Showing papers on "Saline water published in 1992"
TL;DR: Evaluated tilapia culture in saline waters finds that it is technically feasible to produce seed by clutch-removal management technique in salinities less than 18 ppt and to grow the fish in 35 ppt, but production technology needs to be verified in several locations.
207 citations
TL;DR: Yield was affected not only by the salinity of the tissue in the current season, but also by tissue salinity in the preceding seasons, and decreases in photosynthetic rate are the probable cause of the severe yield and growth reductions in salinised vines.
Abstract: Effects of salinity on the mineral composition, growth and physiology of field-grown sultana grapevines were studied by adding NaCl solution to River Murray water. Five salt treatments, ranging between 0.37 and 3.47 dS m-l, were applied for six seasons. Petiole levels of Cl and Na were better predictors of yield than were lamina levels. There was no evidence of safe threshold salinity levels, so grapevine growers should aim to keep tissue salinity levels as low as possible, certainly below 1.5% and 0.5% for petiole Cl and Na respectively. Yield was affected not only by the salinity of the tissue in the current season, but also by tissue salinity in the preceding seasons. A model was developed which included previous tissue salinity measurements. Salt treatment reduced all growth parameters measured-pruning weight, shoot length, cane number and leaf and petiole weight. Decreases in stomatal conductance and photosynthesis were measured in the field in leaves of salinised vines, but leaf water potential was not affected. These decreases in photosynthetic rate are the probable cause of the severe yield and growth reductions in salinised vines.
101 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined four singlezone completion wells in carbonate petroleum reservoirs to investigate the potential for microbially enhanced oil recovery, and found that a small, but metabolically diverse, microbial community was detected in each of the produced water samples.
Abstract: Production fluids from four single‐zone completion wells in carbonate petroleum reservoirs were examined chemically and microbiologically to investigate the potential for microbially enhanced oil recovery in carbonate reservoirs. The water analysis indicated a lack of soluble nitrogen and phosphorus in these reservoir fluids. Three of the wells were highly saline, as expected, but one produced water containing <0.5% sodium chloride. Microorganisms with metabolisms useful for microbially enhanced oil recovery were enriched from the highly saline water produced from these three wells. A small, but metabolically diverse, microbial community was detected in each of the produced water samples. Although reservoir temperatures ranged from 44 to 63 °C, the highest viable counts were obtained at mesophilic temperatures. The results from this study are consistent with a hypothesis that, physical conditions permitting, carbonate petroleum reservoirs contain microbial populations that could be stimulated for...
73 citations
TL;DR: The earlier maturing cvs Atica and Desiree were the least susceptible to the moderate salinity imposed throughout the entire growing season; however, no association was noted between maturation time and the response to salinity.
Abstract: Summary
The response of potato cultivars to water salinity was studied under field conditions in sandy loessial soil in the arid desert of Southern Israel. The potatoes were drip-irrigated with water of three different salinities: water commonly used for irrigation (1.0–1.4 dS m-1); saline water from a local well (6.1–6.9 dS m-1); and a mixture of the two (3.84.3 dS m-1). Salinity retarded plant emergence, enhanced haulm senescence and reduced growth of both haulms and tubers. Increasing the salinity progressively reduced tuber yields. Application of the saline water well after plant establishment (Expt A) decreased tuber yields by 615% and 22–31% in the intermediate and the high salinities, respectively. When irrigation with saline water was started soon after planting (Expt B), tuber yields were decreased by 0–17% and 21–79% in the intermediate and the high salinities, respectively. When the tubers emerged in salinised soil, tuber yields were decreased by 21–54% and 42–59% in the intermediate and the high salinities, respectively. A differential response of various cultivars to salinity was observed. None of the potato cultivars or clones exhibited exceptional tolerance to severe salinity. The earlier maturing cvs Atica and Desiree were the least susceptible to the moderate salinity imposed throughout the entire growing season; however, no association was noted between maturation time and the response to salinity.
