Showing papers on "Saline water published in 2005"
TL;DR: In this paper, Salinity, sodicity and toxicity problems in soils not only reduce crop productivity and quality, but also limit the choice of crops and reduce the selection of crops.
128 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an irrigation experiment with saline water at different concentrations was carried out over a 7-year period on the same clay-silty soil in the Volturno Valley at Vitulazio to evaluate long-term effects of irrigation with NaCl on crops and soil.
124 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of two water management strategies i.e. alternate and mixed supply of fresh [canal water (0.55 ǫdS/m)] and saline [drainage water (4.2 ǔ s/m] water in six ratios applied through drip and furrow method on tomato yield and growth, and salt concentration in the root zone were investigated in the Nile Delta, Egypt.
124 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is provided that arbuscular mycorrhiza can be much more effective than kinetin applications in protecting mungbean plants against the detrimental effects of salt water.
Abstract: Increasing use of saline water in irrigation can markedly change the physical and chemical properties of soil. An experiment was carried out to investigate the interaction between the mycorrhizal fungus Glomus clarum, isolated from a saline soil, and kinetin on the growth and physiology of mungbean plants irrigated with different dilutions of seawater (0, 10, 20, and 30%). The growth, chlorophyll concentration and sugar content of mycorrhizal plants was greater than that of non-mycorrhizal plants under all conditions (with or without seawater). The dry weight of both mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal mungbean plants irrigated with 10% seawater was significantly increased by treatment with kinetin. The mycorrhizal symbiosis increased root:shoot dry weight ratio, concentrations of N, P, K, Ca and Mg, plant height, protein content, nitrogen or phosphorus-use efficiencies, and root nitrogenase, acid or alkaline phosphatase activities of seawater-irrigated mungbean plants, with little or no effect of kinetin. Kinetin treatment generally decreased chlorophyll concentration and sugar content in mycorrhizal plants as well as Na/N, Na/P Na/K, Na/Ca and Na/Mg ratios. Root colonization by G. clarum was increased by irrigation with seawater, and kinetin had no consistent effect on fungal development in roots. This study provides evidence that arbuscular mycorrhiza can be much more effective than kinetin applications in protecting mungbean plants against the detrimental effects of salt water.
121 citations
TL;DR: Major differences in the negative slopes of the correlation lines indicate that decreases in plant water uptake, from 3.5 to 5% per dS m −1 , are cultivar-specific and cannot be generalised.
110 citations
TL;DR: Application of saline water from fruiting onward did not reduce marketable fruit yield and increased fruit quality (TSS and maturity index) in both cultivars, and salt tolerance exhibited higher salt tolerance than Amarillo Oro on the basis of fruit yield.
95 citations
TL;DR: It was concluded that disease increases effected by saline water are associated with the latter's effect on plant response, and plants which were preirrigated with saline water were more severely diseased than those preir irrigated with tap water.
Abstract: We studied the effect of water salinity on the incidence and severity of crown and root rot disease of tomato, as well as on the pathogen and on the plant's response to the pathogen. Irrigation with saline water significantly increased disease severity in tomato transplants inoculated with Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. radicis-lycopersici, and mineral fertilization further increased it. In one field experiment, disease incidence in plots irrigated with saline water (electrical conductivity [EC] = 3.2 +/- 0.1 dS m(-1)) and in those irrigated with fresh water (EC = 0.4 +/- 0.1 dS m(-1)) was 75 and 38%, respectively. Disease onset was earlier and yield was lower in plots irrigated with saline water. In a second field experiment, final disease incidence 250 days after planting, was 12% in plants which had been irrigated with saline water (EC = 4.6 +/- 0.1 dS m(-1)) and 4% in those irrigated with fresh water (EC = 1.2 +/- 0.1 dS m(-1)). Irrigation of tomato transplants with 20 mM NaCl did not inhibit plant development, but partial inhibition was observed at higher NaCl concentrations. Growth of the pathogen in culture or survival of conidia added to soil were not affected by saline water. Plants which were preirrigated with saline water were more severely diseased than those preirrigated with tap water. It was concluded that disease increases effected by saline water are associated with the latter's effect on plant response.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of residual salts from the previous summer irrigations on plant growth, yield and mineral composition of cauliflower and broccoli, two non-irrigated winter crops, were investigated.
