Showing papers on "Saline water published in 2017"
TL;DR: Alleppey is one of the thickly populated coastal towns of the Kerala state in southern India as discussed by the authors, where the groundwater is extracted from a multi-layer aquifer system of unconsolidated to semi-consolidated sedimentary formations, which range in age from Recent to Tertiary.
Abstract: Alleppey is one of the thickly populated coastal towns of the Kerala state in southern India. Groundwater is the main source of drinking water for the 240,991 people living in this region. The groundwater is being extracted from a multi-layer aquifer system of unconsolidated to semi-consolidated sedimentary formations, which range in age from Recent to Tertiary. The public water distribution system uses dug and tube wells. Though there were reports on fluoride contamination, this study reports for the first time excess fluoride and excess salinity in the drinking water of the region. The quality parameters, like Electrical Conductivity (EC) ranges from 266 to 3900 μs/cm, the fluoride content ranges from 0.68 to 2.88 mg/L, and the chloride ranges between the 5.7 to 1253 mg/L. The main water types are Na-HCO 3 , Na-CO 3 and Na-Cl. The aqueous concentrations of F − and CO 3 2 − show positive correlation whereas F − and Ca 2+ show negative correlation. The source of fluoride in the groundwater could be from dissolution of fluorapatite, which is a common mineral in the Tertiary sediments of the area. Long residence time, sediment–groundwater interaction and facies changes (Ca-HCO 3 to Na-HCO 3 ) during groundwater flow regime are the major factors responsible for the high fluoride content in the groundwater of the area. High strontium content and high EC in some of the wells indicate saline water intrusion that could be due to the excess pumping from the deeper aquifers of the area. The water quality index computation has revealed that 62% of groundwater belongs to poor quality and is not suitable for domestic purposes as per BIS and WHO standards. Since the groundwater is the only source of drinking water in the area, proper treatment strategies and regulating the groundwater extraction are required as the quality deterioration poses serious threat to human health.
149 citations
TL;DR: Interestingly, SA treatments mitigated salinity stress effects by increasing the total phenolic, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, and proline contents of leaves along with decline in sodium and chloride, and proved that SA may stimulate the antioxidant enzymatic mechanism pathway including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) as well as increasing the non-enzymatic antioxidants in plants subjected to salinity.
Abstract: Salinity stress as a major agricultural limiting factor may influence the chemical composition and bioactivity of Rosmarinus officinallis L. essential oils and leaf extracts. The application of salicylic acid (SA) hormone may alleviate salinity stress by modifying the chemical composition, gene expression and bioactivity of plant secondary metabolites. In this study, SA was applied to enhance salinity tolerance in R. officinallis. R. officinallis plants were subjected to saline water every 2 days (640, 2,000, and 4,000 ppm NaCl) and 4 biweekly sprays of SA at 0, 100, 200, and 300 ppm for 8 weeks. Simulated salinity reduced all vegetative growth parameters such as plant height, plant branches and fresh and dry weights. However, SA treatments significantly enhanced these plant growth and morphological traits under salinity stress. Salinity affected specific major essential oils components causing reductions in α-pinene, β-pinene, and cineole along with sharp increases in linalool, camphor, borneol, and verbenone. SA applications at 100-300 ppm largely reversed the effects of salinity. Interestingly, SA treatments mitigated salinity stress effects by increasing the total phenolic, chlorophyll, carbohydrates, and proline contents of leaves along with decline in sodium and chloride. Importantly, this study also proved that SA may stimulate the antioxidant enzymatic mechanism pathway including catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) as well as increasing the non-enzymatic antioxidants such as free and total ascorbate in plants subjected to salinity. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis revealed that APX and 3 SOD genes showed higher levels in SA-treated rosemary under salinity stress, when compared to non-sprayed plants. Moreover, the expression level of selected genes conferring tolerance to salinity (bZIP62, DREB2, ERF3, and OLPb) were enhanced in SA-treated rosemary under salt stress, indicating that SA treatment resulted in the modulation of such genes expression which in turn enhanced rosemary tolerance to salinity stress.
135 citations
TL;DR: A co-cultivation strategy from seawater salinity to salt saturation with biofuel as the main output is proposed and it is focused that adaptation of a co- Cultivation strategy could reduce 95%, 74% and 51% of the overall nutrient waste compared to the monoculture of marine, halotolerant and halophilic microalgae.