70 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the relationship between water hardness, salinity, and a mixture of trace elements found in irrigation drain waters entering Stillwater Wildlife Management Area (SWMA), near Fallon, Nevada.
Abstract: Acute toxicity tests with reconstituted water were conducted to investigate the relationship between water hardness, salinity, and a mixture of trace elements found in irrigation drain waters entering Stillwater Wildlife Management Area (SWMA), near Fallon, Nevada. The SWMA has been the site of many fish kills in recent years, and previous toxicity studies indicated that one drain water, Pintail Bay, was acutely toxic to organisms acclimated or cultured in fresh water or salt water. This toxicity could reflect both the ionic composition of this saline water and the presence of trace elements. The lowest water salinity tested with Daphnia magna was near the upper salinity tolerance of these organisms; therefore, we were unable to differentiate between the toxic effects of ion composition and those of trace elements. In toxicity tests conducted with striped bass (Morone saxatilis), we found that the extent to which salinity was lethal to striped bass depended on the ion composition of that salinity. Survival of striped bass increased as hardness increased. In addition, a trace element mixture was toxic to striped bass, even though the concentrations of individual elements were below expected acutely lethal concentrations. Although salinity is an important water quality characteristic, the ionic composition of the water must be considered when one assesses the hazard of irrigation drain waters to aquatic organisms.
56 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, extensive reforestation has been tested on a site which was 35% cleared and converted to pasture in the 1950s, and the results showed that the reforestation was succesful in substantially lowering the saline groundwater table across the site.
52 citations
TL;DR: Salinity did not affect the percent emergence or the number of hermaphrodite flowers in any of the cultivars, although the fresh water treatment produced slightly more staminate flowers.
Abstract: Emergence, flowering, yield and fruit quality factors were examined in three salinity treatments in melons. They were: (i) fresh water (electrical conductivity ECW = 1.2 dS/m) for germination and all growth; (ii) saline water (ECW = 6.5 dS/m) for germination and all growth; and (iii) fresh water for germination and initial growth and then saline water for subsequent growth. Three cultivars were examined, Galia, BG3 and BG5. Salinity did not affect the percent emergence or the number of hermaphrodite flowers in any of the cultivars, although the fresh water treatment produced slightly more staminate flowers. Salinity reduced both initial and total vegetative growth in all cultivars. Salinity also reduced mean fruit weight in the three cultivars, although not to the same degree. Salinity did not affect the number of fruit produced. Fruit constituent factors were for the most part unaffected by salinity. After emergence and initial growth, the two salinity treatments did not differ in vegetative growth, yiel...
47 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of cyclic or blending application of irrigation waters of two salinity levels on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and on a corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop rotation were investigated.
Abstract: Large quantities of saline water frequently exist in irrigated areas of the world. Various strategies have been proposed to use these saline waters. Blending involves mixing saline water with good quality water to an acceptable salinity and then using this water to irrigate crops. The cyclic strategy uses waters of various salinities separately either during one season or in a crop rotation as a function of the crop's salt tolerance. A multi-seasonal transient state model, known as the modified van Genuchten-Hanks model, was used to investigate the effects of cyclic or blending application of irrigation waters of two salinity levels on alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.), and on a corn (Zea mays L.) and cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) crop rotation. Simulated alfalfa yields were similar for the cyclic and blending strategies that applied the same amount of salt and water. The cyclic strategy produced higher simulated yields of salt-sensitive corn than the blending strategy, whereas the simulated salt-tolerant cotton yield was not affected by the two strategies. The beneficial effects of the cyclic strategy on corn production decreased under deficit irrigation.
42 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared three mathematical models of varying complexity and input requirement: a quasi steady state analytical model (QSSAM), a transient state analytical (TSAM), and a numerical model (NM).
