Showing papers on "Sativum published in 2004"

Antibacterial activity of Coriandrum sativum L. and Foeniculum vulgare Miller Var. vulgare (Miller) essential oils.

Abstract: Essential oils were extracted from the fruits of Coriandrum sativum L. and Foeniculum vulgare Miller var. vulgare (Miller) and assayed in vitro for antibacterial activity to Escherichia coli and Bacillus megaterium, bacteria routinely used for comparison in the antimicrobial assays, and 27 phytopathogenic bacterial species and two mycopathogenic ones responsible for cultivated mushroom diseases. A significant antibacterial activity, as determined with the agar diffusion method, was shown by C. sativum essential oil whereas a much reduced effect was observed for F. vulgare var. vulgare oil. C. sativum and F. vulgare var. vulgare essential oils may be useful natural bactericides for the control of bacterial diseases of plants and for seed treatment, in particular, in organic agriculture. The significant antibacterial activity of essential oils to the bacterial pathogens of mushrooms appears promising.

Virus-induced gene silencing as a tool for functional genomics in a legume species.

Abstract: Summary Virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) is an attractive reverse-genetics tool for studies of gene function. However, efficient VIGS has only been accomplished in a few plant species. In order to extend the application of VIGS, we examined whether a VIGS vector based on Pea early browning virus (PEBV) would produce recognizable phenotypes in Pisum sativum. A plasmid vector of PEBV was modified to allow agro-inoculation and insertion of heterologous sequences. cDNA fragments of the P. sativum phytoene desaturase (PDS), LEAFY (LFY) and KORRIGAN1 (KOR1) homologues were inserted into the PEBV RNA2 vector, replacing the genes required for nematode transmission. Pisum sativum inoculated with PEBV carrying a fragment of PsPDS developed characteristic photo-bleached leaves and this phenotype was associated with a significant reduction in PsPDS mRNA. The P. sativum homologue of LFY is known as UNIFOLIATA (UNI). Plants inoculated with PEBV carrying a fragment of UNI developed distorted flowers and leaves with modified architecture, which are also observed in UNI-mutants. In Arabidopsis thaliana, the KOR1-mutant is characterized by an extreme dwarf phenotype. Pisum sativum plants inoculated with PEBV carrying a fragment of PsKOR1 displayed a significant reduction in height and inhibition of root growth. The PEBV VIGS vector did not affect the ability of P. sativum to flower, set seeds, and form nodules characteristic of symbiosis with rhizobium. These results suggest that the PEBV vector can be applied to functional genomics in a legume species to study genes involved in a wide range of biological processes.

Genetic diversity within Pisum sativum using protein- and PCR-based markers

Abstract: A collection of 148 Pisum accessions, mostly from Western Europe, and including both primitive germplasm and cultivated types, was structured using 121 protein- and PCR-based markers. This molecular marker-based classification allowed us to trace back major lineages of pea breeding in Western Europe over the last decades, and to follow the main breeding objectives: increase of seed weight, introduction of the afila foliage type and white flowers, and improvement of frost tolerance for winter-sown peas. The classification was largely consistent with the available pedigree data, and clearly resolved the different main varietal types according to their end-uses (fodder, food and feed peas) from exotic types and wild forms. Fodder types were further separated into two sub-groups. Feed peas, corresponding to either spring-sown or winter-sown types, were also separated, with two apparently different gene pools for winter-sown peas. The garden pea group was the most difficult to structure, probably due to a continuum in breeding of feed peas from garden types. The classification also stressed the paradox between the narrowness of the genetic basis of recent cultivars and the very large diversity available within P. sativum. A sub-collection of 43 accessions representing 96% of the whole allelic variability is proposed as a starting point for the construction of a core collection.

Occurrence of phenolic compounds in the seed coat and the cotyledon of peas (Pisum sativum L.)

