Showing papers on "Sativum published in 2015"
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of low-temperature plasma (LTP) on seed surface modification, water uptake by seeds, seed germination and vigor of seedlings, as well as changes in the content of endogenous hormones in pea, (Pisum sativum L. var. Prophet).
Abstract: The objective of this study was to determine the influence of low-temperature plasma (LTP) on seed surface modification, water uptake by seeds, seed germination and vigor of seedlings, as well as changes in the content of endogenous hormones in pea, (Pisum sativum L. var. Prophet). The study’s authors used diffuse coplanar surface barrier discharge as the source of LTP in various duration times of treatment (from 60 to 600 s). The SEM analysis showed that LTP induced significant changes on the seeds’ surface, which was related to water permeability into the seeds. LTP increased the germination percentage of pea seeds as well as the growth parameters (root and shoot length, dry weight), and the vigor of seedlings and the effects of LTP also depended on exposure time. The LTP-pretreatment produced changes in endogenous hormones (auxins and cytokinins and their catabolites and conjugates), which correlated with increased growth of the pea seedlings. The results suggested an interaction among the modification of seed structure demonstrated by LTP in the induction of faster germination and hormonal activities related to plant signaling and development during the early growth of pea seedlings.
171 citations
TL;DR: The results strongly suggest that the PGPR strains characterized under present investigation may be useful as a novel biofertilizers for crop production at low temperature of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India.
Abstract: In the present investigation, four low temperature surviving PGPR strains were isolated from root nodules of pea (Pisum sativum L.) plant growing widely in different agro-climatic regions of the great northern Indian plains made fertile by the mighty river Ganges. All the PGPR strains were able to show growth at upto 5 °C in yeast extract-mannitol-mineral salts broth, but isolates PR-12-12 and PR-12-15 showing significantly higher cell growth as compared to other PGPR strains. In order to study their in-vitro characteristics, all PGPR strains are able to solubilize phosphate (Pi) on Pikovskaya agar plates ranging from 16–25 mm (7 DAI). Besides solubilizing Pi they produced phytohormone indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) in the range of 62.7–198.1 μg/ml. These PGPR strains exhibited highest resistance to DNA gyrase inhibitor antibiotic nalidixic acid and least resistance to ciprofloxacin. The results strongly suggest that the PGPR strains characterized under present investigation may be useful as a novel biofertilizers for crop production at low temperature of the Indo-Gangetic Plain (IGP) of India.
153 citations
TL;DR: A potential role of Allium sativum (garlic) in the management of metabolic syndrome is suggested; however, more studies should be conducted to evaluate its effectiveness.
Abstract: The metabolic syndrome is a common problem world-wide and includes abdominal obesity, hypertension, dyslipidemia, and hyperglycemia disorders. It leads to insulin resistance and the development of diabetes mellitus or cardiovascular disease. Allium sativum (garlic) has been documented to exhibit anti-diabetic, hypotensive, and hypolipidemic properties. This suggests a potential role of A. sativum in the management of metabolic syndrome; however, more studies should be conducted to evaluate its effectiveness. In this review, we discussed the most relevant articles to find out the role of A. sativum in different components of metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular disease risk factors. Because human reports are rare, further studies are required to establish the clinical value of A. sativum in metabolic syndrome.
125 citations
TL;DR: The SNPs associated with iron and zinc concentrations in seeds were potential for use in marker-assisted selection in pea breeding programs, and the population structure was identified which sufficiently explained the genetic structure of the panel genotypes.
Abstract: Association analyses of iron (Fe), zinc (Zn) and selenium (Se) concentrations in seeds of field pea (Pisum sativum L.) were done using a panel of 94 diverse accessions. The panel genotypes were grown at two locations in the province of Saskatchewan, Canada, in 2011 and 2012 growing seasons. A total of 1,233 EST-based single-nucleotide polymorphism markers (SNPs) equally distributed across the pea genome as Illumina GoldenGate assay were used to genotype the panel accessions and to estimate the population structure. Eight subpopulations were identified which sufficiently explained the genetic structure of the panel genotypes. Bonferroni threshold was used to minimize the false discovery rate by combining the structured association (Q) with kinship (K) in a mixed linear model implemented in Trait Analysis by Association, Evolution and Linkage (TASSEL). A total of nine SNPs (−log10 p value ≥4.2) were significantly associated with iron, and two SNPs with zinc concentration in seeds; however, none of the markers was associated with seed Se concentration. The SNPs associated with iron and zinc concentrations in seeds were potential for use in marker-assisted selection in pea breeding programs.
71 citations
TL;DR: Some legumes showed high N accumulation even in a short growing period, and could play an important role in fixing renewable nitrogen in crop rotation, and showed high variability between and within species.
