Showing papers on "Sativum published in 2020"

Chemical Constituents and Pharmacological Activities of Garlic (Allium sativum L.): A Review.

Abstract: Medicinal plants have been used from ancient times for human healthcare as in the form of traditional medicines, spices, and other food components. Garlic (Allium sativum L.) is an aromatic herbaceous plant that is consumed worldwide as food and traditional remedy for various diseases. It has been reported to possess several biological properties including anticarcinogenic, antioxidant, antidiabetic, renoprotective, anti-atherosclerotic, antibacterial, antifungal, and antihypertensive activities in traditional medicines. A. sativum is rich in several sulfur-containing phytoconstituents such as alliin, allicin, ajoenes, vinyldithiins, and flavonoids such as quercetin. Extracts and isolated compounds of A. sativum have been evaluated for various biological activities including antibacterial, antiviral, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities among others. This review examines the phytochemical composition, pharmacokinetics, and pharmacological activities of A. sativum extracts as well as its main active constituent, allicin.

Anatomical and ultrastructural responses of Hordeum sativum to the soil spiked by copper

Abstract: Effects of Cu toxicity from contaminated soil were analysed in spring barley (Hordeum sativum distichum), a widely cultivated species in South Russia. In this study, H. sativum was planted outdoors in one of the most fertile soils-Haplic Chernozem spiked with high concentration of Cu and examined between the boot and head emergence phase of growth. Copper toxicity was observed to cause slow ontogenetic development of plants, changing their morphometric parameters (shape, size, colour). To the best of our knowledge, the ultrastructural changes in roots, stems and leaves of H. sativum induced by excess Cu were fully characterized for the first time using transmission electron microscopy. The plant roots were the most effected, showing degradation of the epidermis, reduced number of parenchyma cells, as well as a significant decrease in the diameter of the stele and a disruption and modification to its cell structure. The comparative analysis of the ultrastructure of control plants and plants exposed to the toxic effects of Cu has made it possible to reveal significant disruption of the integrity of the cell wall and cytoplasmic membranes in the root with deposition of electron-dense material. The changes in the ultrastructure of the main cytoplasmic organelles-endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria, chloroplasts and peroxisomes-in the stem and leaves were found. The cellular Cu deposition, anatomical and ultrastructural modifications could mainly account for the primary impact points of metal toxicity. Therefore, this work extends the available knowledge of the mechanisms of the Cu effect tolerance of barley.

Increase in phenolic compounds of Coriandrum sativum L. after the application of a Bacillus halotolerans biofertilizer

Abstract: BACKGROUND There is an urgent need for a new sustainable way of satisfying the increasing demand for food worldwide. One of the main challenges is replacing chemical fertilizers with biofertilizers, which include plant root-associated beneficial microorganisms. The present study reports, for the first time, the effects of SCCPVE07 bacterial strain with respect to improving not only plant development, but also the nutritional content and bioactive compounds content of Coriandrum sativum L., one of the most economically important crops, even for plant growth under salinity stress. RESULTS Innoculated coriander plants (C. sativum L.) showed an increase in potassium, carbon, calcium and iron content. A significant improvement in phenolic compounds contents was also observed. The contents of 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, cinnamic acid, 4-methoxy-cinnamic acid hexoside, K-3-O rutinoside, Q-3-O-rutinoside, Q-3-O-glucoside and Q-3-O-glucuronide were significantly enhanced. Moreover, an efficient bacterial root colonization and a noted growth promotion were demonstrated. Bacterial genome was sequenced and analysed. Gene coding related to Plant growth promotion (PGP) mechanisms and proteins involved in plant defence from salinity or in the metabolism of phenolic compounds, such as quercetin 2,3-dioxygenase and phenolic acid decarboxylase, were identified. CONCLUSION The results obtained in the present study show, for the first time, the beneficial effects of the inoculation of a bacterial Bacillus halotolerans biofertilizer on coriander crops with respect to increasing the content in bioactive compounds and plant development. © 2020 Society of Chemical Industry.

