Showing papers on "Saline water published in 2011"
TL;DR: In this article, a tilted wick-type solar still was designed and constructed, where charcoal cloth was used as an absorber/evaporator material and for saline water transport.
150 citations
TL;DR: Groundwater samples have been collected from 13 wells from 1995 to 2005 to understand the sources of dissolved ions and assess the chemical quality of the groundwater, and a significant increase in the degree of water mineralization was observed in the direction of southwest to northeast following the regional flow direction.
Abstract: Zeuss–Koutine aquifer, located in southeastern Tunisia, has been used intensively as a primary source to meet the growing needs of the various sectors. Detailed knowledge of the geochemical evolution of groundwater and water quality can enhance understanding of the hydrochemical system, promoting sustainable development and effective management of groundwater resources. To this end, a hydrochemical and statistical investigation was conducted. Groundwater samples have been collected from 13 wells from 1995 to 2005; to understand the sources of dissolved ions and assess the chemical quality of the groundwater. Results demonstrate that among the cations, only the mean concentrations of Na + exceed guideline values set by the World Health Organization (WHO). Regarding the analyzed anions, the concentration of SO\(_{4}^{2-}\) and Cl − are above the WHO allowable concentrations. Total dissolved solids in most groundwater samples are greater than 1,000 mg l − 1, the limit set by the WHO, indicating slightly saline or moderately saline water. In general, a significant increase in the degree of water mineralization was observed in the direction of southwest to northeast following the regional flow direction. Calculated saturation indices show that all water samples were oversaturated with respect to aragonite, calcite, and dolomite, and undersaturated with respect to anhydrite, gypsum, and halite. Based on hydrochemical facies, two types of water predominate in the study area. The first is Ca–Na–SO4–Cl in type and located in the southwest which corresponds to the recharge part of the aquifer. The second type is Na–Ca–Cl–SO4 and located in the east, which corresponds to the discharge part.
119 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of salt precipitation due to vaporization in a St. Bees sandstone core with fully saturated saline water obtaining several levels of alteration due to halite scaling.
87 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe the characteristics and spatial variability of rainwater lenses in areas with saline seepage and the mechanisms that control their occurrence and size, based on different types of field measurements and detailed numerical groundwater models applied in the southwestern delta of The Netherlands.
Abstract: In deltaic areas with saline seepage, fresh water availability is often limited to shallow rainwater lenses lying on top of saline groundwater. Here we describe the characteristics and spatial variability of such lenses in areas with saline seepage and the mechanisms that control their occurrence and size. Our findings are based on different types of field measurements and detailed numerical groundwater models applied in the south-western delta of The Netherlands. By combining the applied techniques we could extrapolate in situ measurements at point scale (groundwater sampling, TEC (temperature and electrical soil conductivity)-probe measurements, electrical cone penetration tests (ECPT)) to a field scale (continuous vertical electrical soundings (CVES), electromagnetic survey with EM31), and even to a regional scale using helicopter-borne electromagnetic measurements (HEM). The measurements show a gradual S-shaped mixing zone between infiltrating fresh rainwater and upward flowing saline groundwater. The mixing zone is best characterized by the depth of the centre of the mixing zone Dmix, where the salinity is half that of seepage water, and the bottom of the mixing zone Bmix, with a salinity equal to that of the seepage water (Cl-conc. 10 to 16 g l -1). Dmix manifests at very shallow depth in the confining top layer, on average at 1.7 m below ground level (b.g.l.), while B mix lies about 2.5 m b.g.l. Head-driven forced convection is the main mechanism of rainwater lens formation in the saline seepage areas rather than free convection due to density differences. Our model results show that the sequence of alternating vertical flow directions in the confining layer caused by head gradients determines the position of the mixing zone (Dmix and Bmix and that these flow directions are controlled by seepage flux, recharge and drainage depth. © Author(s) 2011.
77 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the MOPECO-Salt Model has been developed to determine the most suitable irrigation strategy for higher yield, profitability, and soil salinity management of certain crops, the model was first validated in the Eastern Mancha Agricultural System in Albacete (Spain) through a test carried out on onion crop in April-September 2009, where the simulated yield was 2% lower than the observed one.