Abstract: This work determined the phenolic composition of the seed coat and the cotyledon of two varieties of dark peas (Pisum sativum L), Fidelia and ZP-840, by HPLC-PAD and HPLC-MS. High concentrations of glycosides of quercetin, luteolin and apigenin were found in the seed coat of both varieties of peas. Minor concentrations of monomers and dimers of proanthocyanidins were identified. The cotyledon mainly contains hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic compounds and some of the flavone and flavonol glycosides found in the seed coat. Two conjugated compounds with malic acid, trans p-coumaroyl-malic acid and p-hydroxybenzoyl-malic acid were identified in the cotyledon and in the seed coat, and the stilbene trans-resveratrol-3-glucoside, only in the seed coat. These compounds had not been previously reported in peas. The results obtained allow an overview of the distribution of the phenolic compounds in the seeds of these varieties of peas, and contribute to the knowledge of the implications of these compounds in the dietary intake.

Proteome-level changes in the roots of Pisum sativum in response to salinity.

Abstract: Summary We initiated a proteomics-based approach to identify root proteins affected by salinity in pea (Pisum sativum cv. Cutlass). Salinity stress was imposed either on 2-wk old pea plants by watering with salt water over 6 wk or by germinating and growing pea seeds for 7 days in Petri dishes. Concentrations of NaCl above 75 mM had significant negative effects on growth and development of peas in both systems. Salinity-induced root proteome-level changes in pea were investigated by 2-D electrophoresis of proteins from control, 75 and 150 mM NaCl-treated plants and seedlings. The majority of the protein spots visualised showed reproducible abundance in root protein extracts from whole plants and seedlings. Of these proteins, 35 spots that exhibited significant changes in abundance due to NaCl treatment were selected for identification using ESI-Q-TOF MS/MS. The identities of these proteins, which include pathogenesis-related (PR) 10 proteins, antioxidant enzymes such as superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as nucleoside diphosphate kinase (NDPK) are presented, and the roles of some of them in mediating responses of pea to salinity are discussed. This is the first report of salinity-induced changes in the root proteome of pea that suggests a potential role for PR10 proteins in salinity stress responses. Our findings also suggest the possible existence of a novel signal transduction pathway involving SOD, H2O2, NDPK and PR10 proteins with a potentially crucial role in abiotic stress responses.

Identification of quantitative trait loci for grain yield, seed protein concentration and maturity in field pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Abstract: Breeding efforts to improve grain yield, seed protein concentration and early maturity in pea (Pisum sativum L.) have proven to be difficult. The use of molecular markers will improve our understanding of the genetic factors conditioning these traits and is expected to assist in selection of superior genotypes. This study was conducted to identify genetic loci associated with grain yield, seed protein concentration and early maturity in pea. A population of 88 recombinant inbred lines (RILs) that was developed from a cross between 'Carneval' and 'MP1401' was evaluated at 13 environments across the provinces of Alberta, Manitoba and Saskatchewan, Canada in 1998, 1999 and 2000. A linkage map consisting of 193 AFLPs (amplified fragment length polymorphism), 13 RAPDs (random amplified polymorphic DNA) and one STS (sequence tagged site) marker was used to identify putative quantitative trait loci (QTL) for grain yield, seed protein concentration and early maturity. Four QTL were identified each for grain yield and days to maturity, and three QTL were identified for seed protein concentration. A multiple QTL model for each trait showed that these genomic regions accounted for 39%, 45% and 35% of the total phenotypic variation for grain yield, seed protein concentration and days to maturity, respectively. The consistency of these QTL across environments and their potential for marker-assisted selection are discussed in this report.