Preharvest and Postharvest Application of Garlic and Rosemary Essential Oils for Controlling Anthracnose and Quality Assessment of Strawberry Fruit During Cold Storage.

Abstract: This study assessed the feasibility of using essential oils (EOs) against Colletotrichum nymphaeae inciting strawberry anthracnose. Two EOs, extracted from Allium sativum (garlic) and Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), were selected because their fungicide efficacy was already well characterized under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. We characterized both EOs in terms of efficacy and impact on qualitative traits and sensory quality of strawberry fruit. The gas chromatography-mass spectrometry analysis confirmed the Diallyl trisulfide (29.08%) and (α)-pinene (15.779%) as the main components of A. sativum and R. officinalis EOs, respectively. Both A. sativum and R. officinalis EOs significantly inhibited the mycelial growth and conidial germination of C. nymphaeae in contact and vapor assays compared with untreated control. However, EC50 assay indicated A. sativum EO was more effective than R. officinalis EO against the pathogen. Malformations of the vegetative structures of the pathogen exposed to both EOs were revealed as shriveled, collapsed, and swelling mycelia in the cultures. Both EOs confirmed their efficacy under in vivo and greenhouse conditions; in fact, they significantly reduced the development of fruit decay and anthracnose disease incidence and severity, compared with untreated controls. Both EOs preserved sensory attributes and quality parameters of strawberry fruit including firmness, total soluble solids, ascorbic acid, antioxidant activity, and anthocyanin, but may leave unwanted smells. These findings suggest that two EOs can potentially represent an alternative to synthetic chemical fungicides against C. nymphaeae preserving fruit quality factors, although their cost and the impact on the fruit odor must be carefully taken into consideration before developing a commercial product.

Molecularization of Bitter Off-Taste Compounds in Pea-Protein Isolates (Pisum sativum L.).

Abstract: Activity-guided fractionations, combined with taste dilution analyses (TDA), were performed to locate the key compounds contributing to the bitter off-taste of pea-protein isolates (Pisum sativum L.). Purification of the compounds perceived with the highest sensory impact, followed by 1D/2D-NMR, (LC-)MS/MS, LC-TOF-MS, and MSE experiments, led to the identification of 14 lipids and lipid oxidation products, namely, 9,10,13-trihydroxyoctadec-12-enoic acid, 9,12,13-trihydroxyoctadec-10-enoic acid, 9,10,11-trihydroxyoctadec-12-enoic, 11,12,13-trihydroxyoctadec-9-enoic acid, (10E,12E)-9-hydroxyoctadeca-10,12-dienoic acid, (9Z,11E)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid, (9E,11E)-13-hydroxyoctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid, 1-linoleoyl glycerol, α-linolenic acid, 2-hydroxypalmitic acid, 2-hydroxyoleic acid, linoleic acid, (9Z,11E)-13-oxooctadeca-9,11-dienoic acid, and octacosa-6,9,19,22-tetraen. Herein, we present the isolation, structure determination, and sensory activity of these molecules. Depending on their structure, the isolated compounds showed human bitter recognition thresholds between 0.06 and 0.99 mmol/L in water.

Uranium accumulation and its phytotoxicity symptoms in Pisum sativum L.