67 citations
TL;DR: Application of this strain for remediating crude oil-contaminated soils irrigated with defined saline water demonstrated that this halotolerant bacterium could survive and grow in saline soils irrigation with NaCl solutions up to 5% w/v, with the highest hydrocarbon degradation of 26.1% observed at 2.5% NaCl.
Abstract: Biodegradation of petroleum compounds in saline environments seems intricate and needs more attention. In this study, tetracosane was used to enrich alkane-degrading bacteria from oil-contaminated saline soils. Among the isolates, strain Qtet3, with the highest 16s rRNA gene sequence similarity to Alcanivorax dieselolei B-5T, was able to grow at a wide range of NaCl concentrations and was shown by GC analysis to degrade more than 90% of tetracosane in 10 days. This strain has at least two alkB genes and could grow on crude oil and diesel fuel, and utilize various pure aliphatic hydrocarbon substrates (from C12 to C34). Highly hydrophobic cell surfaces and lack of significant surface tension reduction in the media suggest that the main mechanism of the cells for accessing substrate is to attach directly to hydrocarbon particles. Application of this strain for remediating crude oil-contaminated soils irrigated with defined saline water demonstrated that this halotolerant bacterium could survive and grow in saline soils irrigated with NaCl solutions up to 5% w/v, with the highest hydrocarbon degradation of 26.1% observed at 2.5% NaCl. This strain is promising for future industrial applications especially in bioremediation of saline soils and wastes.
65 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors deal with hydrochemical analysis of groundwater salinization due to untreated effluents from 80 functioning tanneries forming a tannery belt in Southern India.
65 citations
TL;DR: The results suggest that priming of maize seeds with NaCl before sowing induces physiological and biochemical changes, which resulted in better performance when subsequently exposed to different levels of salinity.
Abstract: Salinity is one of the biggest limitants for agriculture in semi-arid areas of the world. An experiment was conducted to study the effect of seed priming with 6 dS m–1 NaCl on growth and yield responses of two maize cultivars (Azam and Sarhad yellow) exposed to three levels of salinity (0, 6, 8 dS m–1). Statistical analysis of the data revealed that cultivars, seed priming with saline water (6 dS m–1) and subsequent exposure to salinity stress had a significant (p < 0.05) effect on germination, days to emergence, plant height, shoot fresh weight, shoot dry weight, leaf area, shoot Na+, K+, proline, abscisic acid contents and yield variables. The results suggested that increasing salinity level had a negative effect on the growth and development of both cultivars under study. Analysis of the data also revealed that maize cv Azam performed better than cv. Sarhad yellow when exposed to different levels of salinity. Priming of cv Azam with NaCl resulted in earlier emergence (2 days) and germination rate (31.92%), plant height (12%), shoot proline (950.33 μ g g–1 fresh weight) and ABA levels (0.983 and 1.203 μ g g–1 fresh weight) and yield (36% than the non-primed treatment). These results suggest that priming of maize seeds with NaCl before sowing induces physiological and biochemical changes, which resulted in better performance when subsequently exposed to different levels of salinity.
61 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the response of greenhouse tomato grown in soilless culture to NaCl and B concentration in the irrigation water was studied, showing that high B concentration resulted in evident necrosis of leaf margins.
59 citations
TL;DR: This study evaluated sunflower crops irrigated with different watersalinity levels (ECw) and fertilized with nitrogen and found that higher N rates reduce the crop cycle and period from achene formation to physiologic maturity, and increased its mass.
Abstract: SUMMARY : SUNFLOWER PRODUCTION UNDER SALINE STRESS ANDNITROGEN FERTILIZATION The limited availability of low-salinity water in Brazilian semiarid region causesproducers to use water of moderate to high salinity for irrigation. In view of the increasingimportance of sunflower ( Helianthus annuus L.) in this region as a potential source of renewableenergy, this study was conducted to evaluate sunflower crops irrigated with different watersalinity levels (ECw) and fertilized with nitrogen. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouseof the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), from July to October 2009, in arandomized block design, to test five ECw levels (0.5 - control, 1.6, 2.7, 3.8, and 4.9 dS m -1 )and four N rates (50, 75, 100 and 125 % of the rate recommended for pot experiments) in a5 x 4 factorial scheme, with three replications. The salinity of irrigation water and nitrogenfertilization affected the sunflower plants in independent ways. Water salinity affected the leafarea, biomass of aerial parts and roots, weight and total production of achenes and harvestindex linearly and negatively. Higher N rates on the other hand reduce the crop cycle andperiod from achene formation to physiologic maturity, and increased its mass.Index terms:
57 citations
28 Feb 2011
TL;DR: The most prolific users of desalinated water are in the Arab region, namely, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and Bahrain [2].