Abstract: Summary. Shallow saline water tables underlie large areas of the clay soils in the Murray basin of Australia. Accurate estimation of capillary rise is important in formulating management strategies to avoid degradation of such soils. Measured capillary rise from a saline water table was compared with capillary rise estimated by three mathematical models of varying complexity and input requirement. A quasi steady state analytical model (QSSAM), a transient state analytical model (TSAM) and a numerical model (NM) were used. An undisturbed heavy clay soil core of 0.75 m diameter and 1.4 m deep was subjected to a static saline water table at 1.2 m from the surface. A wheat crop was grown on the core and the weekly capillary rise from the water table was measured. The electrical conductivity of a I : 2 soil : water extract was determined at 0.15 m depth intervals before and 21 weeks after the introduction of the saline water table. The QSSAM did not satisfactorily estimate the initial wetting of the subsoil and the estimated capillary rise was considerably lower than the measured values. Capillary rise estimated by the TSAM was reasonably close to the measured values, but the weekly rates fluctuated considerably. The NM estimated capillary rise quite satisfactorily throughout the experiment. Except near the soil surface, the electrical conductivity values estimated by the NM were close to the measured values. For estimating total capillary rise over large areas, the TSAM is preferred over the NM because of its fewer input requirements and shorter execution time.
34 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of water salinity on feed and water intake of nine yearling Holstein steers (avg weight 234 kg) was evaluated to evaluate the influence on ruminal and serum characteristics.
Abstract: Nine yearling Holstein steers (avg weight 234 kg) were used to evaluate the influence of water salinity on feed and water intake, as well as several ruminal and serum characteristics. The ruminally cannulated steers were individually fed low-quality mixed hay simulating a range diet. Steers were assigned randomly to receive either control (C) water containing 350 ppm total dissolved solids (TDS) or a treated water (HS) containing 2,300 ppm TDS. The experiment included a 14-day adjustment period and a 15-day measurement period. High-saline water did not affect (P = 0.18) feed or water intake, although there was a tendency for greater consumption of both feed and water in HS steers. The HS steers had slower (P = 0.10) particulate passage rates and longer (P = 0.06) rumen retention times on day 1 of the measurement period, indicating possible differences in particle density and (or) particle size. On day 1, undigested dry matter (DM) fill was greater (P = 0.05) in HS steers compared with C (80.7 vs 61.5 g/kg BW); similar trends occurred on day 8. The HS steers also had greater (P = 0.02) rumen fluid volumes, but similar (P = 0.45) fluid dilution rates compared with C steers. No in situ DM disappearance differences were detected (P greater than or equal to 0.38) at incubation times ranging from 12 to 72 hours. No clinical or sub-clinical toxicological symptoms were observed in HS compared with C steers. This study suggests that cattle can ingest saline water containing 2,300 ppm TDS on a short-term basis with no adverse effects.
23 citations
TL;DR: In this article, total evaporation (E ) was measured on lupin crops of differing leaf area per unit ground area in southwestern Australia and the feasibility of increasing water use in order to reduce recharge to rising, shallow, saline water tables.
TL;DR: In this paper, the cumulative effects of salinity and sediment concentration variation on the spectral reflectance measurement from a sediment-laden saline water was studied in the laboratory using a spectroradiometer.
Abstract: The cumulative effects of salinity and sediment concentration variation on the spectral reflectance measurement from a sediment-laden saline water was studied in the laboratory using a spectroradiometer. Reflectance is observed to be dependent on salinity concentration in addition to sediment type and concentration. It is also observed that, in general, the spectral response (i.e. per cent reflectance at different wavelengths) has a negative correlation with salinity, but a positive correlation with sediment concentration. A model for predicting the suspended sediment concentration from reflectance measurements with due involvement of the salinity variation is developed. The predicted and observed values of the sediment concentration by the presented model show good agreement.
TL;DR: In this paper, the melting of ice in pure and saline water, contained in a closed cavity, at water temperatures of 4 °C, 7°C, 8 °C and 9°C and a water salinity of 0‰ and 2‰, respectively, was investigated numerically and experimentally.