Abstract: Biological nitrogen fixation by legumes is expected to play a greater role in future cropping systems. Our study evaluated 19 legume species grown as cover crops in Swiss agroecosystems. Two field experiments were set up to monitor the biomass production and nitrogen content of 19 legumes and two non-legumes. The proportion of nitrogen derived from atmospheric N2 (%Ndfa) was assessed using the 15N natural abundance method. In parallel, a pot experiment was set up to determine the species-specific B values necessary to apply this method. Some species produced an important amount of biomass in 3 months, up to 6.86 t/ha for Vicia faba. Five species, Lathyrus sativus, Pisum sativum, Vicia sativa, Vicia villosa, and V. faba, acquired more than 100 kg/ha of N through biological fixation. Important amounts of nitrogen were also derived from the soil. %Ndfa values showed high variability between and within species, ranging from 0 % to almost 100 %. Some legumes showed high N accumulation even in a short growing period, and could play an important role in fixing renewable nitrogen in crop rotation.
67 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the main objective of the study was to determine the phytochemical composition in the leaves of Coriandrum sativum using methanolic extraction and report the main functional components by using IR technique.
Abstract: The main objective of this study was to determine the phytochemical composition in the leaves of Coriandrum sativum, using methanolic extraction and report the main functional components by using IR technique. The phytochemical compounds in the extract were then screened by GC-MS method. Seven bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of C. sativum: 1,6-octadien-3-ol, 3,7-dimethyl, 1,6-octadien-3-ol,3,7-dimethyl, 2-aminobenzoate, bicyclo[2.2.1]heptan-2-one,1,7,7-trimethyl., geranyl vinyl ether, 9,10-secocholesta-5,7,10(19)-triene-3,24,25-triol., ascorbic acid 2,6-dihexadecanoate and 7aH-cyclopenta[a] cyclopropa[f]cycloundecene. Thirteen bioactive phytochemical compounds were identified in the methanolic extract of Melia azedarach. In the present investigation, a variety of compounds have been detected in M. azedarach including trichloromethane, propanedioic acid, diethyl ester, 2-pyrrolidinyl-methylamine, butanedioic acid, diethyl ester, 2-piperidimethanamine, butanedioic acid, hydroxyl-, diethyl ester, 2,5-dimethylhexane-2,5-dihydroperoxide, dithiocarbamate, s-methyl-,n-(2-methyl-3-oxobutyl), triethyl citrate, y-sitosterol, ethyl 9,12,15-octadecatrienoate, hexadecanoic acid, 2-hydroxy-1-(hydroxymethyl)ethyl ester, and octadecane, 3-ethyl-5-(2-ethylbutyl). It contains chemical constitutions which may be useful for various herbal formulation as anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antipyretic, cardiac tonic and antiasthamatic. C. sativum is highly active against Aspergillus terreus 6.01 ± 0.200. Bioactive compounds of C. sativum and M. azedarach were assayed for in vitro antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus mirabilis, Pseudomonas aerogenosa, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumonia using the diffusion method in agar. The zone of inhibition was compared with different standard antibiotics. The diameters of inhibition zones ranged from 5.60 ± 0.320 to 1.96 ± 0.200 mm for all treatments.
Key words: Anti-bacterial, antifungal activity, Coriandrum sativum, GC-MS analysis, Melia azedarach, phytochemicals.
63 citations
TL;DR: Four rhizobia-like strains, isolated from root nodules of Pisum sativum and Vicia faba grown in Anhui and Jiangxi Provinces of China, were grouped into the genus Rhizobium but were distinct from all recognized species by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes.
Abstract: Four rhizobia-like strains, isolated from root nodules of Pisum sativum and Vicia faba grown in Anhui and Jiangxi Provinces of China, were grouped into the genus Rhizobium but were distinct from all recognized species of the genus Rhizobium by phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA and housekeeping genes. The combined sequences of the housekeeping genes atpD, recA and glnII for strain CCBAU 23252T showed 86.9 to 95 % similarity to those of known species of the genus Rhizobium. All four strains had nodC and nifH genes and could form effective nodules with Pisum sativum and Vicia faba, and ineffective nodules with Phaseolus vulgaris, but did not nodulate Glycine max, Arachis hypogaea, Medicago sativa, Trifolium repens or Lablab purpureus in cross-nodulation tests. Fatty acid composition, DNA–DNA relatedness and a series of phenotypic tests also separated these strains from members of closely related species. Based on all the evidence, we propose a novel species, Rhizobium anhuiense sp. nov., and designate CCBAU 23252T ( = CGMCC 1.12621T = LMG 27729T) as the type strain. This strain was isolated from a root nodule of Vicia faba and has a DNA G+C content of 61.1 mol% (T
m).
59 citations
TL;DR: The potential of using association mapping to identify markers for pea breeding is demonstrated, and an association analysis between SNP genotypes and 25 valuable traits such as disease resistance, seed type/color, flower color, seed low molecular weight carbohydrate concentration, and seed mineral nutrient concentration was performed using a mixed linear model.