Abstract: Microalgae have gained increased attention as a viable, eco-friendly and alternative source of green bioenergy. To compete in the fuel market, saline microalgae cultivation for biofuel production would need to be economically sustainable and co-cultivation of saline microalgae using only saline water and recycled nutrient can potentially be the best solution to reduce the excessive use and prompt downsizing of natural resources like fresh water and fertilizers. This review provides a critical analysis on the selection of potential biofuel producing marine, halotolerant and halophilic microalgae. Here we proposed a microalgae co-cultivation strategy from seawater salinity (35ppt) to salt saturation (300ppt) with biofuel as the main output. We focused that adaptation of a co-cultivation strategy could reduce 95%, 74% and 51% of the overall nutrient waste compared to the monoculture of marine, halotolerant and halophilic microalgae. This paper also highlights a cultivation strategy using both mono and mixed culture over the period of increased saline condition and compares mass industrial-scale biofuel production from microalgae in three sites in Western Australia.
95 citations
TL;DR: The main findings obtained regarding the effects of deficit irrigation strategies, as well as irrigation with saline water, on the berry composition of both red and white cultivars, aswell as on the final wine are reviewed.
Abstract: Water stress and increasing soil salt concentration represent the most common abiotic constrains that exert a negative impact on Mediterranean vineyards performance However, several studies have proven that deficit irrigation strategies are able to improve grape composition In contrast, irrigation with saline waters negatively affected yield and grape composition, although the magnitude of these effects depended on the cultivar, rootstock, phenological stage when water was applied, as well as on the salt concentration in the irrigation water In this context, agronomic practices that minimize these effects on berry composition and, consequently, on wine quality must be achieved In this paper, we briefly reviewed the main findings obtained regarding the effects of irrigation strategies, as well as irrigation with saline water, on the berry composition of both red and white cultivars, as well as on the final wine A meta-analysis was performed using published data for red and white varieties; a general liner model accounting for the effects of cultivar, rootstock and midday stem water potential was able to explain up to 90% of the variability in the dataset, depending on the selected variable In both red and white cultivars, berry weight, must titratable acidity and pH were fairly well simulated, whereas the goodness-of-fit for wine attributes was better for white cultivars
85 citations
TL;DR: Soil bacterial richness and diversity increased with irrigation salinity while the number of bacterial phyla decreased, and three significantly increased and two decreased and two irresponsive phyla were observed as the dominant groups in saline water irrigated soils.
84 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of water salinity and drainage depth on maize yield and water use efficiency was investigated under three levels of salinity: 0.78, 3.75, and 6.25.
80 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of the condenser and the medium of saline water types on the performance of a single slope solar still facing the south is studied. And the results indicate that using heat sink condenser increases the temperature of the saline water.
74 citations
TL;DR: The results demonstrate that the structure of the sedimentary layer in this area is the dominant controlling factor of groundwater distribution, and hydrochemical data and HFE-Diagram show that there is an intrusion process in Holocene groundwater.
65 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, six wide-ranging mangrove species, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza and B. sexangula, were selected to study the growth and survival of seedlings under three contrasting salinity treatments over a 30-week period: low (3-5psu), moderate (15-17psu) and high (33-36psu).
Abstract: Six wide-ranging mangrove species, Rhizophora apiculata, R. mucronata, Avicennia marina, A. officinalis, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza, and B. sexangula, were selected to study the growth and survival of seedlings under three contrasting salinity treatments over a 30-week period: low (3-5psu), moderate (15-17psu) and high (33-36psu). Seedlings grown under high salinity exhibited significantly lower performance (p<0.05) in survival rates, cumulative shoot height, mean growth rates, mean total leaf area, and mean dry weight, compared to those under low and moderate salinity regimes. The low salinity treatment provided the best conditions for initial establishment and growth of the seedlings of all species until 15-20 weeks of age. However, the same seedlings showed better performance under moderate salinity after 15-20 weeks of age (shift in optimal salinity), implying that adaptation to salt and physiological needs of mangrove seedlings varies with age. These results have practical implications of use in raising up mangrove nurse species for planting since it indicates that seedlings should get low salinity water until four to five months of age and then moderately saline water, in order to achieve maximum growth and survival.
61 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, an experiment was conducted from April 1 to May 21, 2013, using 6 different irrigation waters at electrical conductivity (EC): 085, 4, 7, 9, 12, 15, 15 and 15 dSm−1 Soil moisture was recorded by sensors and stress treatments had the following soil water matric pressure control (−45kPa), −200 to −300kPa, and −400 to −500kPa.
56 citations
TL;DR: Results show that the selected chile pepper cultivars can be irrigated up to an irrigation water salinity level of ≤3ds/m, and among all the cultivars, 3441 was found to be the most tolerant to salinity.