Identification of Critical Stage for Disease Development and Biocontrol of Alternaria Blight of Indian Mustard (Brassica juncea)

Abstract: Fungicides mancozeb and carbendazim caused 100% reduction in mycelial growth of Alternaria brassicae over control in vitro while 1% (w/v) aqueous bulb extract of Allium sativum and leaf extract of Acacia nilotica caused significant reductions In dual culture, GR isolate of Trichoderma viride performed the best among the test isolates of Trichoderma, causing 81%, 82% reduction in mycelial growth of A brassicae over control Performance of isolates SI-2, P and SI-1 of T viride were at par (P < 001) with that of GR isolate Spraying of A brassicae at different ages of the mustard host plant identified 75 days after sowing (das) as the most critical age of the mustard plant for development of Alternaria blight severity on the crop with 45 das being the next most important one Mancozeb was the best among all the treatments, resulting in the lowest disease severity on leaves of mustard at both Sewar and Ludhavai as also the lowest A-value (area under disease progress curve) Performance of bulb extract of A sativum in checking the disease severity on leaves and pods was at par (P < 005) with mancozeb The GR isolate of T viride was at par with mancozeb in checking blight severity on mustard leaves at Sewar while performance of the bioagent was significantly (P < 005) inferior to the chemical fungicide at Ludhavai Performance of the bioagent isolate GR of T viride in checking the disease severity on pods was at par (P < 005) with mancozeb at both Sewar and Ludhavai, the treatment recording the lowest A-value on pods While application of bulb extract of A sativum resulted in highest seed yield at Sewar in 2001-2002, the bioagent isolate GR of T viride did so at Ludhavai, both the treatments being at par (P < 005) with mancozeb and significantly higher than control Application of bulb extract of A sativum at 45 and 75 das resulted in lowest blight severity on leaves and pods as also in highest seed yield among the different single and combination of treatments Although disease severity in the treatment was at par (P < 005) with that in mancozeb, application of the plant extract at the two stages of crop growth resulted in significantly higher seed yield compared with the two applications of the chemical fungicide However, application of the treatments singly only at 75 das, GR isolate of T viride at 45 and 75 das, A sativum 45 das + T viride 75 das, and T viride 45 das + A sativum 75 das resulted in seed yield at par (P < 005) with application of bulb extract of A sativum at 45 and 75 das

Endophytic rhizobia in barley, wheat and canola roots

Abstract: Endophytic rhizobia have been shown to improve the nutrition of nonlegume crops. The objective of this work was to investigate the effects of field pea (Pisum sativum)-based crop rotations on endop...

Variability in yield of four grain legume species in a subhumid temperate environment. II. Yield components

Abstract: SUMMARY The effects of plant population (one-tenth of the optimum to four times the optimum populations in 1998/99 and 10–400 plants/m 2 in 1999/2000) and sowing depth (2, 5 and 10 cm) on yield and yield components of four grain-legumes (Cicer arietinum, Lens culinaris, Lupinus angustifolius and Pisum sativum) were studied. Seed yields were strongly positively correlated with the number of pods and seeds/m 2 in both years in all species. The mean seed weight and number of branches/plant were inversely related to plant population. There was a nearly six-fold reduction in the number of branches/plant as plant population increased, which was due to restricted branching, and not to branch senescence. Generally, the variation in yield components was species dependent. However, for all species the number of pods/m 2 and seeds/m 2 could be used as primary criteria for selection in a breeding programme.

Variation in Oidium neolycopersici development on host and non-host plant species and their tissue defence responses

Abstract: Summary Detailed studies of the infection processes of Oidium neolycopersici (tomato powdery mildew) and plant tissue responses were carried out on 10 Lycopersicon spp. accessions and one of each species of Cucumis sativus, Datura stramonium, Lactuca sativa, Petunia hybrida and Pisum sativum with different levels of resistance. Germination of O. neolycopersici conidia was not inhibited by the host plant. However, in the early stages of O. neolycopersici infection significant differences in conidial germ tube development on resistant and susceptible plant lines were observed. The first substantial differences appeared after 24 h post inoculation (hpi). Mycelia and conidiophores developed on susceptible lines; however, there was no mycelial development on resistant plant lines. The most frequent resistant response in Lycopersicon species was the necrotic (hypersensitive) reaction (HR), occasionally followed by pathogen development. The completely resistant accession L. hirsutum (LA 1347) showed only a limited number of necrotic host cells per infection site (2%). In Oidium resistant tomato lines OR 4061 and OR 960008 the existence of adult resistance was detected. This phenomenon occurred mainly in accession OR 4061. Rapid development and profuse sporulation of O. neolycopersici was observed on juvenile plants (6–8 wk old), however this was in contrast to the slow development and sporadic sporulation observed on 4 month old plants. Evidence of posthaustorial resistance was observed in the interaction of O. neolycopersici with non-host species (Lactuca sativa and Pisum sativum.) This was in contrast to Datura stramonium and Petunia hybrida, where development of powdery mildew was delayed at a later stage in the infection cycle. With the exception of Pisum sativum, the necrotic (hypersensitive) response was observed often.