Abstract: Desalination is a water-treatment process that separates salts from saline water to produce potable water or water that is low in total dissolved solids (TDS). Globally, the total installed capacity of desalination plants was 61 million m3 per day in 2008 [1]. Seawater desalination accounts for 67% of production, followed by brackish water at 19%, river water at 8%, and wastewater at 6%. Figure 1 show the worldwide feed-water percentage used in desalination. The most prolific users of desalinated water are in the Arab region, namely, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and Bahrain [2].
TL;DR: The application of KNO3 significantly reduced the increasing tendency of Na+ and Cl- and increased leaf area, its fresh and dry weight per plant, NO3- and soluble protein concentration and NR activity in leaves irrespective to the growth of plant under non saline or saline conditions.
Abstract: Effect of foliar application of KNO3 on growth and the activity of nitrate reductase were studied in the leaves of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) and safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) plants growing under different levels of salinity. The seeds were sown in pots under non saline condition and saline water irrigation was started at three leaf stage after germination. Different concentration of saline water (i.e. 0.3% and 0.6%, equivalent to an EC of 4.8 and 8.6 dS/m respectively) were made by dissolving sea salt per litre of tap water. Nutrient solution of KNO3 was sprayed at the rate of 250 ppm. The concentration of Na+ and Cl- rapidly increased in the leaves of both the plants under salinity stress. In contrast the nitrate (NO3-) and soluble protein concentration were decreased with the increasing salinity. Salinity reduced leaf area, its fresh and dry weight per plant and also inhibited the activity of Nitrate reductase (NRA) enzyme. The application of KNO3 significantly reduced the increasing tendency of Na+ and Cl- and increased leaf area, its fresh and dry weight per plant, NO3- and soluble protein concentration and NR activity in leaves irrespective to the growth of plant under non saline or saline conditions.
TL;DR: The SWAP model proves to be a useful tool for studying water-salt transport under different scenarios and for evaluating irrigation practices for a long period.
TL;DR: A classification of the 14 species examined on the basis of plant DW to provide guidance as to which species could be irrigated with more saline water while not compromising plant growth and quality is created.
Abstract: The use of saline irrigation water may be inevitable in the future since the freshwater supply is decreasing over time. In some regions of the United States, producers of both ornamental and agronomic crops are already facing a limited supply of high-quality water. Therefore, it is necessary to determine the salt tolerance of commonly used greenhouse bedding plants to minimize potential salt damage before use of nonpotable water sources is mandated. Research screening several bedding plants has not taken place for more than two decades. Therefore, we undertook experiments to screen popular bedding plants for salt tolerance during greenhouse production. Transplants were exposed to 0 (control), 20, 40, 60, or 80 mM sodium chloride (NaCl) in the irrigation water for 5 weeks resulting in average substrate pour-thru electrical conductivity (EC) values of 4.0 (control), 7.0, 9.8, 12.1, or 14.2 dS m, respectively. Pansy (Viola tricolor) and zinnia (Zinnia angustifolia), the most sensitive species examined, exhibited 100% mortality when exposed to an EC of 14.2 dS m. The least affected species for dry weight (DW) was snapdragon (Antirrhinum majus) with a 54% reduction as EC increased from 4.0 to 14.2 dS m. Only fuchsia (Fuchsia hybrida) and snapdragon were unaffected by an EC of 7.0 dS m, whereas at 9.8 dS m all of the species had a significantly reduced DW as compared with control plants. Verbena (Verbena ·hybrida), petunia (Petunia ·hybrida), coleus (Solenostemon scutellarioides), and begonia (Begonia hiemalis) were the only species that did not undergo a significant height reduction in comparing 9.8 dS m to control. A classification of the 14 species is created here on the basis of plant DW to provide guidance as to which species could be irrigated with more saline water while not compromising plant growth and quality.
TL;DR: In this paper, a halophyte forage shrub Atriplex lentiformis (quailbush) was irrigated over three growing seasons with brine from a reverse-osmosis water treatment plant in an agricultural district in Marana, Arizona, in the Sonoran Desert, U.S.