Abstract: Association mapping is an efficient approach for the identification of the molecular basis of agronomic traits in crop plants. For this purpose in pea (Pisum sativum L.), we genotyped and phenotyped individual lines of the single-plant-derived core collection of the USDA pea collection including accessions from 330 landraces and cultivars of Pisum sativum subsp. sativum var. sativum, 28 P. sativum subsp. elatius var. elatius, 16 P. sativum subsp. sativum var. arvense, four P. sativum subsp. elatius var. pumilio, three P. abyssinicum, two P. fulvum, and one P. sativum subsp. transcaucasicum. These 384 accessions were collected or donated from a total of 64 countries. The accessions were genotyped with 256 informative SNPs using a primer extension chemistry and matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization (MALDI–TOF) mass spectrometry assay. Genetic structure analysis showed that the collection was structured into two main groups, corresponding roughly to the cultivated types/landraces and the more primitive form species and subspecies, with some intermediates. Linkage disequilibrium of pairwise loci and population structure of the collection were analyzed, and an association analysis between SNP genotypes and 25 valuable traits such as disease resistance, seed type/color, flower color, seed low molecular weight carbohydrate concentration, and seed mineral nutrient concentration was performed using a mixed linear model. A total of 71 marker–trait associations were detected as significant with 1–34 markers per trait based on the false discovery rate (FDR < 0.05). This study demonstrates the potential of using association mapping to identify markers for pea breeding.
57 citations
TL;DR: Results indicate that aqueous extracts of Aloe vera, Allium sativum, Annona muricata, Azadirachta indica, Bidens pilosa, Camellia sinensis, Chrysanthemum coccineum and processed Coffee arabica can be used for rice seed treatment to manage rice blast disease.
Abstract: Rice blast disease, caused by a seed-borne fungus Pyricularia grisea, is an important and serious disease of rice (Oryza sativa L.) worldwide. The disease has been reported to cause yield losses of up to 40% in Tanzania. Studies were conducted to determine the effect of aqueous extracts of Aloe vera, Allium sativum, Annona muricata, Azadirachta indica, Bidens pilosa, Camellia sinensis, Chrysanthemum coccineum, processed Coffee arabica, Datura stramonium, Nicotiana tabacum and Zingiber officinalis for control of rice blast disease (Pyricularia grisea) in-vitro and in-vivo. The results indicate that processed C. arabica at 10% and 25% (v/v) had the highest (81.12%) and (89.40%) inhibitory effect, respectively, against P. grisea. Aqueous extract from N. tabacum at 10% concentration ranked third (80.35%) in inhibiting P. grisea. These were followed by extracts from 25% A. vera (79.45%) and 25% C. coccineum flower (78.83%). The results also indicate that, extracts from A. indica, A. vera, A. sativum, C. arabica, D. stramonium, C. sinensis, Z. officinalis and N. tabacum did not have any phytotoxic effect on seed germination, shoot height, root length, dry weight, seedling growth and seedling vigour index. These plant extracts can thus be used for rice seed treatment to manage rice blast disease.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors identify the flavonol glycosides in the leaves of different cultivars of V. faba and P. sativum and show that the leaves contain mono-, di-, tri-, tri-and tetraglycosides of quercetin and kaempferol with primarily glucose, rhamnose, and galactose as sugar moieties.
52 citations
TL;DR: It can be suggested that the extracts of this plant be applied as antimicrobial agents against these pathogens, particularly in biofilm forms.
Abstract: Results: The results showed that the A. sativum L. extract discs did not have any zone of inhibition for the tested bacteria. However, The MIC values of A. sativum L. extracts (0.078 - 2.5 mg/mL) confirmed the high ability of these extracts for inhibition of planktonic bacteria. A. sativum L. extracts were efficient to inhibit biofilm structures and the concentration of each extract had a direct relation with the inhibitory effect. Conclusions: Finally, it can be suggested that the extracts of this plant be applied as antimicrobial agents against these pathogens, particularly in biofilm forms.
TL;DR: Development of a large number of novel and reliable SSR (simple sequence repeat) or microsatellite markers will help both basic and applied genomics research of this crop.
Abstract: Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important food legume globally, and is the plant species that J.G. Mendel used to lay the foundation of modern genetics. However, genomics resources of pea are limited comparing to other crop species. Application of marker assisted selection (MAS) in pea breeding has lagged behind many other crops. Development of a large number of novel and reliable SSR (simple sequence repeat) or microsatellite markers will help both basic and applied genomics research of this crop. The Illumina HiSeq 2500 System was used to uncover 8,899 putative SSR containing sequences, and 3,275 non-redundant primers were designed to amplify these SSRs. Among the 1,644 SSRs that were randomly selected for primer validation, 841 yielded reliable amplifications of detectable polymorphisms among 24 genotypes of cultivated pea (Pisum sativum L.) and wild relatives (P. fulvum Sm.) originated from diverse geographical locations. The dataset indicated that the allele number per locus ranged from 2 to 10, and that the polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 0.08 to 0.82 with an average of 0.38. These 1,644 novel SSR markers were also tested for polymorphism between genotypes G0003973 and G0005527. Finally, 33 polymorphic SSR markers were anchored on the genetic linkage map of G0003973 × G0005527 F2 population.