Abstract: Melting of ice in pure and saline water, contained in a closed cavity, at water temperatures of 4 °C, 7 °C, 8 °C and 9 °C and a water salinity of 0‰ and 2‰, respectively, was investigated numerically and experimentally. The flow was laminar and is characterized by single diffusive convection in the case of melting in pure water and by double diffusive convection in the case of melting in saline water. A two area flow structure was found in pure water and a five area flow structure in saline water, as long as density inversion conditions were maintained. For 4 °C no density inversion exists and one main vortex characterizes the flow for pure as well as for saline water. The Nusselt number at the ice block shows a strong variation due to the complex flow structure and the melt contour is shaped according to the local Nusselt number distribution.
TL;DR: Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius), were subjected to dilutions of saline water from natural springs near Glenwood Springs, Colorado, to determine salinity tolerance and aquaculture potential ofsquawfish in this water, indicating thatSquawfish survival in higher salinity spring water was not possible.
Abstract: Colorado squawfish (Ptychocheilus lucius), were subjected to dilutions of saline water from natural springs near Glenwood Springs, Colorado, to determine salinity tolerance and aquaculture potential of squawfish in this water. Lethal salinity to 50 percent of the fish (96 h LC50) was 13.1 g l−1, indicating that squawfish survival in higher salinity spring water was not possible.
TL;DR: Saline water increased the incidence of egg shell defects without affecting food and water intakes, egg production or egg weight and Supplementation of the diet or drinking water with ascorbic acid prevented the increase in shell defects and the decrease in shell quality.
Abstract: Three experiments were conducted to determine whether the poor shell quality of eggs from hens receiving saline drinking water could be improved by the simultaneous addition of ascorbic acid to the diet. In one experiment, the responses were compared with those of hens receiving ascorbic acid in the drinking water. In this experiment, providing the ascorbic acid in the drinking water on a daily basis was compared with dosing the water on alternate days. The results showed that saline water increased the incidence of egg shell defects without affecting food and water intakes, egg production or egg weight. Changes in a range of shell quality measures mirrored the changes in the incidence of egg shell defects. Supplementation of the diet or drinking water with ascorbic acid prevented the increase in shell defects and the decrease in shell quality. The degree of response to dietary ascorbic acid was dependent on the concentration used, a response similar to that observed previously when the ascorbic acid was added to the drinking water.
TL;DR: In this article, the interaction between salinity and nitrogen (N) fertiliser in perennial ryegrass growing in the Shepparton Irrigation Area of northern Victoria was examined.
Abstract: This study examines the interaction between salinity and nitrogen (N) fertiliser in perennial pastures growing in the Shepparton Irrigation Area of northern Victoria. In a greenhouse experiment, perennial ryegrass was irrigated with 5 concentrations of sodium chloride (100-6000 mg NaCl/L) and fertilised with 5 concentrations of N (25-800 mg/L). Nitrogen at 200 mg/L was optimum for dry matter yield; at N concentrations >200 mg/L, yield declined. Dry matter yield was greater at 750 mg NaCl/L than at 100 mg NaCl/L but was reduced with further increases in salinity. Significant interactions between salinity and N were recorded for dry matter, and for chloride, Na, potassium, and magnesium concentrations in perennial ryegrass. In a field experiment, the growth of mixed perennial ryegrass-white clover pastures irrigated with saline water [53000 mg/L of total dissolved solids (TDS)] also responded to N applications. With no added N, yield (2-year average) decreased from 16 630 to 11 277 kg DM/ha (32% decrease) with an increase in salinity from 100 to 3000 mg TDS/L. With 150 kg N/ha, the average yield was 17681 kg DM/ha at 100 mg TDSL and 14 123 kg DM/ha at 3000 mg TDS/L (20% decrease). Form of N (calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, or urea) had no significant effect on yield at 150 kg N/ha. Application of urea at 150 kg N/ha to pastures irrigated with water of salinity up to 3000 mg TDS/L would be economically justifiable.
TL;DR: In this article, the diffusion of uranium dissolved from uranium oxide fuel was studied experimentally in compacted sodium bentonite (Wyoming bentonite MX-80), and the parameters varied in the study were the density of bentonite, the salt content of the solution and the redox conditions.