75 citations
TL;DR: The nutrient discharges and DIN/PO4 ratios in the freshened surface layer were much higher and more variable in the period before the mucilage event in 2001 than in 2000 and particularly in 2002, although intensity and duration of the 2001 event were the lowest.
68 citations
TL;DR: The agronomic implications of these results suggest that the cultivation of cabbage in some Mediterranean environments is still feasible at moderate/low salinity (0.25% NaCl) and highlight physiological responses, which certainly require further investigation.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of metal immobilizing substances and NaCl salinity on the availability of heavy metals: Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).
Abstract: The objective of the investigation was to evaluate the effect of immobilizing substances and NaCl salinity on the availability of heavy metals: Zn, Cd, Cu, Ni, and Pb to wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). In greenhouse pot experiment, a sewage sludge amended soil was treated with the following immobilizing substances: three clay minerals (Na-bentonite, Ca-bentonite and zeolite), iron oxides (goethite and hematite), and phosphate fertilizers (superphosphate and Novaphos). The pots were planted with wheat and were irrigated either with deionized or saline water containing 1600 mg L−1 NaCl. Wheat was harvested two times for shoot metal concentrations and biomass measurements. Metal species in soil solution were estimated using the software MINEQL+. The addition of metal immobilizing substances to the soil significantly decreased metal availability to wheat. The largest reduction in metal bioavailability was found for bentonites. The irrigation with saline water (1600 mg L−1 NaCl) resulted in a significant increas...
TL;DR: Survival and growth of PL in inland saline water of 12.5 g L−1 salinity similar to performance in sea water of the same salinity was achieved by increasing the potassium concentration from 30.03 to 200 mg L −1 with calcium and magnesium levels of 199.5 and 199.4 mg-L 1 respectively.
Abstract: A series of four trials were conducted on inland saline groundwater of 58 g L−1 diluted to lower salinities up to 10 g L−1 and later manipulating its ionic concentrations to enhance the survival and growth of Penaeus monodon postlarvae (PL). In the first experiment, the survival of PL was tested at several salinities (10, 20, 30, 40, 50 and 58 g L−1), and the survival of PL was studied in comparison with natural sea water of similar salinities. Complete mortality of PL was observed at all salinity levels within 144 h. Longest survival for 96 h followed by 72 h was found at 10 and 20 g L−1 salinity respectively. In the second experiment, survival of PL was tested at 10–20 g L−1 salinity at different concentrations of calcium varying between 100 and 300 mg L−1. The survival of PL could be increased to 7 days at 12.5 g L−1 salinity by reducing the calcium level to 200 from 921.8 mg L−1 with magnesium and potassium levels of 208.5 and 30.03 mg L−1 respectively. In the third experiment, the survival of PL could be further enhanced to 18 days at the same salinity by increasing the magnesium level from 208.5 to 400 mg L−1 with potassium held at 30.03 mg L−1. Survival and growth of PL in inland saline water of 12.5 g L−1 salinity similar to performance in sea water of the same salinity was achieved by increasing the potassium concentration from 30.03 to 200 mg L−1 with calcium and magnesium levels of 199.5 and 199.4 mg L−1 respectively.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of sodium chloride (NaCl)-induced salinity on concentration and translocation of ions and soluble sugars in three commercial pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) was studied, after rooting of cuttings, they were planted in the plastic pots contained sand:perlite (1:1) medium and irrigated with complete Hoagland's solution immediately.