TL;DR: It is tentatively concluded that platinum is accumulated as nanoparticles.
Abstract: Nanoparticles (NPs) are commonly used, and concerns about their possible adverse effects are being voiced as well. However, little is known about the fates of NPs released to the environment. The aim of the study was to (i) evaluate the ability of Sinapis alba and Lepidium sativum plants to take up platinum nanoparticles (Pt-NPs) and translocate them to aboveground organs, (ii) compare the accumulation efficiency of different forms of platinum and (iii) identify the forms in which platinum is stored in plant tissues. Plants were cultivated on medium supplemented with different concentrations of Pt-NPs and [Pt(NH3)4](NO3)2. Platinum content in plants was determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. For the identification of the presence of Pt-NPs in plant tissues, gamma spectrometry following iron irradiation was applied. It was found that L. sativum and S. alba are tolerant to applied concentrations of Pt-NPs and have an ability to take up platinum from the medium and translocate it to aboveground organs. The highest concentration of platinum was observed in plant roots (reaching 8.7 g kg−1 for S. alba). We tentatively conclude that platinum is accumulated as nanoparticles. The obtained results suggest future application of plants for phytoremediation and recovery of noble metal nanoparticles.
TL;DR: Close significant correlations were found between stomatal resistance and SPAD, as well as NDVI measured during flowering and the yield and water use efficiency for green seeds (WUEy), which can be used for the selection of pea genotypes adapted to water deficit under field conditions.
Abstract: Six green pea varieties (Pisum sativum L.) with different maturity and leaf type were grown under three irrigation conditions (irrigated, water deficit, non-irrigated) in dry seasons with the objective to examine the relationship among stomatal resistance, stomatal density, chlorophyll content expressed by SPAD value, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and the yield during the growing season. During flowering and pod ripening, significant difference was found in stomatal resistance between the mid- and late-ripening varieties. Those varieties had high stomatal resistance during flowering and pod development produced low yield under water deficiency. In drought under non-irrigated conditions, close significant correlations were found between stomatal resistance and SPAD, as well as NDVI measured during flowering and the yield and water use efficiency for green seeds (WUEy). Under this condition, when the stomatal resistance does not exceed 3 s cm−1 during green pea flowering, 4.3 t ha−1 of yield can be expected. In a dry season, under water deficiency, the SPAD values can be considered drought stress marker and it is more appropriate for evaluation of water use ability and productivity of pea varieties than the extent of stomatal resistance. The results can be used for the selection of pea genotypes adapted to water deficit under field conditions.
TL;DR: It was found that the tested PAHs increased the average colony counts of organotrophic soil bacteria; pyrene did so to the greatest extent, while anthracene and pyrene increased the value of the eco-physiological (EP) diversity indicator.
Abstract: Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons are organic compounds with highly toxic, carcinogenic, and mutagenic properties, which adversely affect the basic biological parameters of the soil, including the count of microorganisms, and the enzymatic activity. In addition to disturbances to the biological activity of the soil, PAHs may also exhibit toxic effects on plants. In view of the above, the study involved testing aimed at the determination of the effects of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in a form of naphthalene, phenanthrene, anthracene and pyrene on the count, colony development (CD) index, ecophysiological (EP) diversity index of organotrophic bacteria, and the activity of soil dehydrogenases and soil urease. Moreover, an attempt was made to determine the soil’s resistance based on the activity of the above-listed enzymes, and the effect of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons on seed germination and root growth was assessed by Lepidium sativum, Sorghum saccharatum, and Sinapis alba. In addition, the species of bacteria found in a soil subjected to strong pressure of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were isolated. The experiment was performed in a laboratory on samples of loamy sand. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons were introduced into the soil in an amount of 0, 1000, 2000, and 4000 mg kg−1 of soil dry matter. Germination and growth of cress (L. sativum), white mustard (S. alba), and sweet sorghum (S. saccharatum) were determined using Phytotoxkit tests. It was found that the tested PAHs increased the average colony counts of organotrophic soil bacteria; pyrene did so to the greatest extent (2.2-fold relative to non-contaminated soil), phenanthrene to the smallest extent (1.4-fold relative to non-contaminated soil). None of the PAHs changed the value of the bacterial colony development (CD) index, while anthracene and pyrene increased the value of the eco-physiological (EP) diversity indicator. PAHs lowered the activity of the tested enzymes. The activity of dehydrogenases was dependent on a greater extent by the type of hydrocarbon (54.56 %) rather than by the dose (10.64 %), while for the activity of urease, it was the opposite. The greater extent was dependent on dose (95.42 %) rather than by type (0.21 %). Dehydrogenases are characterised by greater resistance to the action of PAHs than urease. Based on seed germination and root growth, it has shown that S. alba is best suited, being the most vulnerable plant, while S. saccharatum is the least suited. Subjecting a soil to strong pressure of PAHs leads to disturbances to the biological parameters of the soil, seed germination, and root growth L. sativum, S. saccharatum, and S. alba.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Application of vermicompost significantly increased herbage and seed yield and was comparable to chemical fertilization and can be used as an alternative nutrient source for coriander cultivation.
