Showing papers on "Sativum published in 1998"

Chromium accumulation, translocation and chemical speciation in vegetable crops

Abstract: Trivalent chromium (Cr3+) is essential for animal and human health, whereas hexavalent Cr (CrO42−) is a potent carcinogen and extremely toxic to animals and humans. Thus, the accumulated Cr in food plants may represent potential health hazards to animals and humans if the element is accumulated in the hexavalent form or in high concentrations. This study was conducted to determine the extent to which various vegetable crops absorb and accumulate Cr3+ and CrO42− into roots and shoots and to ascertain the different chemical forms of Cr in these tissues. Two greenhouse hydroponic experiments were performed using a recirculating-nutrient culture technique that allowed all plants to be equally supplied with Cr at all times. In the first experiment, 1 mg L−1 Cr was supplied to 11 vegetable plant species as Cr3+ or CrO42−, and the accumulation of Cr in roots and shoots was compared. The crops tested included cabbage (Brassica oleracea L. var. capitata L.), cauliflower (Brassica oleracea L. var. botrytis L.), celery (Apium graveolens L. var. dulce (Mill.) Pers.), chive (Allium schoenoprasum L.), collard (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.), garden pea (Pisum sativum L.), kale (Brassica oleracea L. var. acephala DC.), lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.), onion (Allium cepa L.), spinach (Spinacia oleracea L.), and strawberry (Fragaria × ananassaDuch.). In the second experiment, X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis on Cr in plant tissues was performed in roots and shoots of various vegetable plants treated with CrO42− at either 2 mg Cr L−1 for 7 d or 10 mg Cr L−1 for 2, 4 or 7 d. The crops used in this experiment included beet (Beta vulgaris L. var. crassa (Alef.) J. Helm), broccoli (Brassica oleracea L. var. Italica Plenck), cantaloupe (Cucumis melo L. gp. Cantalupensis), cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), lettuce, radish (Raphanus sativus L.), spinach, tomato (Lycopersicon lycopersicum (L.) Karsten), and turnip (Brassica rapa L. var. rapifera Bailey). The XAS speciation analysis indicates that CrO42− is converted in the root to Cr3+ by all plants tested. Translocation of both Cr forms from roots to shoots was extremely limited and accumulation of Cr by roots was 100-fold higher than that by shoots, regardless of the Cr species supplied. Highest Cr concentrations were detected in members of the Brassicaceae family such as cauliflower, kale, and cabbage. Based on our observations and previous findings by other researchers, a hypothesis for the differential accumulation and identical translocation patterns of the two Cr ions is proposed.

Non‐photosynthetic mechanisms of growth reduction in pea (Pisum sativum L.) exposed to UV‐B radiation

Abstract: Pisum sativum cv. Guido grown under controlled environment conditions was exposed to either low or high UV-B radiation (2·2 or 9·9 kJ m–2 d–1 plant-weighted UV-B, respectively). Low or high UV-B was maintained throughout growth (LL and HH treatments, respectively) or plants were transferred between treatments when 22 d old (giving LH and HL treatments). High UV-B significantly reduced plant dry weight and significantly altered plant morphology. The growth and morphology of plants transferred from low to high UV-B were little affected, when compared with those of LL plants. By contrast, plants moved from high to low UV-B showed marked increases in growth when compared with HH plants. This contrast between HL and LH appeared to be related to the effect of UV-B on plant development. Exposure to high UV-B throughout development consistently reduced leaf areas. In fully expanded leaves there was no significant UV-B effect on cell area and reduced leaf area could be attributed to reduced cell number, suggesting effects on leaf primordia. Further reductions in the leaf area of younger leaves were the result of the slower development rate of plants grown at high UV-B, which also resulted in significant reductions in leaf number.

Possible role for wild genotypes of Pisum spp. to enhance ascochyta blight resistance in pea

Abstract: Summary. There are no cultivars with effective field resistance to ascochyta blight currently available in Australia but a number of wild genotypes of Pisum have been identified as possible sources of resistance and these were evaluated in crosses with a commercial cultivar. Pisum fulvum JI 1006, used as the pollen parent, was crossed with P. sativum cv. Wirrega using wild type P. sativum JI 252 as a bridging cross. JI 1006 and JI 252 both respond to Mycosphaerella pinodes infection by inducing a rapid hypersensitive response. All F2 seedlings (17–20-day-old) from the cross Wirrega × (JI 252 × JI 1006) were screened for their responses to M. pinodes infection in a controlled environment and plants with the highest levels of resistance were then screened as F3 progeny families in the field to determine their responses to natural M. pinodes infection. Nine percent of these families were significantly more resistant for both leaf and stem disease compared with Wirrega and among them were 9 lines which flowered at the same time or earlier than Wirrega. However, even the most resistant line had 30% of the foliage destroyed by disease, indicating disease control was insufficient. A second resistance mechanism which impeded M. pinodes hyphal penetration in leaves (P. sativum SA 1160) was combined with the hypersensitive response in the cross SA 1160 × (JI 252 × JI 1006). The level of resistance to disease was now significantly higher than any plant in the original F3 population, despite the wild-type growth habit of these plants. It is suggested that breeding programs should focus first on maximising field resistance through isolation of some optimal combinations of resistance mechanisms in wild genotypes before turning to improving the agronomic performance through backcrossing to advanced breeding lines.