Abstract: Environmental contamination by uranium (U) and other radionuclides is a serious problem worldwide, especially due to, e.g. mining activities. Ultimate accumulation of released U in aquatic systems and soils represent an escalating problem for all living organisms. In order to investigate U uptake and its toxic effects on Pisum sativum L., pea plantlets were hydroponically grown and treated with different concentrations of U. Five days after exposure to 25 and 50 μM U, P. sativum roots accumulated 2327.5 and 5559.16 mg kg−1 of U, respectively, while in shoots concentrations were 11.16 and 12.16 mg kg−1, respectively. Plants exposed to both U concentrations showed reduced biomass of shoots and reduced content of photosynthetic pigments (total chlorophyll and carotenoids) relative to control. As a biomarker of oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation (LPO) levels were determined, while antioxidative response was determined by catalase (CAT) and glutathione reductase (GR) activities as well as cysteine (Cys) and non-protein thiol (NP-SH) concentrations, both in roots and shoots. Both U treatments significantly increased LPO levels in roots and shoots, with the highest level recorded at 50 μM U, 50.38% in shoots and 59.9% in roots relative to control. U treatment reduced GR activity in shoots, while CAT activity was increased only in roots upon treatment with 25 μM U. In pea roots, cysteine content was significantly increased upon treatment with both U concentrations, for 19.8 and 25.5%, respectively, compared to control plants, while NP-SH content was not affected by the applied U. This study showed significant impact of U on biomass production and biochemical markers of phytotoxicity in P. sativum, indicating presence of oxidative stress and cellular redox imbalance in roots and shoots. Obtained tissue-specific response to U treatment showed higher sensitivity of shoots compared to roots. Much higher accumulation of U in pea roots compared to shoots implies potential role of this species in phytoremediation process.

Isolation and characterization of ACC Deaminase Producing Endophytic Bacillus mojavensis PRN2 from Pisum sativum.

Abstract: Background: Endophytic bacteria reside inside healthy plant tissues and provide several benefits to their host, and help them to tolerate various stresses. Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate deaminase (ACCD) production is one of the mechanisms by which these bacteria help the plant to survive under ethylene stress.Objectives: The main focus of this study was to isolate endophytic bacteria and effectively screen them for ACCD production. The selected isolate was identified and assessed for plant growth-promoting potential under pot conditions.Materials and Methods: Endophytic bacteria were isolated from root nodules of Pisum sativum plants, grown in northern India (Haryana state). ACCD activity was initially screened on DF minimal salt medium with ACC as a sole nitrogen source. To narrow down the number of the isolates, another screening method was adopted using a modified medium containing indicator dyes along with ACC. The strain producing ACCD as well as a significant amount of Indole 3 acetic acid (IAA) was identified using 16S rDNA gene sequencing and amplification of acdS gene. Its ability to promote plant growth was evaluated under pot culture conditions.Results: Twenty-six endophytic bacteria were isolated from nodules of P. sativum plants. Sixteen isolates showed growth on DF minimal salts medium supplemented with ACC along with negative control. On the modified medium containing indicator dyes, two isolates, PJN13 and PJN17, showed zones of the color gradient. The ACC deaminase activity was further confirmed by enzymatic assay. The strains PJN13 and PJN17 produced 160 and 130 μM of α-ketobutyrate m.g-1 protein h-1, respectively. The IAA production in the strain PJN13 (79.04 ± 0.78 μg.mL -1) was significantly more than that in the strain PJN17 (38.36 ± 1.89 μg.mL-1). It could enhance pea plant growth parameters, including root and shoot length and fresh and dry weight from 1 to 4 times compare to the control (untreated pea plants) under pot conditions. The results of 16S rDNA amplification and sequencing showed that PJN13 has maximum similarity to Bacillus mojavensis, and the sequence submitted to GenBank under accession number MH298523. Also, a band about 800 bp was amplified for the acdS gene.Conclusions: Though Bacillus is known as a predominant non-rhizobial endophytic genus, however in the present study, a B. mojavensisBacillus mojavensis PRN2 (MH298523) was reported for the first time as an endophyte from the nodules of pea plants. The isolated strain possesses ACC deaminase activity along with IAA production capability, and high potentials as PGPE (Plant growth-promoting endophyte) for plant growth, so it has potential to be used as biofertilizers in pea fields.