Abstract: A field study was undertaken at Sakaleshpur (Karnataka, India) to study the response of three cultivars of corriander (Coriandrum sativum) to graded levels ofvermicompost in comparison with chemical fertilization (NPK). The study indicated that application of vermicompost significantly increased herbage and seed yield and was comparable to chemical fertilization. The herbage yield was maximum in Rcr-41 (6067.5 kg/ha) at 60th day after sowing when 15 t/ha of vermicompost was applied. Seed yield was maximum in Rcr-41 (1314 kg/ha) in plants treated with 20tlha vermicompost. The study also showed that vermicompost can be used as an alternative nutrient source for coriander cultivation.
TL;DR: High levels of genetic variation were detected in field pea accessions from Ethiopia using these newly developed EST-SSR primer-pairs, implying the potential of the Ethiopian fieldpea gene pool for improvement of field peas in various desirable traits.
Abstract: Field pea (Pisum sativum L.) is among the prominent crops in the world as food and feed. There are relatively few simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers developed from expressed sequence tags (ESTs) in P. sativum.
In the present study, 15 new EST-SSR markers were developed from publicly available ESTs. These markers have successfully amplified their target loci across seven Pisum sativum subsp. sativum accessions. Eleven (73 %) of these SSRs were trinucleotide repeats, two (13 %) dinucleotide and two (13 %) were hexanucleotide repeats. Across-taxa transferability of these new markers was also tested on other subspecies of Pisum as well as on P. fulvum, Vicia faba and Lens culinaris. In Pisum sativum subsp. sativum, 13 of the 15 markers were polymorphic and 12 of them subsequently used for genetic diversity analysis. Forty six accessions, of which 43 were from Ethiopia, were subjected to genetic diversity analysis using these newly developed markers. All accessions were represented by 12 individuals except two (NGB103816 and 237508) that were represented by 9 and 11 individuals, respectively. A total of 37 alleles were detected across all accessions. PS10 was the most polymorphic locus with six alleles, and the average number of alleles per locus over the 12 polymorphic loci was 3.1. Several rare and private alleles were also revealed. The most distinct accession (32048) had private alleles at three loci with 100 % frequency. These newly developed EST-SSR primer-pairs successfully amplified expected loci in P. sativum subsp. sativum as well as in other subspecies of the genus Pisum and related genera. High levels of genetic variation were detected in field pea accessions from Ethiopia using these markers. This result implies the potential of the Ethiopian field pea gene pool for improvement of field peas in various desirable traits. In addition, these markers could be a valuable asset in resolving the inconsistency in the taxonomic status of the different subspecies of genus Pisum as well as for characterization of field pea accessions in different gene banks around the world for breeding and conservation purposes.
TL;DR: The use of about 27.68% of legume seed in laying hen diet affected negatively performance results but about 19.48% of these seeds and 8% rapeseed meal in diets could be accepted as a soybean meal substitute.
Abstract: Abstract The aim of the study was to determine the usefulness of two protein concentrates composed of rapeseed meal and new cultivars of narrow-leaved and yellow lupine, peas in laying hen diets and their influence on birds’ performance and egg characteristics. The experiment was conducted with 180 layers kept in individual cages. The birds were randomly assigned to three treatments, with 60 hens in each and during the period of 17 weeks, they were fed diets: I - containing soybean meal as a protein source, II - containing protein concentrates composed of mixture of lupines, peas (19.48% of diet) and rapeseed meal, III - containing protein concentrates composed of a mixture of lupines and peas (27.68% of diet). The body weight, laying rate, egg weight, feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) and egg characteristics were registered. After 9 weeks of experiment, a decrease of laying rate was recorded in treatment III. The mean value of laying rate for 17 weeks amounted to 82.7 (I), 82.5 (II) and 75.9% (III) (P<0.01). The egg weight was diversified already after 4 weeks of egg production and averaged 57.9 (I), 55.9 (II) and 54.9 g (III) (P<0.05). Feed intake amounted to 108 (I), 111 (II) and 104 g per hen/day (III), and FCR was 2.05, 3.17 and 2.23 kg/kg egg weight, respectively. As to egg characteristics, increases of white index (P<0.05), Haugh unit score and yolk colour in treatment III were observed but egg shell thickness was found significantly reduced. In conclusion, the use of about 27.68% of legume seed in laying hen diet affected negatively performance results but about 19.48% of these seeds and 8% rapeseed meal in diets could be accepted as a soybean meal substitute.