TL;DR: In this paper, a 3-year field trial was carried out in southern Italy on an agricultural farm close to the seacoast of Manfredonia Gulf (Apulia Region) where crop irrigation with saline water is standard practice.
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of external conditions and type of salt on the drying behavior of sandy media and on the dynamics of surface salt precipitation were investigated in a series of evaporation experiments using 33 columns packed with sand saturated with salt solutions.
TL;DR: It is proposed that under saline conditions two nitrate-dependent transport systems in series that take up and load Na+ into the xylem constitute the major pathway for the accumulation of Na+ in Arabidopsis shoots; this pathway can also function with chloride at high concentrations.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Improving crop plants to be productive in saline soils or under irrigation with saline water would be an important technological advance in overcoming the food and freshwater crises that threaten the world population. However, even if the transformation of a glycophyte into a plant that thrives under seawater irrigation were biologically feasible, current knowledge about Na+ effects would be insufficient to support this technical advance. Intriguingly, crucial details about Na+ uptake and its function in the plant have not yet been well established. We here propose that under saline conditions two nitrate-dependent transport systems in series that take up and load Na+ into the xylem constitute the major pathway for the accumulation of Na+ in Arabidopsis shoots; this pathway can also function with chloride at high concentrations. In nrt1.1 nitrate transport mutants, plant Na+ accumulation was partially defective, which suggests that NRT1.1 either partially mediates or modulates the nitrate-dependent Na+ transport. Arabidopsis plants exposed to an osmotic potential of -1.0 MPa (400 mOsm) for 24 h showed high water loss and wilting in sorbitol or Na/MES, where Na+ could not be accumulated. In contrast, in NaCl the plants accumulated Na+, lost a low amount of water, and only suffered transitory wilting. We discuss that in Arabidopsis plants exposed to high NaCl concentrations, root Na+ uptake and tissue accumulation fulfill the primary function of osmotic adjustment, even if these processes lead to long-term toxicity.
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TL;DR: In this article, a double-effect solar still with evacuated tubes for water desalination considered for small-scale applications at remote locations where only saline water or brackish water is available.
Abstract: In this present paper, the study focuses on the development of a double-effect solar still with evacuated tubes for water desalination considered for small-scale applications at remote locations where only saline water or brackish water is available. In this present paper, the potable water cost per litre has been evaluated. The payback periods for different conditions of the distribution of distilled water, namely at the cost it is produced and at the selling price on market rate, have been evaluated. The cost of water per litre was a minimum of Rs. 0.19 with the average distillate output being about 20 l/day, when the interest rate and the lifetime of the solar still are taken as 4% and 50 years, respectively. The lowest payback time of 45 days was obtained when the selling price of water was Rs. 20 per litre.
TL;DR: In this article, the degradation rate of outdoor insulators near the shoreline depends on the concentration of saline in the atmosphere, influence of wind speed on the production of saline water droplets, moisture diffusion and saline penetration on the insulator surface.
Abstract: This is the second in a two-part paper series dealing with sea salt transportation and deposition mechanisms, and discussing the serious issue of degradation of outdoor insulators resulting from various environmental stresses and severe saline contaminant accumulation near the shoreline. The deterioration rate of outdoor insulators near the shoreline depends on the concentration of saline in the atmosphere, influence of wind speed on the production of saline water droplets, moisture diffusion and saline penetration on the insulator surface. This paper comprises two parts. The first part, deals with the impact of different environmental stresses on insulator surface degradation, including wind speed and direction, cold fog and rainfall. The second part concerns the flashover process related to saline contamination of the surface under constant and variable cold fog wetting rates and equivalent salt deposit density (ESDD). The experiments were performed on high voltage insulators based on the model presented in Part-I. Based on the proposed model, the influence of wind speed and direction on the pollution accumulation rate and impact of wetting rate on discharge current and surface flashover process were investigated. The equations S=S0e(Vdep0/αh)[e(−αx/v)−1] and D=Doe(Vdep0/αh)[e(−αx/v)−1] are derived from the model for saline concentration and deposition show good reliability and well represent the results obtained. Test results also show that due to the different wetting and contamination deposition rate, surface discharge current characteristics of tested insulator in rain are different with that in cold fog, which lead to different surface flashover voltages. An experimental setup was mounted for artificial saline contamination deposition. The proposed model can be therefore used to investigate insulator flashover near coastal areas and for mitigating saline flashover incidents.
TL;DR: In this article, a coupled model that describes the soil water and solute transport by means of HYDRUS-1D model and crop growth process was used for predicting crop response to soil water deficit and salinity.