Garlic (Allium sativum L.) and its wild relatives from Central Asia: evaluation for fertility potential

Abstract: Garlic (Allium sativum L.) a popular condiment, is completely sterile, and thus is propagated only vegetatively. According to modern taxonomy, A. sativum and its closest wild relative A. longicuspis form a species complex. The collection of a large number of accessions of these taxa is the only means available for expansion of the genetic variability with regard to yield, quality, tolerance to biotic and abiotic traits, as well as flowering and possibly fertility restoration. A large number of garlic accessions was recently collected in Central Asia, the main center of garlic diversity. Plants were documented according to IPGRI rules, and thereafter evaluated and maintained in the field collections of vegetatively propagated alliums in Israel. The studied accessions were subdivided into two distinct sub-populations: semi-bolters and bolters. Most of flower-producing accessions produced both fertile pollen and receptive stigmas, and true garlic seeds were obtained from 5 accessions, collected in Kazakhstan in 1996-1998. The garlic inflorescence is an umbel-like structure with flower clusters (branches) arising from a common meristem. The flower morphology is typical of the genus Allium. Differentiation of topsets begins in the periphery of the apical surface only after floral differentiation has occurred, and the size, number and rapidity of topset development varies significantly between genotypes. Further studies of flowering physiology and fertility restoration, should focus on bolting genotypes which produce inflorescences with a high ratio of normal flowers to topsets.

Overcoming hybridization barriers between pea and some of its wild relatives

Abstract: Pea would benefit from the plasticity and adaptability of its cross-incompatible relatives Pisum fulvum and Lathyrus sativus L., and we have tested reciprocal sexual crossings by manually cross-pollinating plants of genotypes of these three species. Studies of in situ germination of pollen grains on stigmata showed that pollen tubes were generally unable to germinate or could not reach the ovary. A few putative hybrid pods were nevertheless harvested, with one grain per pod germinated in vitro, then micropropagated for flow cytometry, isoenzyme, molecular (ribosomal ITS PCR-RFLP) and genomic in situ hybridization (GISH) studies. One such grain was recovered from an inter-generic cross of P. sativum x L. sativus and four from an inter-specific P. sativum x P. fulvumcross. A strong cross-incompatibility was shown between pea and grass pea, where the putative hybrid turned out to be pea. Conversely, with the interspecific, P. sativum x P. fulvum cross, flow cytometry and isoenzymes with leaf tissues strongly suggested hybridity, while molecular approaches and GISH confirmed the production of inter-specific hybrids, and without the need for a wild type P. sativum accession as a bridging cross.

Chromosomal Instability in Callus Culture of Pisum sativum

Abstract: A study on the variation in chromosome number and structure of the cells from 45-days-old embryonal axis explant callus tissue of Pisum sativum L. of four genotypes was undertaken. The chromosome number showed a wide range of variation, however, the majority of cells studied were observed to be diploid (2n= 2x= 14) in nature. Among the numerical aberrations induced, tetraploid cells were the most frequent as compared to aneuploid cells of cells with a higher ploidy level. The frequency of fragments and bridges were highest among other structural changes. The composition and concentration of growth regulators was found to effect chromosomal instability whereas there was no effect of genotype.

Cutlass field pea

Abstract: Cutlass, a yellow cotyledon field pea (Pisum sativum L.) cultivar, was released in 2003 by Alberta Agriculture Food and Rural Development and the Crop Development Centre, University of Saskatchewan...