TL;DR: Reciprocal hybrids with CE1 and JI1794 (Holan Heights) showed fully fertile pollen and reciprocal differences were registered as to pollen fertility and general vigour, and Paternal plastid DNA was registered in hybrids with WL2140 and VIR320 as seed parents.
Abstract: Seven diverse accessions of peas including Pisum fulvum Boiss. et Noe (WL2140), Pisum abyssinicum A. Br. (VIR2759) and Pisum sativum L. subsp. elatius (Bieb.) Schmahl. were crossed reciprocally with a testerline WL1238 of the cultivated pea, P. sativum L. subsp. sativum. Efficiency of crosses (the average number of hybrid seeds per cross) in reciprocal directions and general characteristics of reciprocal F1 hybrids, such as F1 seed mass, pollen and seed fertility, height, yield and biomass, were compared. P. fulvum and P. abyssinicum showed strong reproductive barriers with P. sativum subsp. sativum, both prezygotic, as estimated by crossing efficiency, and postzygotic, manifested as hybrid sterility and weakness. Among crosses of five accessions of wild P. sativum subsp. elatius with the testerline, only hybrids with CE1 (Crimea) showed no difference in reciprocal combinations. Reciprocal hybrids with CE1 and JI1794 (Holan Heights) showed fully fertile pollen. In other cases reciprocal differences were registered as to pollen fertility and general vigour. Two special cases with wild peas as seed parents were observed: abnormal hybrids with VIR320 (Palestine) and arrest of embryo development in crosses with L100 (Be’er Sheva). In all cases of reciprocal differences except for those involving accession 721 (Mt. Carmel), vigour and fertility of hybrids were higher when WL1238 (P. sativum subsp. sativum) was used as seed parent. Paternal plastid DNA was registered in hybrids with WL2140 and VIR320 as seed parents. Reproductive barriers within P. sativum L. showed a complicated pattern scarcely corresponding to any intraspecies taxonomy.
TL;DR: Significant level of variation in PSD were observed among accessions/genotypes, however, a few of them showed relatively consistent results across sites and years and may lead to the development of field pea varieties with enhanced resistance against pea weevil and consequently contribute to sustainable fieldpea production in Ethiopia and beyond.
Abstract: Field pea (Pisum sativum L. subsp. sativum) is an important agricultural crop worldwide, as a main source of protein in human diet and as animal fodder. In Ethiopia, it is the second most important legume crop next to faba bean (Vicia faba L.). However, the production is threatened by pea weevil (Bruchus pisorum L.), which is a rapidly spreading insect pest throughout the country. During June–October 2011, a total of 602 pea accessions from Ethiopia were screened for pea weevil resistance at three field sites in Ethiopia. From this trial, accessions with relatively low mean percent seed damage (PSD) were selected and evaluated during June-October 2012 in replicated trials. Some genotypes from the selected accessions were also studied under greenhouse conditions for up to three generations. Both in the field and greenhouse trials, a significant level of variation in PSD were observed among accessions/genotypes. However, a few of them showed relatively consistent results across sites and years. The gene bank accessions 32454 and 235002 had consistently <40 % PSD. These accessions had 17 and 33 % PSD, respectively, at a site where the highest and overall mean PSD were 92 and 75 %, respectively. Also, promising genotypes with consistently low levels of seed damage were identified in accessions 226037 and 32410. The incorporation of such promising accessions/genotypes into pea breeding programs may lead to the development of field pea varieties with enhanced resistance against pea weevil and consequently contribute to sustainable field pea production in Ethiopia and beyond.
TL;DR: The endophytic bacterium Bacillus megaterium BMN1 was isolated from surface-sterilized root-nodules of Medicago sativa and characterized phenotypically and genotypesically and belonged to the group of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and could have significant agricultural applications.
Abstract: Medicago sativa L. (Alfalfa) is an important forage crop legume in Saudi Arabia due to its high nutritive value and yield. Soil bacteria exist in root or root-nodules of Medicago sativa in either symbiotic relationships or in associations. In the current study, the endophytic bacterium Bacillus megaterium BMN1 was isolated from surface-sterilized root-nodules of Medicago sativa and characterized phenotypically and genotypically. The results indicated that BMN1 consumed a variety of sugars as sole carbon source, and produced catalase and amylase but not urease. BMN1 exhibited some plant growth-promoting traits, such as production of indole acetic acid and acetoin, and solublization of inorganic phosphate. In addition, comparative sequence analysis of the 16S rRNA gene showed that BMN1 exhibited 99 % homology with Bacillus megaterium. In addition, BMN1 could not nodulate alfalfa when re-inoculated but the strain enhanced root growth parameters compared to uninoculated plants. Co-inoculation of BMN1with Sinorhizobium meliloti increased not only the number of nodules formed on roots of alfalfa but also root length and root dry weight under greenhouse conditions. Furthermore, the effects BMN1 inoculation on the growth of Lens esculentus, Phaseolus vulgaris and Pisum sativum were also assessed. The length of the primary root, number of secondary roots and dry weight of roots of the three crop legumes were significantly increased upon inoculation by Bacillus megaterium compared to uninoculated control plants. In conclusion, BMN1 belongs to the group of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria and could have significant agricultural applications.