Activity of Ailanthus altissima (Mill.) Swingle Extract as a Potential Bioherbicide for Sustainable Weed Management in Horticulture

Abstract: The sustainable management of weeds is one of the main challenges in agriculture Recent studies have demonstrated the potential of plant phytotoxins, such as ailanthone from Ailanthus altissima (Mill) Swingle, as bioherbicides Since a complex extract may be more active than a single compound, we explored the phytotoxicity of A altissima extracts obtained from the leaves, samaras, rachises, and secondary roots, and we evaluated their application potential for weed control in horticulture The pre-emergence activity of all plant extracts was evaluated over varying concentrations on two indicator species (ie, Lepidium sativum L and Raphanus sativus L) under controlled conditions As the leaf extract was able to be generated in sufficient quantities, it was therefore further evaluated in glasshouse experiments with seven common weed species as indicators, as well as in a nursery production system for the cultivation of three horticultural crops (ie, Salvia officinalis L, S rosmarinus Schleid, and Dianthus caryophyllus L) Following the application of the extract, the index of germination (IGe%), the index of biomass, and the density of weeds per pot were evaluated, along with the impact on crop growth and quality (ie, plant growth index and leaf damage) Under controlled conditions, the extract from the secondary root was the most active in reducing the IGe%, with greater persistence across time in both indicator species At 18 days following application, the lowest concentration of the leaf extract at 18 mg L−1 ailanthone reduced the IGe%by up to 15% and 45% in R sativus and L sativum, respectively In R sativus, all of the extract types affected the IGe%, but extract activity was greater in L sativum Under glasshouse conditions, leaf extracts containing 50 and 200 mg L−1 ailanthone showed strong inhibition (98%–99%) in the biomass of all treated indicator and weed species Under nursery conditions, leaf extracts formulated at 100 and 200 mg L−1 ailanthone performed similarly, and no weeds were observed in any of the treated pots of S officinalis and S rosmarinus in the 60-day study period Conversely, in the D caryophyllus pots, an increase in the percentage of weed presence per pot was observed after 40 days A reduction in the growth index and an increase in leaf phytotoxicity were observed during the cultivation experimentation, especially in S officinalis when the extract was applied post-emergence to the crop canopy Phytotoxicity was alleviated by the application of the extract directly to the soil or growth media These results provide new insights into A altissima extracts and their phytotoxicity to support their additional use as a sustainable solution for weed management in horticultural crops

The Effect of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi Inoculation in Mitigating Salt Stress of Pea (Pisum Sativum L.)

Abstract: Salinity is one of the major threats to an agriculture production system and limits crop growth and productivity Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) form a mutualistic association with majority of

Genome size analysis of field grown and somatic embryo regenerated plants in Allium sativum L.

Abstract: In the present study, an efficient in vitro propagation protocol has been developed from clove explants of Allium sativum L., one of the oldest vegetable and medicinal plant used worldwide. Garlic is propagated vegetatively as cross-fertilization is strictly precluded due to sterile flowers. Due to a low rate of multiplication, limited genetic improvement possibility and increased germplasm degradation, plant tissue culture becomes an efficient and preferred tool for quality and rapid propagation of garlic. Here, the clove explants were cultured on Murashige and Skoog basal medium amended with different concentrations of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) namely 2,4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), 6-benzyl amino purine (BAP), and 1-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA). Within 2 weeks of inoculation, white compact callus was formed, maximum callus induction frequency (85.99%) was on 1.5 mg l−1 2, 4-D added MS medium. Induced callus transformed into an embryogenic callus on 2, 4-D and BAP amended MS medium with highest embryogenic frequency (77.7%) was noted on 0.25 mg l−1 2, 4-D and 1.0 mg l−1 BAP added medium. Embryogenic callus differentiated into progressive stages of somatic embryos starting from globular, scutellar, and finally to coleoptilar stage of the embryo. Histological and scanning electron microscopic study of embryogenic callus was conducted, showing different stages of embryos, their origin and development, re-confirming somatic embryogenesis incidence in A. sativum. Green and mature somatic embryos were germinated and converted into plantlets on 0.5 mg l−1 BAP amended MS medium. The in vitro regenerated plants were cultured separately in IBA and NAA supplemented media for root induction. The MS medium amended with 1.0 mg l−1 IBA proved to be the best PGR treatment in inducing roots. The rooted plants were acclimatized and transferred ex vitro with about 87% survival rate. Cytological and flow cytometric analyses were performed to assess the genetic stability of in vitro regenerated plants. Cytological studies of in vitro regenerated plants showed 2n = 16 chromosome number and did not reveal any numerical variation in chromosomes. Flow cytometry was employed to measure the 2C DNA content of somatic embryo regenerated A. sativum plants and compared with in vivo grown garlic. The histogram peaks of relative 2C DNA content of in vitro regenerated plantlets were similar to the corresponding 2C DNA peak of in vivo grown plants. Flow cytometric 2C DNA content of embryo regenerated and field-grown A. sativum plants were the same, i.e., 33.45 pg and 33.56 pg, respectively, confirming genetic similarity. In conclusion, the present cytological and flow cytometric study suggest that the in vitro culture conditions are quite safe, did not encourage genetic alterations, and regenerants were “true to type.”