Abstract: The effect of sodium chloride (NaCl)-induced salinity on concentration and translocation of ions and soluble sugars in three commercial cultivars, ‘Alak Torsh,’ ‘Malas Torsh,’ ‘Malas Shirin,’ of pomegranate (Punica granatum L.) was studied. After rooting of cuttings, they were planted in the plastic pots contained sand:perlite (1:1) medium and irrigated with complete Hoagland’s solution immediately. After three weeks, plants were treated with different concentration (0, 40, 80, and 120 mM) of NaCl solution. These treatments continued during 80 days with irrigation water. Finally, uptake and transport of ions [Na, potassium (K), calcium (Ca), magnesium (Mg), nitrogen (N), and Cl) and soluble sugars in these three cultivars were measured. With increasing NaCl concentration in irrigation water, the amount of Na, Cl, and K of the tissues increased, but amount of Ca, Mg, and N of the tissues decreased. No cultivar differences were observed in the rate of uptake of tested minerals. Soluble sugars decre...
TL;DR: The necessity of fortifying potassium-deficient inland saline water to allow the culture of western king shrimp with a potassium concentration greater than approximately 76% of that in marine water and a Na/K ratio of less then 39 appears to be necessary.
Abstract: The survival, growth, and condition of the western king shrimp, Penaeus latisulcatuswere measured for 42 days when grown in marine water and inland saline water with four different concentrations of potassium: 100%, 80%, 60% or 40% of the concentration of potassium in marine water (IS100, IS80, IS60, and IS40). Shrimp survival and cannibalism frequency decreased with decreasing potassium concentration, with final shrimp survival in IS100 significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in IS60 and IS40 and significantly higher (P < 0.05) in MW and IS80 than in IS40. Specific growth rate (SGR), moult increment, and diet ingestion rate of shrimp were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in shrimp grown in marine water than the other water types. At the conclusion of the trial, exoskeleton mineral content of shrimp in IS100 and IS80 was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in IS60 and IS40. Tail muscle moisture content of shrimp in IS60 and IS40 was significantly higher (P < 0.05) than in the other water types, sugg...
Patent•
27 May 2005
TL;DR: In this article, the selective separation of sulfate from a saline stream such as seawater to produce nearly sulfate-free saline stream for oil-fields water injection operations is described.
Abstract: Methods are disclosed for the selective separation of sulfate from a saline stream such as seawater to produce nearly sulfate-free saline stream for oil-fields water injection operations. The separated sulfate in the form of gypsum from the treated saline stream can be used in different applications.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured dry weight and d 13 Co fP. Australis transplanted in a constructed saline wetland four times between July 2001 and May 2002 and found that P. australis was negatively correlated with rhizosphere salinity.
TL;DR: There was good agreement between simulated and observed yield in Syria and Egypt over 3 years, confirming the value of SALTMED as a tool for use by experts in the management of salt-prone irrigation systems.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe elemental and isotopic data for groundwaters collected within and peripheral to the Spence porphyry deposit and relate these compositions to geochemical anomalies in gravel soils over the deposit.
Abstract: Spence is a supergene-enriched copper porphyry deposit located between Antofagasta and Calama in the Atacama Desert of northern Chile. Porphyry intrusion and hypogene mineralization took place during the Palaeocene. Following supergene enrichment that produced an atacamite–brochantite assemblage in the oxide zone, the deposit was covered by 50 to 100 m of piedmont gravels of Miocene age. RioChilex discovered the deposit in 1996 by reconnaissance drilling. This paper describes elemental and isotopic data for groundwaters collected within and peripheral to the deposit and relates these compositions to geochemical anomalies in gravel soils over the deposit. There are two distinct types of groundwater with distinctive isotopic and elemental composition: saline water (average Cl= 11 600 mg/l) extending downflow from the axis of the deposit; and non-saline water (average Cl=1300 mg/l) upflow from the axis. Oxygen and hydrogen isotope ratios imply that the former is a deep formation water and the other is meteoric water derived from precipitation in mountains to the east. The data suggest that the saline formation water flows upward from a permeable fault zone coincident with the long axis of the deposit. This fault may have originally guided the intrusion of the porphyries and the copper-bearing hydrothermal fluids. The saline water has much greater contents of As and Se (up to 129 ppb and 800 ppb, respectively) than the meteoric water (both less than detection limits of 10 and 50 ppb, respectively), but both types have high amounts of Cu within the deposit area. Dispersion of Cu away from the deposit is restricted by adsorption of Cu 2+ on negatively charged hydroxide colloids, whereas As and Se freely disperse dissolved as anions. Reactivation of the axial fault created a permeable fracture zone in the gravels above the deposit. During earthquake activity there was pumping of saline formation water to the surface up this fracture zone, which created soil anomalies. The anomalies are characterized by NaCl, As, Se and Cu. One kilometre to the east of the deposit there is another fracture zone in the gravels, overlying unmineralized basement. Soils above this zone have anomalies for NaCl, As and Se, indicative of flooding by formation water, but lacking Cu.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the possibility of applying supplemental irrigation to wheat and barley during their sensitive phenophases of flowering and seed formation using brackish water with salinity levels generally considered too high for its use.