TL;DR: The highest values of the most studied parameters were recorded in combination between biofertilizers with foliar application of micronutrients and yeast extract.
Abstract: Two field experiments were carried out during two successive winter seasons at 2013 and 2014, in a private farm at Abuo-Hammad area, Sharkia Governorate, Egypt, to evaluate the integrated fertilization management i.e. chemical fertilization (NPK), biofertilization (Rhizobium leguminosarum. bv. vicieae, Glomas bagyarajii, Bacillus circulans) with or without foliar applications of yeast extract (Saccharomyces cereviseae) and micronutrients on enzymes activity, nodulation status, growth characteristics, chemical constituents, mycorrhizal infection (%) and yield of pea (Pisum sativum L.) cv. Master B grown under loamy sandy soil conditions. All estimated parameters were affected by biofertilizers application, especially in combination with foliar applied with yeast extract. The highest values of the most studied parameters were recorded in combination between biofertilizers with foliar application of micronutrients and yeast extract.
TL;DR: It is concluded that effects of PLW on nodulation and subsequent effects on plant nitrogen are more pronounced during the early growth stages of the plant, suggesting the importance of timing ofPLW infestation and may explain the lack of yield depression in relation to this pest observed in many field studies.
Abstract: Adults of Sitona lineatus (pea leaf weevil, PLW) feed on foliage of several Fabaceae species but larvae prefer to feed on nodules of Pisum sativum L. and Vicia faba L. Indirectly, through their feeding on rhizobia, weevils can reduce soil and plant available nitrogen (N). However, initial soil N can reduce nodulation and damage by the weevil and reduce control requirements. Understanding these interactions is necessary to make integrated pest management recommendations for PLW. We conducted a greenhouse study to quantify nodulation, soil and plant N content, and nodule damage by weevil larvae in relation to soil N amendment with urea, thiamethoxam insecticide seed coating and crop stage. PLWs reduced the number of older tumescent (multilobed) nodules and thiamethoxam addition increased them regardless of other factors. Nitrogen amendment significantly increased soil available N (>99% nitrate) as expected and PLW presence was associated with significantly lower levels of soil N. PLW decreased plant N content at early flower and thiamethoxam increased it, particularly at late flower. The study illustrated the complexity of interactions that determine insect herbivory effects on plant and soil nutrition for invertebrates that feed on N-fixing root nodules. We conclude that effects of PLW on nodulation and subsequent effects on plant nitrogen are more pronounced during the early growth stages of the plant. This suggests the importance of timing of PLW infestation and may explain the lack of yield depression in relation to this pest observed in many field studies. Also, pea crops in soils with high levels of soil N are unlikely to be affected by this herbivore and should not require insecticide inputs.
TL;DR: Compared to other contemporary sites in Switzerland, northeastern France and southern Germany, only small differences in the spectra of crop plants from the 4th to the 6th century ad are detected, however the relative proportions of these crop plants vary quite significantly, which could indicate that the significance of the individual taxa at the studied sites differed.
Abstract: There have been only a few archaeobotanical investigations of early medieval sites in Switzerland (5th–7th century ad) until now. Recent archaeobotanical studies of plant macroremains from three Merovingian settlements in the Canton du Jura, northwest Switzerland, have added to our knowledge of past landscapes, agriculture and food. One was located within an intra-Jurassic basin while the others were situated in the Ajoie plain to the northwest of the Jura mountains. The principal cultivated cereals were Avena sativa, Triticum aestivum, T. spelta and T. monococcum, followed by smaller frequencies of Hordeum distichon/vulgare, Secale cereale and T. dicoccon. Two types of millet, Panicum miliaceum and Setaria italica, were found only sporadically. Legumes such as Lens culinaris, Pisum sativum and Vicia faba were also regularly present in these settlements. Finds of cultivated vegetables and spices like Coriandrum sativum, Apium graveolens and Anethum graveolens were rare. These records, together with those of Malus sp. (probably cultivated) and Prunus domestica, demonstrate the past existence of gardens and orchards. Isolated remains of Juglans regia were also recovered. At Develier-Courtetelle, with its partially waterlogged sediments, finds of Linum usitatissimum and Cannabis sativa, together with dyeing and carding plants such as Reseda luteola, Xanthium strumarium and Dipsacus sativum/fullonum underline the importance of textile production. Among the wild plants found, many taxa are from cultivated fields, meadows and pasture land. Most of these are typical of rather damp, calcareous soils. Plants characteristic of dry grassland are rare, despite this habitat being widely present in the Jura until the first half of the 20th century. Compared to other contemporary sites in Switzerland, northeastern France and southern Germany, only small differences in the spectra of crop plants from the 4th to the 6th century ad are detected. However the relative proportions of these crop plants vary quite significantly, which could indicate that the significance of the individual taxa at the studied sites differed.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Improved salt stress tolerance response of transgenic pea plants overexpressing the Na+/H+ gene from Arabidopsis thaliana and a positive association with salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are provided.