Chemical Compositions of Commercial Essential Oils From Coriandrum sativum Fruits and Aerial Parts

Abstract: Coriander and cilantro, the fruit and herb of Coriandrum sativum, are popular additives in various cuisines worldwide. The essential oils derived from coriander and cilantro are also popular and ha...

Combined effects of Allium sativum and Cuminum cyminum essential oils on planktonic and biofilm forms of Salmonella typhimurium isolates.

Abstract: Salmonella typhimurium (S typhimurium) represents an important global public health problem and has the ability to survive under desiccation conditions in foods and food processing facilities for years The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of Allium sativum (A sativum) and Cuminum cyminum (C cyminum) essential oils (EOs) against planktonic growth, biofilm formation and quorum sensing (QS) of S Typhimurium isolates, the strong biofilm producers The major components of EOs were determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) Biofilm formation of S Typhimurium isolates was measured by crystal violet staining Then, the effects of the EOs on the planktonic cell growth (using determination of minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC)), measurement of the synergistic effects of EOs (using checkerboard method), biofilm formation (using microtiter-plate test and scanning electron microscope (SEM)), and expression of QS and cellulose synthesis genes (using quantitative real-time PCR) were assessed Finally, tetrazolium-based colorimetric (MTT) assay was used to examine EOs cytotoxicity on the Vero cell line GC–MS analysis showed that terpineol, carene and pinene in C cyminum EO and sulfur compounds in A sativum EO were the major components of the plant extract The Geometric mean of MIC values of the A sativum and C cyminum were 066 and 262 μL mL−1, respectively The geometric means of the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICi) for both EOs were calculated as 105 The qPCR results showed that MIC/2 concentrations of both EOs significantly down-regulated of QS (sdiA and luxS) and cellulose synthesis (csgD and adrA) genes Scanning electron microscopy showed the EOs reduced the amount of S Typhimurium mature biofilm In general, we showed that C cyminum and A sativum EOs can be considered as the potential agents against planktonic and biofilm form of S Typhimurium without any concern of cytotoxic effect at 4 MIC concentrations on the eukaryotic Vero cells

Yield structure components of autumn- and spring-sown pea (Pisum sativum L.)

Abstract: Climate change brings increasing attention to winter sowing of traditionally spring sown crops. Crop stand height, soil coverage, grain yield and yield components of six winter pea varietie...

Improving secondary metabolite accumulation, mineral content, and growth of coriander (Coriandrum sativum L.) by regulating light quality in a plant factory

Abstract: A plant factory with artificial lighting is an advanced indoor cultivation system that has been being developed rapidly for producing high-quality vegetables in many countries. Coriander is an impo...