TL;DR: SDI can be included as an effective option for tomato production in Tunisia under saline conditions, particularly for Rio Tinto and Nemador, being Rio Grande the more adapted.
Abstract: A field experiment on the effects of drip irrigation (DI) and subsurface drip irrigation (SDI) with saline water (6.57 dS m -1 ) on three tomato cultivars (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill., cvs. Rio Tinto, Rio Grande and Nemador) was carried out with the purpose to quantify physiological responses. The aim was to improve irrigation water management under saline conditions of Tunisia. The trial was established in a siltclayey soil with three regimes of irrigation: 100 %, 85 % and 70 % of crop water requirement. Results evidenced a significant difference between the two irrigation systems for the three cultivars. Growth parameters such as leaf area, chlorophyll content and mineral composition of leaves, petioles, stems and roots were affected significantly by the different treatments, particularly for Rio Tinto and Nemador, being Rio Grande the more adapted. The fruit was the organ less affected. Strong accumulation of Na + and Cl - accompanied a reduction in Ca 2+ , K + , Mg 2+ and P content in the case of DI. The distribution of these last necessary elements for plants nutrition under a strong accumulation of Na + and Cl - depends on the cultivar and changes from one organ to another. SDI can be included as an effective option for tomato production in Tunisia.
TL;DR: In this article, a study was conducted in New Mexico from 2005 to 2007 to investigate the eff ects of two potable water-saving strategies, irrigating with saline water and using subsurface systems, on changes in rootzone salinity and quality of nine warm-season turfgrasses.
Abstract: A study was conducted in New Mexico from 2005 to 2007 to investigate the eff ects of two potable water-saving strategies, irrigating with saline water and using subsurface systems, on changes in rootzone salinity and quality of nine warm-season turfgrasses. Plots were irrigated using either sprinklers or subsurface drip with water of 1 of 3 salinity levels (0.6, 2.0, and 3.5 dS m –1 ). Plots were rated monthly for quality during the growing seasons and bi-annually for spring and fall color. Soil samples were collected bi-annually (June and November) and analyzed for electrical conductivity (EC), Na, and sodium adsorption ratio (SAR) at depths of 0 to 20 and 50 to 60 cm. Electrical conductivity and Na values in 0 to 20 cm peaked in June of 2005 and 2006 and dropped to lower levels aft er the summer rainy season. With the exception of moderately saline irrigated plots in 2005, summer EC did not diff er between drip and sprinkler irrigated plots for any of the three water qualities. Electrical conductivity, Na, and SAR at a rootzone depth of 0 to 20 cm were highest in June 2006 reaching 4.7 dS m –1 , 1024 mg L –1 , and 16.1, respectively. For most of the grasses tested, EC, Na, or SAR values showed no signifi cant relationship with turf quality. Drip irrigation resulted in earlier green-up than sprinkler irrigation but had no eff ect on summer quality or fall color retention. Most of the warm season grasses included in this study maintained an acceptable quality level when drip-irrigated with saline water.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of water and soil salinity on the growth, development and production of fructiferous species, such as citrus, were studied in a greenhouse with five levels of irrigation water salinity.
Abstract: Water and soil salinity affects the growth, development and production of fructiferous species, such as citrus. The use of tolerant rootstocks can guarantee the agribusiness of citrus under such conditions. Thus, the sensibility to salinity during the phase of rootstock formation of varieties and selected hybrids was studied. The experiment was carried out in a greenhouse, with five levels of irrigation water salinity [control, tap water with electrical conductivity (EC w ) of 0.41 dS m -1 , and water with EC w of 1.0, 2.0, 3.0 and 4.0 dS m -1 ] and seven genotypes, in a randomized block design and five replications each consisting of four plants, during 150 day period. Growth and physiologic variables were evaluated. Significant effects of genotypes and salinity in the variables were observed. The most expressive reduction was found for total dry matter with unit increase of EC w . A linear reduction was observed in hybrids LVK x LVA-009 and TSK x TRENG-256. Among the evaluated genotypes ‘Volkamer’ lemon was the least sensitive to saline stress.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report on the effects that timing of saline irrigation has on leaf and wood tissue concentrations of Na+ and Cl- and on juice composition, and show that the Na+ uptake was greatest when saline irrigation was applied early in organ formation and this was associated with a rise in juice Na+, while the Cl- uptake reflected seasonal salt load in irrigation water.