Abstract: Among grain legumes, peas (Pisum sativum L.) are highly sensitive to salt stress. Acclimatization of plants to such conditions is mandatory. We provide improved salt stress tolerance response of transgenic pea plants overexpressing the Na+/H+ gene from Arabidopsis thaliana and a positive association with salt-tolerant plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR). In addition to salt stress tolerance and phosphate solubilization, the selected rhizobacterial isolates were identified for indole acetic acid and proline production ability. Seed germination percentage in transgenic pea plants was significantly higher under NaCl challenge. The wild-type (WT) pea plants inoculated with known numbers of viable cells of salt-tolerant PGPR and transgenic pea plants without any inoculation showed better growth performance under salt stress. However, the PGPR-inoculated transgenic plants showed significant increase in growth and biomass compared to the WT counterpart. An increase in antioxidant enzymes, i.e. Superoxide dismutase and peroxidases, was observed in PGPR-inoculated transgenic plants under salt stress. We could not see any negative effect of the transgene in pea plants on the growth of associated PGPR. The overall impact of microbe-mediated elicitation responses in transgenic plants, whether at the biochemical or molecular level, may lead to protection against salt stress.
TL;DR: In this article, a comparative study of organic fertilizer and inorganic fertilizers like urea and potassium chloride on the growth, biomass and biochemical parameters of two legumes of pea (Pisum sativum) and faba bean (Vicia faba) was conducted.
Abstract: The study was conducted to observe the comparative effect of organic fertilizer (cow dung) and inorganic fertilizers like urea and potassium chloride on the growth, biomass and biochemical parameters of two legumes of pea (Pisum sativum) and faba bean (Vicia faba). Experiments were done using two plant species of legume family. Organic fertilizer like cow dung (15t/ha) and inorganic fertilizer was applied at rate of urea (120kg/ha) and potassium chloride (125kg/ha). The application of cow dung at 15t/ha showed significant growth over the inorganic fertilizer urea and potassium chloride in terms of germination percentage, fresh weight and dry weight, plant height, shoot length, and root length as well as number of leaves in both the legume plants. Similarly, biochemical parameters have also shown significant differences from organic fertilizer over the inorganic fertilizers and control. Thus our study provides the evidence for using organic fertilizer like cow dung by farmers to have better yield to produce quality grains as cow dung is easy available, environmentally safe and cost effective in pea and faba bean plants.
TL;DR: It is concluded that Coriandrum sativum is a potential source of nephroprotective phytochemical activity, with flavonoids and polyphenols as the major components.
Abstract: Drug induced nephrotoxicity is one of the most common causes of renal failure. Gentamicin belongs to aminoglycosides, which elicit nephrotoxic potential. Natural antioxidants from plants demonstrate a number of biotherapeutic activities. Coriander is an important medicinal plant known for its hepatoprotective, diuretic, carminative, digestive and antihelminthic potential. This study was designed to investigate whether the extract of Coriandrum sativum ameliorates the nephrotoxicity induced by gentamicin in rats. Dried coriander powder was coarsely grinded and subjected to defatting by petroleum ether and further with ethyl acetate. The extract was filtered and subjected to phytochemical and phytoanalytical studies. Acute toxicity in Wistar rats was determined by the OECD Guideline (423). Animals were divided into four groups. The first group served as positive control, while the second group was toxic control (gentamicin treated). The third and fourth group were treated with the extract (200 and 400 mg/kg gentamicin). After 8 days, the animals were sacrificed and biochemical and histopathological studies were carried out. Phytochemical screening of the extract demonstrated Coriandrum sativum to be rich in flavonoids, polyphenolics and alkaloids. Results of acute toxicity suggested the use of 200 mg/kg and 400 mg/kg for Coriandrum sativum in the study. Coriandrum sativum extract at the dose of 400 mg/kg significantly (p<0.01) decreased creatinine levels in the animals, along with a decrease in serum urea and blood urea nitrogen. Treatment with Coriandrum sativum extract ameliorated renal histological lesions. It is concluded that Coriandrum sativum is a potential source of nephroprotective phytochemical activity, with flavonoids and polyphenols as the major components.
TL;DR: This is the first study to investigate the physiological implications underlying the phytotoxicity of E. helioscopia on wheat and pea and revealed a positive linear correlation between germination rate and amylase activity.
TL;DR: Overall, field pea is a good source of dietary Fe and future studies will address actual Fe bioavailability using animal/human models.