Changes in Pectin Structure during Epidermal Cell Elongation in Pea (Pisum sativum) and Its Implications for Cell Wall Architecture

Abstract: Changes in cell wall architecture during elongation of epidermal cells in pea epicotyls were visualized by rapidfreezing and deep-etching (RFDE) techniques. The abundant network structure composed of the association of granular substances disappeared from the cell wall during elongation. The granular substances were demonstrated to be pectic polysaccharides by their disappearance upon EDTA treatment and by chemical analysis of the EDTA-extractable substances. Labeling with the monoclonal antibody JIM5, which recognizes unesterified pectins, was much more extensive in the cell walls of the non-elongating region than in those of the elongating region. The pore size of the cell wall was larger in the non-elongating region than in the elongating region. These observations suggest that the formation of the pectic gel itself is not involved in the control of the wall porosity. We proposed that the association of the granular substances is involved in the swelling of the cell walls in the elongating region.

Seed Yields and Essential Oil of Northern-Grown Coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.)

Abstract: Cultivars of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) were grown at several locations in Western Canada in 1994, 1995, and 1996 for analysis of seed weights, essential oil content of seed, and percent linalool in the essential oil. The six large-seed selections had 1000-seed weights of 9.2 to 9.9 g, 0.83 to 0.90 percent essential oil, and 60.7 to 62.5 percent linalool in the oil. Early seeding resulted in the highest seed yields, seed weights, linalool content, and essential oil yield for both small-seed and large-seed cultivars. Splitting the seeds (fruits) prior to seeding to reduce seeding costs did not adversely affect seed yield, seed size, or chemical composition of the essential oil. Irrigation increased the seed yield and essential oil content, but decreased seed weights and percent linalool in the essential oil. The essential oil yields of approximately 20 liters/ha for small-seed cultivars appeared adequate to sustain commercial production in Western Canada.

Trypsin Inhibitor Activity in Field Pea (Pisum sativum L.) and Grass Pea (Lathyrus sativus L.)

Abstract: Trypsin inhibitors in grain legumes decrease the digestibility of protein and cause pancreatic enlargement. Seed samples of 17 field pea cultivars grown at 5 locations and 9 grass pea lines grown a...

Anti-listerial Activity of Essential Oils of Some Plants

Abstract: Firouzi, R, Azadbakht, M. and Nabinedjad, A. 1998. Anti-listerial activity of essential oils of some plants. J. Appl. Anim. Res., 14: 75–80. Minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) of essential oils of plant Thymus daensis, Artemisia absintium, Matricaria chamommilla, Melissa officinalis and Allium sativum (garlic) against Listeria monocytogenes type 4a using tube dilution technique and agar disk diffusion method were studied In tube dilution technique the concentration of each oil was estimated in v/v units. The results showed that the MIC values for T. daensis, A absintium, M. chamommilla, M. officinalis and A. sativum, were 1:6400, 1:1280, 1:1280, 1:2560 and 1:1280, respectively. In agar disk diffusion test, the zone of inhibition were 25, 9, 10, 10 and 15 mm, respectively. The results showed that the antilisteric activities of essential oils of T. daensis and M. officinalis were superior than that of other essential oils.

Expression of gibberellin mutations in fruits of Pisum sativum L.

Abstract: The gibberellin (GA) economy of young pea (Pisum sativum L.) fruits was investigated using a range of mutants with altered GA biosynthesis or deactivation. The synthesis mutation lh-2 substantially reduced the content of both GA4 and GA1 in young seeds. Among the other synthesis mutations, ls-1, le-1 and le-3, the largest reduction in seed GA1 content was only 1.7-fold (le-1), while GA4 was not reduced in these mutants, and in fact accumulated in some experiments (compared with the wild type). Mutation sln appeared to block the step GA20 to GA29 in young pods and seeds, but not as strongly as in older seeds. Mutations ls-1, le-1 and le-3 markedly reduced pod GA1 levels, but pod elongation was not affected. After feeds of [13C,3H]GA20 to leaves, the pods contained 13C,3H-labelled GA20, GA1, GA29 and GA81, and the seeds, [13C,3H]GA20 and [13C,3H]GA29. These findings are discussed in relation to recent suggestions regarding the role and origin of GA1 in pea fruits.