Abstract: In this study the diffusion of uranium dissolved from uranium oxide fuel was studied experimentally in compacted sodium bentonite (Wyoming bentonite MX-80). The parameters varied in the study were the density of bentonite, the salt content of the solution and the redox conditions. In the studies with non-saline water of total dissolved solids about 300 ppm, uranium was both in aerobic and anaerobic experiments as anionic complexes and followed the anionic diffusion mechanism. Anion exclusion decreased effective diffusion coefficients, especially in more dense samples. In the studies with saline water of total dissolves solids about 35000 ppm, uranium appeared in the aerobic experiments probably as cationic complexes and followed the cationic diffusion mechanism. Uranium in the saline, anaerobic experiment was probably U(OH) 4 and followed the diffusion mechanism of neutral species.
Journal Article•
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: In this article, a direct-current resistivity survey was made as an alternative to the costly and time-consuming method of well drilling in the part of the Oxnard plain where ground water is believed to be most affected by seawater.
Abstract: It has been estimated in previous studies that 23 square miles of the Oxnard aquifer, a member of a multi-layered aquifer system beneath the Oxnard plain in Ventura County, California, has been contaminated as a result of seawater intrusion. To investigate this and other potential sources of saline water, a direct-current resistivity survey was made as an alternative to the costly and time-consuming method of well drilling in the part of the Oxnard plain where ground water is believed to be most affected by seawater. Findings from this survey and water-quality data collected from wells as part of this study suggest that the extent of seawater intrusion is much less than reported. A field inventory of the current monitoring-well network utilized by managing agencies suggests that the integrity of most of the well casings is questionable. Leakage of saline water from an unconfined `perched zone' through these and other failed or corroded well casings is a possible source of increasing chloride concentration in the underlying Oxnard aquifer. Saline water also may be present in fine-grained deposits along the eastern limit of the Oxnard aquifer. Pumping near this area could induce the lateral migration of saline water from these deposits.
Patent•
22 Apr 1992
TL;DR: In this article, the size of draining holes and the thickness of the soil layer were adjusted to supply a crop with necessary amount of water for growth without causing the accumulation of salt on the soil surface.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To supply a crop with necessary amount of water for growth without causing the accumulation of salt on the soil surface by specifying the size of draining hole and the thickness of soil layer CONSTITUTION:The objective floating seedling bed 1 is floatable on an irrigation pond 8 and has a buoyancy capable of supporting a man on a soil layer 7 The size of draining holes 4 and the thickness of the soil layer 7 are adjusted so that the necessary minimum amount of water for the growth of a crop 11 is supplied to the crop taking consideration of the salt concentration of the irrigation pond and the salt-resistance of the crop 11 to be cultured on the soil layer
TL;DR: Effects of geothermal saline water on white shrimp, eastern oyster, and freshwater prawn during 96-h exposures were observed, and white shrimp and eastern oysters experienced sublethal effects consistent with heavy metal toxicity.
Abstract: Effects of geothermal saline water on white shrimp (Penaeus setiferus), eastern oyster (Crassostrea virginica), and freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii) during 96-h exposures were observed. White shrimp and eastern oysters experienced sublethal effects consistent with heavy metal toxicity. Prawns did not express visible sublethal effects during short-term exposures; however, survival and growth were depressed during 60-d tests.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of water salinity, dissolved compounds, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and relative velocity on the corrosion of steel were investigated, and the effect of pH on the sulphide solution was also investigated.
Abstract: This work deals with the effects of water salinity, dissolved compounds, dissolved oxygen, temperature, and relative velocity, on the corrosion of steel. The experimentation consisted of mild steel corrosion and its inhibition in saline water through the use of sodium benzoate, sodium hexametaphosphate, sodium nitrate and sodium sulphide. The effect of pH on the sulphide solution was also investigated. Among the inhibitors studied, sodium hexametaphosphate was found to be the most effective.