TL;DR: In this paper, groundwaters from the phreatic aquifer within and surrounding of the Cerro Prieto geothermal field were analyzed geochemically and isotopically in order to establish a hydrodynamic model of the study zone.
TL;DR: In this paper, the analysis of water and salt balance data collected at a tile-drained experimental site irrigated with saline groundwater is reported. But, the analysis is limited to the area planted to replicated blocks of redgums (Eucalyptus camaldulensis) and tall wheat grass.
TL;DR: In this article, 3D thermohaline simulations have been carried out for two different scenarios: a 3D regional model (230×330 km) indicates that salty water is driven to the surface by hydrostatical forces from the surrounding highlands and a smaller scale model (10×10 km) with a grid resolution accounting for possible convective flow.
Abstract: In several areas of the North German Basin, saline water comes close to, or even reaches the surface. Available data from wells indicate that brine stratification is under unstable conditions in the deeper underground. In order to analyse the possible transport mechanisms, 3D thermohaline simulations have been carried out for two different scenarios. The 3D regional model (230×330 km) indicates that salty water is driven to the surface by hydrostatical forces from the surrounding highlands. In addition, a smaller scale model (10×10 km) has been constructed with a grid resolution accounting for possible convective flow. The results indicate that convective flow may play a dominant role in areas with minor topography. In summary, the complex pattern of near surface occurrences of saline water probably results from the interaction of hydrostatic and thermal forces.
TL;DR: Feeding systems are proposed that maximise the feeding value of plants growing on saline land and integrate their use with other feed resources available within mixed livestock and crop farming systems.
Abstract: Human-induced soil salinity is becoming a major threat to agriculture across the world. This salinisation occurs in both irrigated and rain-fed agricultural zones with the highest proportions in the arid and semi-arid environments. Livestock can play an important role in the management and rehabilitation of this land. There are a range of plants that grow in saline soils and these have been used as animal feed. In many situations, animal production has been poor as a result of low edible biomass production, low nutritive value, depressed appetite, or a reduction in efficiency of energy use. Feeding systems are proposed that maximise the feeding value of plants growing on saline land and integrate their use with other feed resources available within mixed livestock and crop farming systems. Salt-tolerant pastures, particularly the chenopod shrubs, have moderate digestible energy and high crude protein. For this reason they represent a good supplement for poor quality pastures and crop residues. The use of salt-tolerant pasture systems not only provides feed for livestock but also may act as a bio-drain to lower saline water tables and improve the soil for growth of alternative less salt tolerant plants. In the longer term there are opportunities to identify and select more appropriate plants and animals for saline agriculture.
TL;DR: In this article, a vapor diffusion model was used to determine the achievable targets for desalination of seawater at temperatures between 26°C and 32°C when the saline water was injected as fine droplets in a low-pressure vaporizer.
TL;DR: Two varieties of chickpea and faba bean, differing in drought tolerance according to the classification of the International Center for Agronomic Research in Dry Areas, were irrigated with waters of three different salinity levels in a lysimeter experiment to analyse their salt tolerance.
