complexes, as revealed by differential pulse anodic stripping voltammetry (DPASV) analyses. Complexing capacities in the ranges 0.8–1.7 µg/l (Pb), 1.4–3.2 µg/l (Cu), and 0.3 µg/l (Cd) were also found. Complexing capacities of humic substances account for 70–90% of those of sea water, indicating that these substances are responsible for the major part of the complexing properties of the Baltic water. Aqueous solutions of humic substances exhibit decreasing complexing capacities with increasing salinity. This suggests major changes in proportion of dissolved species in the mixing zone of fresh and saline water. Some 60% of the complexed lead and 40% of the complexed copper were released from organic complexes in water from the Vistula River when salinity was increased in laboratory experiments.

High Saline Water-Table Effect on Wheat Irrigation

Abstract: Hydraulic, weighing lysimeters were used for five years to measure the effect of high, saline water tables on irrigation requirement of wheat. Each year the wheat was grown with no water table and with water-table combinations of 60 and 105 cm depth and 0.66, 3.0, and 6.0 dS/m salinity. The portion of total seasonal evapotranspiration supplied from the ground water was strongly affected by water table depth and slightly affected by the salinity of the water in the saturated zone. The paper suggests that surface irrigations may be reduced when shallow water tables are present.

Tomato Production and Soil Salt Distribution under Line-Source Trickle Irrigation

Abstract: Yield of red cherry tomatoes and soil salt distribution as affected by different amounts and salinities of irrigation water was studied in a field plot experiment during the summer of 1988 at Utah State University. Four different amounts of fresh water and two amounts of saline water were imposed with line source trickle irrigation on a sandy loam soil in lysimeters. Tomato yield and seasonal evapotranspiration increased in a linear fashion with increasing irrigation water. Tomato yields with fresh water (EC = 0.33 dS/m) were significantly higher than with saline (EC = 4.0 dS/m) water. There were no significant differences in seasonal evapotranspiration between the two salinity levels with two levels of deficit irrigation. Soil water depletion and availability decreased as the soil water salinity increased. Soil water salinities increased with both vertical and horizontal distance from trickle lines and reached a maximum at the bottom of the wetted area and between trickle lines.

Elemental and Geochemical Analysis of the Umm-Khurisan Spring Water (Al-Hasa Area, Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia)

Abstract: The Umm-Khurisan spring is a small spring, located in the Al-Hasa area in the Eastern Province of Saudi Arabia. The high concentrations of total hardness, total disolved solids, Cl−, NO− 3 and F−, and the high value of the electrical conductivity of the spring water are above the limits recommended by the World Health Organization standards with regard to potability. Concentrations, of other minor constituents are around these limits. Therefore, it is recommended that the Umm-Khurisan spring water should not be used for drinking purposes. The Umm-Kurisan water is a saline water with medium sodium hazard. Such water should be used only on soils of moderate to good permeability. The Umm-Kurisan spring water probably is of meteoric origin of deep percolating water.

Processing of lamprey

Abstract: PURPOSE:To prevent the generation of ill odor caused by oxidation without deteriorating the nutrient value of lamprey by removing guts from a living lamprey, washing the meat with chilled water, immersing in saline water, heating in a solution containing vitamin E and freezing and storing in deoxidized state. CONSTITUTION:A living lamprey is dressed, the guts and marrows are removed and the meat is washed with chilled water and immersed in 3% saline water to completely remove the blood. The meat is thrown into a solution produced by mixing natural vitamin E to inactivated water, e.g. a solution produced by mixing 50l of water with 50-150g of natural vitamin E emulsion, 30-60g of a malic acid salt and 30-60g of green salt and is boiled in the solution for 3-5min. The meat is cooled, frozen and stored in deoxidized state.