Abstract: Background and Aims: This study reports on the effects that timing of saline irrigation has on leaf and wood tissue concentrations of Na+ and Cl– and on juice composition.
Methods and Results: Colombard vines on Ramsey rootstock were drip irrigated with saline water during any one of four annual growth stages: pre-flowering, berry formation, berry ripening and postharvest. At other times, vines were irrigated with non-saline water as was the control. Salts were annually flushed from the rootzone. Over six seasons, saline irrigation caused five- and sevenfold rises, respectively, in the leaf and juice Na+ concentrations and two- and fourfold rises in respective Cl- concentrations. Saline irrigation raised juice pH and this was associated with a rise in juice Na+. Normalising responses for inter-treatment differences in the seasonal salt load to isolate the effects of timing showed that juice Cl- concentration was most sensitive to saline irrigation during berry formation and juice malate concentration most sensitive to saline irrigation pre-flowering.
Conclusion: Cl- uptake was greatest when saline irrigation was applied early in organ formation, whereas Na+ uptake reflected seasonal salt load in irrigation water.
Significance of the Study: In vines on the chloride excluding rootstock Ramsey, yield loss under saline irrigation was associated with high concentrations of sodium in the leaf.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provided the methodology and results of a cross-scale diagnostic performance assessment program of the irrigation water management in the old lands of the Nile Delta of Egypt.
Abstract: This paper provides the methodology and results of a cross-scale diagnostic performance assessment program of the irrigation water management in the old lands of the Nile Delta of Egypt. The analysis was done at three levels; main canal level, branch canals level and on-farm level of the Meet Yazid command (82,740 ha) for the year 2008–2009 to highlight areas for improvement. At the main canal level the annual average percentage of irrigation water returning to drains and groundwater was 53% of the total water supplied. Since Meet Yazid lies at tail end of the delta, and there is groundwater salinity, opportunities for reuse are increasingly limited moving north to Lake Burullus. This would indicate opportunities for real water savings. The results of monthly relative water supply of the main canal indicated mismatch between demand and supply especially during the winter months, and when supply is low farmers do reuse drainage or groundwater. Also, the assessment of the three branch canals showed non-uniformity of water distribution and mismatch between demand and supply even when comparing improved and non-improved canals. At the on-farm level in paddy fields, the amount of irrigation flows to drains and saline sinks varied from 0.46 to 0.71 of inflow. In spite of these values of non-uniformity and low depleted fraction, the relative evapotranspiration (ratio of actual to potential) evaporation was uniformly high, indicating most crops of most farmers were not water stressed, which is also confirmed by the high yield values. The average values of productivity per unit water depleted by ETact were 1.04 and 1.05 kg/m3 for rice and wheat fields, respectively, with yields of rice and wheat at 8 and 6 t per ha respectively. On farm and tertiary improvements alone will not yield real water savings, as excess water in the main canal and drains will continue to flow out of the system. Rather the focus should first be on supplies to the main canal, accompanied by more precise on farm and water delivery practices at branch and tertiary levels, and ensuring that environmental flows are met. There is an added advantage of focusing on this tail end region of Egypt that this response would lessen vulnerability to reuse of polluted and saline water.
TL;DR: In this paper, a coupled SWAP-WOFOST model was used to study the effects of increasing salinity of groundwater, drought and water excess on grass production in The Netherlands.
01 Jan 2011
TL;DR: In this article, the authors devised a model which will convert the dirty/saline water into pure/potable water using the renewable source of energy (i.e., solar energy).
Abstract: There is almost no water left on earth that is safe to drink without purification after 20-25 years from today. This is a seemingly bold statement, but it is unfortunately true. Only 1% of Earth's water is in a fresh, liquid state, and nearly all of this is polluted by both diseases and toxic chemicals. For this reason, purification of water supplies is extremely important. Keeping these things in mind, we have devised a model which will convert the dirty/saline water into pure/potable water using the renewable source of energy (i.e. solar energy). The basic modes of the heat transfer involved are radiation, convection and conduction. The results are obtained by evaporation of the dirty/saline water and fetching it out as pure/drinkable water. The designed model produces 1.5 litres of pure water from 14 litres of dirty water during six hours. The efficiency of plant is 64.37%. The TDS(Total Dissolved Solids) in the pure water is 81ppm.