Non-pathogenic Fusarium strains protect the seedlings of Lepidium sativum from Pythium ultimum

Abstract: Two root-colonizing Fusarium strains, Ls-F-in-4-1 and Rs-F-in-11, isolated from roots of Brassicaceae plants, induced the resistance in Lepidium sativum seedlings against Pythium ultimum These strains caused an increase in the content of benzyl isothiocyanate, and of its precursor glucotropaeolin, in the roots of the host plants The increased isothiocyanate content is one of the factors contributing to the resistance of L sativum against P ultimum To be transformed into the fungitoxic compound benzyl isothiocyanate, glucotropaeolin has to be hydrolyzed by myrosinase, which can be produced either by plants or microorganisms The Fusarium strain Ls-F-in-4-1 has a myrosinase activity but the strain Rs-F-in-11 has not These results suggest that both strains are able to trigger the metabolic pathway leading to benzyl isothiocyanate production in the plant In the case of the myrosinase-negative strain Rs-F-in-11, hydrolyzation into isothiocyanate is only due to the myrosinase activity of the plant, and in the other case, the myrosinase produced by the strain Ls-F-in-11 also would contribute to the production of isothiocyanate This paper reports a new mode of action of non-pathogenic Fusarium strains in controlling P ultimum

Redistribution of Phosphorus in Soil Through Cover Crop Roots

Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate if cover crops can absorb P from the upper layers and transport it in their roots to subsoil layers. Samples of an Oxisol were placed in PVC columns. Super phosphate fertilizer was applied to the 0-10 cm soil surface layers. The cover crops tested were: Avena strigosa, Avena sativa, Secale cereale, Pisum sativum subsp arvense, Pisum sativum, Vicia villosa, Vicia sativa, Lupinus angustifoliu, Lupinus albus, and Triticum aestivum. After a growth period of 80 days the cover crop shoots were cut off and the soil was divided into 10cm layers and the roots of each layer were washed out. The roots and shoots were analyzed separated for total P contribution to the soil. Considerable amount of P was present in the roots of cover crops. Vicia sativa contained more than 60% of total plant P in the roots. The contribution of Vicia sativa to soil P bellow the fertilized zone was about 7 kg ha-1. It thus appeared that there existed a possibility of P redistribution into the soil under no tillage by using cover crops in rotation with cash crops. Vicia sativa was the most efficient cover crop species as P carrier into the roots from superficial layer to lower layers.

Roles of auxin and Uni in leaf morphogenesis of the afila genotype of pea (Pisum sativum)

Abstract: Pea (Pisum sativum L.) plantlets with the afila (af) allele, alone or in combination with other leaf form mutations, were grown on media containing the auxin transport inhibitors 2,3,5,‐triiodobenzoic acid (TIBA), N‐1‐naphthylphthalamic acid (NPA), or the weak auxin p‐chlorophenoxyisobutyric acid (PCIB). The morphology of the resulting plantlets was analyzed, and shoot tips were fixed for SEM observations and were frozen to monitor Uni gene expression using semiquantitative RT‐PCR. Auxin transport was measured in leaf parts of two genotypes using 14C‐labeled IAA. All three inhibitors produced similar morphological abnormalities in the four af genotypes used in this study, and the number and severity of abnormalities increased at the higher inhibitor concentrations. The number of pinna pairs produced on leaves was reduced. The proximal compound pinnae had fewer secondary branches and/or congenitally fused margins. Some leaves were converted from pinnately to palmately compound or to simple forms. Others we...

Comparative study on sensitivity of higher plants and fish to heavy fuel oil.