A starchless variety of pisum sativum having elevated levels of sucrose

Abstract: The present invention relates to a Pisum sativum variety that contains a recessive gene called the bsg gene and produces peas that exhibit an elevated level of sucrose and a decreased level of alcohol insoluble solids when compared to peas produced from a Pisum sativum variety that does not contain the bsg gene within its genome.

First Report of Natural Infection of Pisum sativum subsp. elatius by Mycosphaerella pinodes in Bulgaria.

Abstract: Pisum sativum L. subsp. elatius (Steven ex M. Bieb.) Asch. & Graebn. is a wild pea species that is native to Bulgaria. It readily crosses to the cultivated pea species P. sativum subsp. sativum. Field pea is an important component in the crop rotation system of the northeast region of Bulgaria. Little is known or published on the diseases of wild Pisum subspecies. In June 1997, brown to reddish brown, irregularly shaped lesions 5 to 10 mm in diameter were found on the leaves and stems of P. sativum subsp. elatius growing under native conditions in the low growing vegetation in a mixed forest habitat on the Black Sea coast at Albena, Bulgaria (43°22'26″N; 28°05'02″E) at an elevation of about 50 m. Black pycnidia were observed within lesions and contained hyaline, primarily two-celled conidia that measured 7 to 17 × 3 to 5 μm. On artificially inoculated pea stem pieces incubated on 2% water agar (WA) at 22 to 24°C for 28 days, pseudothecia developed with hyaline, two-celled ascospores constricted at the septum and measuring 12 to 17 × 4 to 7 μm. Black chlamydospores produced singly or in chains also formed in infected foliar tissues and on potato dextrose agar (PDA) and WA. Isolations were made from the lesions on pea tissue onto WA and PDA after disinfesting in 0.25% NaOCl for 5 min. Koch's postulates were fulfilled by inoculating the foliage of P. sativum subsp. sativum cvs. Dark Skin Perfection and Sounder and P. sativum subsp. elatius (W6-20047), and reisolating the fungus from lesions that developed on the inoculated leaves and stems. The wild Pisum fungus was identified as Mycosphaerella pinodes (Berk. & Blox.) Vestergr. based on cultural and morphological characteristics (2), pathogenicity tests, and by comparing random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers with those of American Type Culture Collection (ATCC) isolates 201628 to 201633 of M. pinodes. The fungus was identified as a pathogen of cultivated peas in Bulgaria by Kovachevsky and Hristov (1) in 1949. This is the first report of M. pinodes infecting P. sativum subsp. elatius in Bulgaria and other countries where P. sativum subsp. elatius is a native plant species. References: (1) I. H. Kovachevsky and A. Hristov. 1949. Bulgarian Acad. Sci., Scientific-Popular Ser. 10. (2) E. Punithalingam and P. Holliday. 1972. CMI Descript. of Pathog. Fungi and Bacteria, no. 340. Commonwealth Mycol. Institute, Kew, England.

Ultrastructural identification of coiled body-like structures in meristematic cells of Pisum sativum cotyledonary buds

Abstract: Abstract. This study focused on two types of nuclear bodies visible in plant cells that were previously thought to be similar to the coiled bodies (CBs) of animal cells: the nucleolus-associated body (NAB) and dense body (DB). We show that both NABs and DBs share common features with animal CBs: they consist of ribonucleoproteins, are silver-stainable, and lack DNA. Immunoelectron microscopy shows that only the NABs are rich in snRNAs and fibrillarin, two markers characteristic of animal CBs. This suggests that NABs rather than DBs are the plant counterparts of the CBs of animal cells. These structures appear most frequently in cells blocked in G0–1, their frequency gradually declining with resumption of the cell cycle and nucleolar activity. During this reactivation period, NABs are released from the nucleolus to the nucleoplasm, suggesting that they may act as nuclear transport or sorting structures.

Genomic fingerprinting of some Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi strains from Sicily [Pisum sativum L.]

Abstract: SUMMARY Pseudomonas syringae pv. pisi strains were characterized by pathogenicity tests on eight differential pea genotypes and by two genomic fingerprinting methods: PCR with REP and ERIC primers, and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) of genomic DNA digested by rare-cutting restriction endonucleases. The study comprised reference type strains of all 7 known races and 21 strains obtained from field pea crops in Sicily. PFGE was the most discriminatory method, delineating 6 pulsed-field gel profiles not coinciding with races, whereas REP and ERIC PCR identified 2 profile types. All the P. syringae pv. pisi isolated in Sicily were identified as race 6 on the basis of pathogenicity tests, and their genomic fingerprints by PFGE and REP and ERIC PCR were identical and more closely related to the type strains of races 3 and 6 than to those of the other races. The results are discussed in relation to improvement of detection methods and race-identification protocols.