TL;DR: In this paper, three saline water concentrations were created by adding 5, 10 and 20 g/l−1 of commercial sea salt (NaCl) to well water to investigate the effect of increased saline sodic water concentration on yield, crop tolerance, fruit quality and ion content.
TL;DR: The results showed that the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars are good indicators of salinity tolerance, and suggest that the plant resists against salinity through osmotic adjustment and ion absorption and sharing within its cells.
Abstract: The salinity of water and soil decreases the growth and yield of agricultural products. Salinity affects many physiological and morphological processes of plant by influencing soil solution osmotic potential and ion absorption and accumulation of minerals. To evaluate the effect of salinity on some physiological and morphological characteristics of the medicinal plant of Echium amoenum , an experiment was carried out with completely random design in four replications. In this study, the effect of different levels of salinity, including control (non-saline water), 3, 6, 9 and 12 dS m -1 from natural saline water was examined on root length, leaf area, dry weight of roots and shoots, also on the amount of absorption of salts Na + , K + , Cl - , Ca 2+ , Mg 2+ and the ratio of Na + /K + and Ca 2+ /Na + in root and shoot of plants and proline and total soluble sugars of leaf in the vegetative growth stage in the greenhouses. Results indicated that the application of saline water reduces significantly all morphological traits under study. Also, as the salinity increased, the density of K + , Ca 2+ and Mg 2+ and the ratio of Na + /K + and Ca 2+ /Na + in root and shoot of E. amoenum declined. In contrast, by increasing salinity, Na + and Cl - concentration in roots and shoots significantly increased. As the salinity increased, proline concentration and leaf total soluble sugars also increased significantly compared with the control. The results showed that the accumulation of proline and soluble sugars are good indicators of salinity tolerance. Results also suggest that the plant resists against salinity through osmotic adjustment and ion absorption and sharing within its cells. This process is essential for the survival of plants in saline conditions. Key words : Salinity, Echium amoenum, vegetative growth, ion composition, proline, soluble sugars.
TL;DR: A greenhouse experiment was conducted to test and compare the suitability of saline compost and saline irrigation water for nutrient status amendment of a slightly productive sandy clay loam soil, to study the macronutrient utilization and dry matter production of wheat (Triticum aestivum c.v. Gemmiza 7) grown in a modified soil environment and to determine the effects of compost and irrigation water on soil productivity.
TL;DR: The sunflower appeared to be tolerant to the salinity of the irrigation water, what means it could be cultivated normally and still have a good production even when the water EC reaches up to 3.53 dS m-1.50 m, and the chemical attributes of the soil increased and stabilized from the middle of the cycle on.
Abstract: This experiment was made to evaluate the influence of the irrigation with saline water on growth and production of sunflower (hibrido H251), besides monitoring the evolution of some chemical attributes of the soil along its cycle. The experimental design used was the randomized blocks with six treatments and five replications. The treatments consisted of six different irrigation strategies, five of them with use of saline water. The growth evaluations (plant height, stem diameter and leaf number) were made at 20; 40; 60; 80; 100 days after sowing (DAS). The harvest occurred at 100 DAS, then the capitulum diameter was measured and the weight of 1000 achenes, as well as its productivity, were determined. The soil samples were collected on the same dates of the growth evaluations at the layers of 0-0.10; 0.10-0.30; 0.30-0.50 m. The evaluated soil attributes were Na+, EC and pH, besides of the ratios Na+/Ca2+ and Na+/Mg2+. The sunflower appeared to be tolerant to the salinity of the irrigation water, what means it could be cultivated normally and still have a good production even when the water EC reaches up to 3.53 dS m-1. However, when using a medium/high EC water, it's needed to adopt some practices to control the salinization/sodification of the soil. The tolerance of the sunflower to salinity was not dependent of the development phase. Overall, the chemical attributes of the soil increased and stabilized from the middle of the cycle on.
TL;DR: Although boxwood exhibited acceptable tolerance in terms of growth, visual quality severely decreased; in contrast, growth of hibiscus was the most severely reduced but was rated as the most tolerant species in Terms of visual quality, which may be the result of an excellent capacity to compartmentalize salts in hibISCus, whereas in boxwood, this mechanism may be absent.