TL;DR: Feeding juveniles of interior-spawning populations in fresh water for up to 2 months is a viable method of early rearing and could be considered as an enhancement technique in selected circumstances.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple laboratory experiment with a combined Hele-Shaw and heat conduction cell was conducted to show that the critical power required for the interface between saline and fresh water to reach the free surface is proportional to the relative density difference and to the thickness of the fresh water layer.
01 Jan 1992
TL;DR: The Uinta structural and topographic basin, located in northeastern Utah, contains many of the state's major oil and gas fields during the production of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons from these fields, water of varying salinities is normally co-produced as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: The Uinta structural and topographic basin, located in northeastern Utah, contains many of the state’s major oil and gas fields During the production of liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons from these fields, water of varying salinities is normally co-produced The cumulative production of saline water from these fields, through December 1990, is approximately 1346 billion barrels It is produced mainly from reservoirs in the Green River and Wasatch Formations in the oil fields of Duchesne and Uintah Counties The water/oil ratio within these two counties is increasing over time This is due to normal encroachment of formation water into the oil and gas reservoirs and increased use of water-flood production techniques Four methods are used to dispose of most of the co-produced saline water These include regulated surface discharge; reinjection back into the ground during water flood or enhanced oil-recovery projects; reinjection into salt-water disposal wells; and disposal into large, open, salt-water evaporation pits Uinta Basin oil well saline waters vary in total dissolved solids (salinity) and chemistry both vertically and laterally within individual formations, and throughout the basin The six major ions (or ion-pairs) present in the saline water include sodium (plus potassium), magnesium, calcium, chloride, sulfate and bicarbonate (plus carbonate) Each of the six ions appears to vary independently throughout the basin Areas where the saline water contains low sulfate, magnesium and calcium, and high sodium and chloride, are coincident with the basin’s major oil fields Depending on economic factors, potentially-valuable mineral salts or saturated brines could be produced from these saline waters through the processes of solar evaporation and salt precipitation
TL;DR: In this paper, the deuterium and oxygen-18 stable isotopes of perched water encountered in the uniformly laid plots of Lunkaransar State Agricultural Farm and its vicinity in the Indira Gandhi Canal Command, Rajasthan, have been found to vary due to landuse, lateral and vertical flow of irrigation water drawn from the canal and the processes of salinization.
TL;DR: Shennan et al. as mentioned in this paper evaluated the effectiveness of winter cover crop incorporation and surface gypsum applications relative to conventional fallows for maintaining/improving soil physical properties, stand establishment and crop productivity.
Abstract: Author(s): Shennan, Carol | Abstract: This recently-completed 3-year field study evaluated the effectiveness of winter cover crop incorporation and surface gypsum applications relative to conventional fallows for maintaining/improving soil physical properties, stand establishment and crop productivity in a cropping system relying on saline drainage water for irrigation. Six amendment/soil cover treatments were imposed on a rotation of tomato-tomato-cotton as summer crops. Drainage water accounted for about 70% of the total water applied over the course of the experiment. Yields of toamtoes irrigated with saline water were maintained relative to non-saline irrigation in year 1, but were decreased by 33% in year 2. Estimated cotton lint yields of plants irrigated with saline drainage water in 1994, following two seasons of drainage water irrigation, were similar to yields of plants irrigated exclusively with non-saline water. Soil surface crust strength, measured by micro penetrometer was lower in gypsum and cover-crop amended plots relative to saline water irrigated fallow plots during the period of cotton seedling emergence in 1994 in the third year of the experiment. Water stable aggregation was increased following cover crop incorporation relative to saline fallows. Following two seasons of saline drainage water reuse, emergence of cotton seedlings was highest in gypsum-amended plots, but considerably lower in cover crop incorporated plots. Mechanisms accounting for poor establishment following cover crop incorporation may include higher incidences of seed and seedling pathogens in plots where cover crop residues had been incorporated into the soil, and stubble-reinforced surface crusts that resulted in interconnected slabs that impeded timely seedling emergence. These findings and increasing soil surface ECe and SAR values during the course of this study point to the need for special management practices for sustained crop production if drainage water is routinely used.