TL;DR: The results showed that New Zealand White (NZW) and Californian (Cal) male weaned rabbits at 5 weeks of age with nearly similar average live weights were used during two periods of the year (mild and hot, each of 9 weeks), in a trial to evaluate their adaptability as meat animals to the subtropical conditions of Egypt as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Ninety of each of New Zealand White (NZW) and Californian (Cal) male weaned rabbits at 5 weeks of age with nearly similar average live weights were used during two periods of the year (mild and hot, each of 9 weeks), in a trial to evaluate their adaptability as meat animals to the subtropical conditions of Egypt. The results showed that NZW surpassed Cal, in most of the traits studied. The increase was significant in final live weight, daily weight gain, final body solids, daily body solids gain, body water concentration (ml per 100 g body solids) and pre-slaughter weight. Meanwhile, Cal significantly surpassed NZW in daily water consumption. The temperature-humidity index (THI) values indicated absence of heat stress in the first period and exposure to moderate (but very close to severe) heat stress in the second. The hot conditions induced significant decline in final live weight, daily weight gain, food intake, final body solids, daily body solids gain, plasma tri-iodothyronine (T3) hormone, total proteins, albumin, globulin, total lipids, glucose, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca, Mg and P), pre-slaughter weight and kidneys with fat weight. In contrast, the hot conditions were accompanied by significant increases in water intake, body water concentration, plasma urea-N, creatinine and physiological body reactions (respiration rate and temperatures of rectum, skin and ear). Drinking water containing high levels of salt (3000 p. p. m. and more) caused significant decreases in final live weight, daily live-weight gain, final body solids, daily body solids gain, plasma T3 hormone, total proteins, albumin, total lipids, glucose, pre-slaughter weight and kidneys with fat weight. At the same time, significant increases occurred in water consumption, body water concentration, plasma urea-N, creatinine, electrolytes (Na, K, Ca and P), respiration rate and rectal and skin temperatures. Estimations of adaptability to the subtropical environment of Egypt and tolerance to drinking saline water under the same conditions were found to be proportionately 0·844 and 0·876 and 0·821 and 0·803, in NZW and Cal, respectively.
TL;DR: Results from studies of biomass production and transpiration of corn and date palms under salinity combined with water or nitrate or with boron indicate that crop responses were to the more severe stress rather than to combinations of the individual effects of the various stresses.
Abstract: Additive or multiplicative models of crop response on which salinity management theory have been developed may lead to an erroneous perception regarding compensative interaction among salinity and other growth factors. We present results from studies of biomass production and transpiration of corn (Zea mays L. cv. Jubilee), melon (Cucumis melo L. subsp. melo cv. Galia), tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. 5656), onion (Allium cepa L. cv. HA 944), and date palms (Phoenix dactylifera L. cv. Medjool) under salinity combined with water or nitrate (growth promoters) or with boron (growth inhibitor). The measured crop responses were to the more severe stress rather than to combinations of the individual effects of the various stresses. Consequences of shifting management of saline water to a dominant factor approach include reduction of environmental contamination and conservation of water resources.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe results from a transient electromagnetic (TEM) system that has been deployed to monitor the influx of saline water through sub-riverbed sediments.
TL;DR: The influence of irrigation with saline water on the seed yield, oil content, and quality of stock (Matthiola incana), an oilseed plant rich in omega-3, was studied to assess the potential of stock to replace low cash field crops in areas of marginal water use due to water scarcity.
Abstract: The influence of irrigation with saline water on the seed yield, oil content, and quality of stock (Matthiola incana), an oilseed plant rich in omega-3, was studied under greenhouse and field conditions as part of a study to assess the potential of stock to replace low cash field crops in areas of marginal water use due to water scarcity. Water of electrical conductivity ≤6 dS/m did not have a negative effect on yield parameters. Total yield, seed number, and oil content were not affected by salinity, whereas the content of omega-3 was significantly increased.