Plant regeneration from Cichorium intybus (L.) var. sativum leaf midrib explants induced by Ancymidol supplemented culture medium

Abstract: In our studies efficient continuous regeneration of Cichorium intybus L. var. sativum Lam et DC. has been investigated, indicating the positive effect of ancymidol on regeneration ability. Multiple shoot induction and rapid regeneration were obtained on MS-Medium supplemented with 1,5 mg/l ancymidol. As explant material leaf midrib segments were used. Plants developed after four weeks of incubation. Regenerated plants were successfully transferred to soil.

Factors Affecting Growth and Harvest Index in Pea (Pisum sativum L.) Varieties Differing in Time of Flowering and Maturity

Abstract: Three varieties of Pea (Pimm sativum L.) viz. EC33866 (early), P-116 (medium) and T-163 (late), differing in their flowering and maturity times, were taken for this study. The early variety recorded lower dry matter, CO2 exchange rate and lower yield. The harvest index (HI) was the highest (44 %) in this variety. Though medium and late varieties did not differ significantly in dry matter accumulation and pod yield, they differed in their HI. The HI in the medium variety is 42 % but in the late variety it is only 36%. The late variety maintained high leaf area, leaf dry weight, high shoot/root, shoot/nodule and root/nodule ratios, increased nodule dry weight and maximum glycolate oxidase activity. But acetylene reduction activity was low, and the harvest index was lowest. On the other hand, in the early variety the dry matter accumulation was lowest but HI was highest. The major reasons for high HI in this variety were translocation of photosynthates to reproductive organs and lower photorespiration as indicated by low glycolate oxidase activity.

Collagen productive promoter and preparation for external use for skin

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To obtain the subject promoter which has effect on rejuvenating aged skin and is useful as a constituent component of preparation for external use for skin, e.g. a cosmetic or the like, by including a substance which is contained in the seed of Pisum sativum L. and possesses collagen production facilitative effect due to fibroblast as an active ingredient. SOLUTION: This promoter contains a substance which is contained in the seed of Pisum sativum L. and possesses collagen production facilitative effect due to fibroblast as an active ingredient. The above substance may be eluted by extracting it from the seed of Pisum sativum L. which is previously dried and crushed to pieces with water. When ethanol is included into water for extraction in an amount less than 50 wt.%, the elution of the active ingredient may be effectively facilitated. In brief, the extract may be obtained by putting raw materials in a treating tub filled with an extractive solvent and eluting soluble components under stirring at times followed by filtration. When the objective promoter is blended with the preparation for external use for skin, it is favorable to be used in a compounding proportion of 0.001-10 wt.% based on the extract from normal seeds of Pisum sativum L. COPYRIGHT: (C)1999,JPO

Field pea (Pisum sativum L. or Pisum sativum L. ssp. arvense (L.) Poir.

Abstract: O n t Field pea looks very similar to garden pea. It is a climbing annual legume with weak, viny, and relatively succulent stems. Vines often are 4 to 5 feet long, but when grown alone, field pea’s weak stems prevent it from growing more than 1.5 to 2 feet tall. Leaves have two leaflets and a tendril. Flowers are white, pink, or purple. Pods carry seeds that are large (4,000 seeds/lb), nearly spherical, and white, gray, green, or brown. The root system is relatively shallow and small, but well nodulated. Growth is slow during winter but increases rapidly in warm spring weather.

SEED GERMINATION OF PEA (Pisum Sativum, L) UNDER DIFFERENT BORON CONCENTRATION LEVELS

Abstract: This experiment attempted to establish the effect of irrigation with water containing different concentration of boron on the germination of pea (Pisum sativum L.), selected as a typical example of dicotyledon plants. 25 seeds were planted in aluminum trays bedded with a layer of cotton of a depth 1 cm, as a germination medium. The media was wetted to saturation with waters of varying boron concentration starting from zero B level (control treatment) up to the highest concentration of 20 (mg.dm) B. Germination of peas was not affected by boron concentrations up to 8 (mg.dm), and only slightly reduced as 20 (mg.dm). Once germinated, the seedling were smaller, took longer to develop and already showed toxicity symptoms when boron was applied in large doses. Hence, large amounts of boron seem to have little influence on germination, but distinct negative effects on the development of plants at the seedling stage.

Efeitos de variadas concentrações de Sargassum vulgare C. agardh no crescimento de alface e coentro

Abstract: Different concentrations of seaweed extract prepared from Sargassum vulgare were used as fertilizers on lettuce, Lactuca sativa, and coriander, Coriandrum sativum. For lettuce cultivation, after transplantation, measurements were of the number of plants and mean leaf length on the 22nd day, and of number of leaves, and mean length and weight fo the leaf on the 42nd day. For coriander cultivation, after germination, measurements were made of the number of plants and their mean height on the 48th day. In the experiments, the plants treated at 25% concentration of seaweed extract showed a significant increase in size as compared with the contrai plants.