Abstract: Landscape irrigation is the second largest user of reclaimed water in industrial-ized countries; however, its high concentration of soluble salts, especially Na + and Cl ― , may induce growth reduction and leaf necrosis or bronzing in ornamental species. The present study was conducted to determine the growth and quality responses and nutritional ion imbalances of selected landscape species during the container production phase when subjected to irrigation with water of increasing NaCl + CaCl 2 concentrations. Plants of boxwood [Buxus microphylla var. japonica (Mull. Arg. ex Miq) Rehder & E.H. Wilson], escallonia (Escallonia ×exoniensis hort. Veich ex Bean), hawthorn [Raplziolepis indica (L.) Lind. Ex Ker Gawl. x 'Montic'], hibiscus (Hibiscus rosa-sinensis L.), and juniper (Juniperus chinensis L.) were grown in a greenhouse in the Spring-Summer and in the Fall-Winter in separate experiments. Saline irrigation consisted of solutions with electrical conductivities (EC iw ) of 0.6, 2, 4, 6, and 8 dS·m ―1 in the Spring-Summer experiment and 0.6, 4, 6, 8, and 12 dS·m ―1 in the Fall-Winter. Growth of the five species decreased when irrigated with saline waters. Leaf growth was highly sensitive to salinity and the average decrease in leaf dry weight was the criterion used to rank the tolerance of the species. In the Spring-Summer experiment, the ranking was (higher tolerance to lower tolerance): juniper ∼ boxwood > escallonia > hawthorn > hibiscus, whereas in Fall―Winter, the ranking was: juniper ∼ boxwood > hibiscus > escallonia > hawthorn. The species were ranked according to their visual attractiveness in the Spring―Summer experiment. The threshold EC iw at which visual attractiveness was affected gave the following ranking (higher to lower tolerance): hibiscus > juniper > escallonia > hawthorn > boxwood. Estimating the EC of drainage water from threshold EC iw , boxwood was classified as sensitive, hawthorn as moderately sensitive, escallonia as moderately tolerant, and hibiscus and juniper as highly tolerant. Tolerance of juniper was ascribed to Na + and Cl ― retention in the roots observed in both growing seasons and to the higher root biomass that allowed a higher accumulation of salts in this organ, preventing translocation to the leaves. Although boxwood exhibited acceptable tolerance in terms of growth, visual quality severely decreased; in contrast, growth of hibiscus was the most severely reduced but was rated as the most tolerant species in terms of visual quality. This opposite response may be the result of an excellent capacity to compartmentalize salts in hibiscus, whereas in boxwood, this mechanism may be absent.
TL;DR: In this article, the rate of zinc consumption during the cathodic protection of copper pipeline which carries saline water was measured by weight loss technique in the absence and presence of bacteria, and the results showed that within the present range of variables, the zinc consumption increases with the increase of all operating conditions.
TL;DR: The aims of this work were to determine the effects of salinity and inorganic turbidity on the taxonomic composition, abundance, and zooplankton biomass in a shallow, hypereutrophic, mesosaline lake in the north of La Pampa province characterized by seasonality, variations in level and salinity, and the lack of macrophytes and fishes.
Abstract: The limnology of saline water bodies at other latitudes is fairly well known, but in Argentina such studies have only recently begun. The applicability of many conclusions regarding the functioning of these environments around the world is limited due to the scant ecological knowledge of some endemic species recorded in the assemblages of Argentine lakes. The aims of this work were to determine the effects of salinity and inorganic turbidity on the taxonomic composition, abundance, and zooplankton biomass in a shallow, hypereutrophic, mesosaline lake in the north of La Pampa province characterized by seasonality, variations in level and salinity, and the lack of macrophytes and fishes, and to compare it with other shallow lakes of the province. We found important differences with other saline lakes: the species richness was lower; the mean abundance of zooplankton was between four and six times higher; and rotifers, which were not affected by salinity or the concentration of inorganic suspended solids, were numerically predominant. Crustaceans, on the other hand, were negatively affected by these environmental factors. Biomass was two- fold higher than that recorded in the same period in two shallow lakes of Pampa, with similar nutrient concentrations but lower salinities.