Abstract: Laboratory tests were conducted on higher plants [garden cress (Lepidium sativum), great duckweed (Spirodela polyrrhiza), and Tradescantia clone BNL 02] and fish [rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) at all stages of development: eggs, larvae and adults] to estimate their sensitivity to heavy fuel oil (HFO). A number of biological indices (survival, growth, and physiological and morphological parameters) as well as the genotoxic impact (Tradescantia) of HFO was evaluated by acute and chronic toxicity tests. Fish were found to be more sensitive to the toxic effect of HFO than were higher plants. EC(50) values obtained for higher plants ranged from 8.7 g/L (L. sativum) to 19.8 g/L (Tradescantia), and maximum-acceptable-toxicant concentration (MATC) values ranged from 0.1 to 1.0 g/L of total HFO for L. sativum and Tradescantia, respectively. The 96-h LC(50) values ranged from 0.33 g/L, for larvae, to 2.97 g/L, for adult fish, and the MATC value for fish was found to be equal to 0.0042 g/L of total HFO. To evaluate and predict the ecological risk of the overall effects of oil spills, studies should be performed using a set of acute and chronic bioassays that include test species of different phylogenetic levels with the most sensitive morphological, physiological, and genotoxic indices.

Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase in Pisum sativum plants during vegetative development. Influence of UV-B irradiation and high temperature on enzymatic activity

Abstract: Cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase (EC 1.5.99.12) specific activity was determined in leaves and roots of two P. sativum cultivars (cv. Scinado and cv. Manuela) during vegetative development and the effect of UV-B irradiation or elevated temperature was assessed. The measurement of CKX activity during development showed localisation of this enzyme to roots. The reduction in CKX activity in leaves after UV-B irradiation and the increased levels of the enzyme in high temperature-treated plants suggests that the enzymes from the CKX gene family have a different expression during stress responses provoked by different factors and probably are tissue specific. Differences regarding cytokinin oxidase/dehydrogenase activity stress response were observed between the two pea cultivars.

Ausência da atividade anti-helmíntica de plantas em frangos de corte naturalmente infectados com Heterakis gallinarum (Schranck,1788) Madsen,1949

Abstract: The anthelminthic activity of the plants; Allium sativum, Punica granatum, Tynnanthus fasciculatus and Cocus nucifera was studied. Seventy chickens were used, naturally infected with Heterakis gallinarum, divided in groups of ten, with a positive control (20) and a negative (10). The plants were administered in aqueous extract and juice for gavage, and triturated, incorporate to the ration in the dosis of 2, 3 and 10g/kg/day, for three consecutive days. The results were appraised through no-parametric test. A. sativum, P. granatum, T. fasciculatus and C. nucifera eliminated: 6.70; 4.12; 1.25 and 0.22%, respectively. The percentile of elimination of A. sativum and T. fasciculatus, corresponded respectively to 1/4 and 1/6 of the positive control, being C. nucifera and P. granatum similar to negative control. This way, the plants at applied doses didn’t present significant activity (P < 0.05) on the helmint H. gallinarum.

Populations and functional diversity of bacteria associated with barley, wheat and canola roots

Abstract: We investigated the effects of field pea (Pisum sativum)-based crop rotations on endophytic bacteria in roots and surrounding soil of cereal and oilseed crops. Barley (Hordeum vulgare), wheat (Trit...

Genotoxic Effects of Diuron Contaminated Soil on the Root Meristem Cells of Allium sativum: A Possible Mechanism of Chromosome Damage

Abstract: Diuron, a persistant substituted urea herbicide, was tested in the root meristem cells of Allium sativum for the possible cytogenetic effects and to compare the sensitivity with Allium cepa. Test concentrations of diuron 22.5, 45.0, and 90.0 ppm were mixed in soil and the cloves of A. sativum were placed over diuron-contaminated soils. Root meristematic cells were sampled at 48 h to score Mitotic/Chromosomal aberrations and to analyze the effect on mitotic index (MI). Microscopic analyses revealed significant and dose-dependent induction of mitotic as well as chromosomal breaks. The frequency of mitotic aberrations was every time found much higher than that of chromosomal aberrations. Mild percentage of Micronucleated and Binucleated cells was observed, as MI also declined during the analysis. Based on the data of valence charge densities on the atoms of herbicide molecule and spectroscopic studies, a possible mechanism of interaction of diuron with DNA molecule for chromosomal aberrations has been proposed.