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of salt on nitrous oxide (N2O) and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions from soil was investigated and it was shown that salt-affected agricultural land due to low precipitation, high surface evaporation, irrigation with saline water, and poor cultural practices has triggered the interest to understand the influence to understand how salt affects N2O and CO2 from soil.
TL;DR: The effects of salinity, temperature, and temporal variability on soil and rhizosphere microbial communities in sand tanks irrigated with prepared solutions designed to simulate saline wastewater were examined.
TL;DR: Vitamin B12 may have a critical role as an effective antioxidant and regulates osmotic balance thereby enhancing bean plant's resistance to salinity, suggest the results suggest.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used large unsaturated columns (diameter 15 cm and length 90 cm) to determine: 1) salt distributions at depths of up to 90 cm after adding magnetically-treated, saline water to soil; 2) whether MTW could reduce the rate of accumulation of salts (measured by EC) in soil, and 3) whether it could increase the leaching effect of soluble salts below root zones compared to control.
TL;DR: In this article, an active multiple stage series flow solar distillation unit has been proposed for desalting saline water and its performance, environmental benefits and economic feasibility were assessed by carrying out 3E (Energy-Environment-Economic) analyses using the developed mathematical model.
TL;DR: Dissolved As species, together with total and particulate As, were used to evaluate the potential bioavailability of As in water as well as to decipher inputs from natural geological processes and ABS mining and upgrading activities.
TL;DR: The authors assessed the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic signatures of soil porewater, groundwater and atmospheric water sources (dew and rainfall) and tree stem water from three mangroves species over two sites that varied in elevation.
Abstract: Mangrove trees are rooted in saline soils which can limit their growth. Access to alternative, less saline water sources may provide important water subsidies. We assessed the hydrogen and oxygen isotopic signatures of soil porewater, groundwater and atmospheric water sources (dew and rainfall) and tree stem water from three mangroves species over two sites that varied in elevation. Although stem water isotopic signatures were most similar to porewater, variation in isotopic values indicated trees also accessed alternative water sources, the degree to which varied over sites and among species. Rhizophora stylosa had lowest values of stable isotopes among the species indicating significant groundwater utilization. In a long-term fertilization experiment we found that growth of Ceriops australis and Lumnitzera racemosa was nitrogen limited, while growth of R. stylosa was nitrogen limited to a lesser extent, suggesting groundwater may also provide nutritional benefits for R. stylosa. The uptake of alternative water sources in addition to saline porewater may improve metabolic function, differentially altering the performance of different species and over sites.
TL;DR: The finding of cross-tolerance to salinity and desiccation in ecologically similar species from distant lineages, together with parallel responses between Salinity and thermal stress previously found in several aquatic taxa, highlights the central role of adaption to salination and co-occurring stressors in arid inland waters, having important implications for the species' persistence under climate change.
Abstract: Exposing organisms to a particular stressor may enhance tolerance to a subsequent stress, when protective mechanisms against the two stressors are shared. Such cross-tolerance is a common adaptive response in dynamic multivariate environments and often indicates potential co-evolution of stress traits. Many aquatic insects in inland saline waters from Mediterranean-climate regions are sequentially challenged with salinity and desiccation stress. Thus, cross-tolerance to these physiologically similar stressors could have been positively selected in insects of these regions. We used adults of the saline water beetles Enochrus jesusarribasi (Hydrophilidae) and Nebrioporus baeticus (Dytiscidae) to test cross-tolerance responses to desiccation and salinity. In independent laboratory experiments, we evaluated the effects of (i) salinity stress on the subsequent resistance to desiccation and (ii) desiccation stress (rapid and slow dehydration) on the subsequent tolerance to salinity. Survival, water loss and haemolymph osmolality were measured. Exposure to stressful salinity improved water control under subsequent desiccation stress in both species, with a clear cross-tolerance (enhanced performance) in N. baeticus In contrast, general negative effects on performance were found under the inverse stress sequence. The rapid and slow dehydration produced different water loss and haemolymph osmolality dynamics that were reflected in different survival patterns. Our finding of cross-tolerance to salinity and desiccation in ecologically similar species from distant lineages, together with parallel responses between salinity and thermal stress previously found in several aquatic taxa, highlights the central role of adaption to salinity and co-occurring stressors in arid inland waters, having important implications for the species' persistence under climate change.
TL;DR: In this paper, a simple modified experimentally tested theoretical model was introduced to mainly reduce the water consumption rate of a direct evaporative cooler type (DEC) and the convective heat transfer coefficient correlations were introduced to the fundamental governing equations of this model.
Abstract: The aim of this study is to introduce a simple modified experimentally tested theoretical model to mainly reduce the water consumption rate of a direct evaporative cooler type (DEC). The convective heat transfer coefficient correlations are introduced to the fundamental governing equations of this model and the saturation effectiveness of the DEC is calculated. The saline water at different concentrations is used as a feed water to the presented model. The impacts of inlet ambient air conditions and the salinity ratios on the amount of consumed water and the supply air temperature are investigated. The experimental runs are performed on a commercial type DEC and an average operating sprinkled water temperature is found to be 2.5 °C higher than inlet WBT of air. At 200,000 PPM salinity ratio, a reduction in water consumption by about 1.5 L h −1 is reached but with 8.6% increase in the supply air temperature.
TL;DR: In this paper, organic amendments with contrasting biochemical properties were investigated by conducting an incubation experiment in soils irrigated with different levels of saline water, where fine ground biochar, rice straw (RS), farm yard manure (FYM), and glucose were added at two rates (1% and 2.5% carbon basis).
Abstract: Organic amendments with contrasting biochemical properties were investigated by conducting an incubation experiment in soils irrigated with different levels of saline water. Soil samples were taken from a long-term experimental field plots irrigated with normal water and saline water having electrical conductivity (EC) 6 and 12 dS m−1, respectively. Finely ground biochar, rice straw (RS), farm yard manure (FYM) and glucose were added at two rates (1% and 2.5% carbon basis) and incubated for 8 weeks at 25°C. Cumulative respiration (CR), microbial biomass carbon and available nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) were negatively correlated with EC, irrespective of the source and amount of added carbon (C). Compared with non-saline soil, at EC 12, relative decrease in CR was lowest with glucose (21.0%) followed by RS (32.0%), FYM (46.0%) and biochar (55.0%). Dissolved organic carbon was positively correlated with salinity and its concentration was higher in treatments with higher rate of C addition (2....
23 Feb 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the evaluation of the growth and yield of ‘All Big’ sweet pepper under foliar application of proline and irrigation with saline water was conducted in pots adapted as drainage lisimeters under greenhouse conditions.
Abstract: It is proposed in this study the evaluation of the growth and yield of ‘All Big’ sweet pepper under foliar application of proline and irrigation with saline water. The research was conducted in pots adapted as drainage lisimeters under greenhouse conditions, using an Eutrophic Entisol with sandy-loam texture in the municipality of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. A randomized block design was used testing two levels of electrical conductivity of irrigation water - ECw (0.6 and 3.0 dS m-1) associated to four proline levels (0, 10, 20 and 30 mmol L-1). Irrigation with water with ECw= 3.0 dS m-1 negatively affected the ‘All Big’pepper growth and the stem dry mass, being the most sensitive variable; the highest values for fresh mass, number and average weight of pepper fruits were obtained when water with ECw=0.6 dS m-1 was used, with proline doses of 12.17 and 0 mmol L-1, respectively; increasing proline doses did not mitigate the deleterious effects caused by irrigation water salinity of 3.0 dS m-1 on growth and yield of ‘All Big ‘ sweet pepper.
TL;DR: The results of the present study demonstrate the possibility of producing marketable cauliflower heads under conditions of salinity by timing the application of the best quality water during the first growth phase to improve fruit quality and during the second phase to reduce the negative effects of Salinity on yield.
Abstract: Background: Cultivation of cauliflower is diffused in Mediterranean areas where water salinity results in the need to identify alternative irrigation sources or management strategies. Using saline water during two growth phases (from transplanting to visible appearance of inflorescence or from appearance of inflorescence to head harvest), the present study aimed to identify the growth period that is more suitable for irrigation with low quality water in relation to cauliflower production and quality.; Results: Salinity affected cauliflower growth mainly when imposed in the first growth phase. The growth reduction depended mainly on ion-specific effects, although slight nutrient imbalances as a result of Na+ and Cl- antagonisms were observed. The use of non-saline water in the first or second growth period reduced both the osmotic and toxic effects of salinity. When salinity was applied during inflorescence growth, yield was reduced because of a restriction of water accumulation in the head.; Conclusion: The results of the present study demonstrate the possibility of producing marketable cauliflower heads under conditions of salinity by timing the application of the best quality water during the first growth phase to improve fruit quality and during the second phase to reduce the negative effects of salinity on yield. © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.; © 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of saline water consumption on physiological responses of indigenous Nguni goats was assessed by using three treatments (0, 5.5 and 11g total dissolved salts per litre (g TDS/L)).