Avaliação Fenológica do coentro (Coriandrum sativum L.) em diferentes condições de luminosidade

Abstract: Coriander Coriandrum sativum L. is a glabrous plant, from the Apiaceae family, with small or aromatic pink or white flowers, whose fruit is diakene and whose leaf, used as a seasoning or condiment, exudes a characteristic odor. It is a vegetable used in several regions of Brazil as a condiment, of great socioeconomic importance. The performance of this vegetable is very important for producers due to its commercialization. Only by raising the level of quality, which can guarantee excellent productions. In order to seek improvements in the yield and quality of this vegetable, four different lighting conditions were investigated. The experiment was completely randomized (DIC), conducted during the period from August to November 2019 at Campus I of the State University of Alagoas-UNEAL in Arapiraca-AL. The seeds were sown in trays and, thirty days after emergence, transplantation took place in 3.5 liter containers, containing a mixture of soil and tanned bovine manure in a 2: 1 ratio. Irrigation occurred equally in all pots, twice a day. Therefore, among the analyzed variables, there was a higher yield of vegetables with the variable MS - half shade (with a 50% surplus of interception of direct solar radiation), obtaining plants with more developed stems and leaves, in addition to more vivid colors in relation to those grown in different environments. It is concluded, therefore, that vegetables are in an environment with a 50% interception of solar radiation promotes greater yield for the production of coriander, making it the best option for growing this vegetable.

Influence of energy density and viscosity on foam stability – A study with pea protein (Pisum Sativum L.)

Abstract: A high foam stability (FS) is important for manufacturers and is mainly achieved through high protein concentrations. Consequently, the increase of FS at lower protein concentrations is desirable f...

Heavy Metal Bioaccumulation, Growth Characteristics, and Yield of Pisum sativum L. Grown in Agricultural Soil-Sewage Sludge Mixtures

Abstract: The application of sewage sludge (SS) in agriculture is an alternative disposal method for wastewater recycling and soil fertilization. This study evaluated heavy metal bioaccumulation, growth, and yield of Pisum sativum (pea) grown in agricultural soil amended with SS at rates of 0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g/kg. The results show that root, shoot, pod length, biomass, and number of leaves and pods increased with SS amendments of 10 and 20 g/kg, while rates declined at 30 and 40 g/kg. SS had greater salinity and organic content than the soil. Heavy metals in the postharvest soil samples increased for all SS application rates except Fe and Mo. The significant increase in Cd content started at the lowest amendment rate 10 g/kg; for Co, Mn, and Pb, the significant increase was detected at the highest amendment rate (40 g/kg). Generally, all heavy metals increased significantly in portions of P. sativum except Cd in the shoot. At an amendment rate of 10 g/kg, Co in the shoot and root, Cr in the fruit, Cu in the root, Fe in the fruit, Mn in the shoot and fruit, Mo in the fruit, Pb in the shoot, and Zn in the fruit were elevated significantly. In contrast, the concentrations of Cd in the fruit, Cr in the root, Cu in the shoot, Fe in the shoot and root, Ni in the fruit and root, Pb in the fruit and root, and Zn in the root significantly increased only at the highest rate of 40 g/kg. The highest regression R2 was 0.927 for Mn in pods and the lowest was 0.154 for Cd in shoots. Bioaccumulation and translocation factors were > 1 for Mo and the bioaccumulation of Pb was >1. SS could be used for pea fertilization but only at rates below 20 g/kg to avoid environmental and health hazards.

Impact of different cadmium concentrations on two Pisum sativum L. genotypes

Abstract: This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd) (0, 100, 200, and 400 μM Cd) on two genotypes (AG-10 and AP-3) of Pisum sativum. Cd stress reduced the length, fresh weight, and dry weight of roots and shoots in both genotypes. Chlorophyll ‘a’ and ‘b’ and carotenoid content was also decreased and greater decreases were observed for higher concentrations of Cd. As Cd stress increased, levels of proline, glycine betaine, and soluble proteins were increased and sugar content was decreased. The application of Cd also caused an increase in hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, and electrolyte leakage in both genotypes. The activities of defensive antioxidant enzymes like superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, glutathione reductase, and glutathione S-transferase were also increased with increasing Cd concentrations; however, the increase in AG-10 was greater than in AP-3. The accumulation of phenols was decreased with Cd stress in both pea genotypes, with the greatest decreases were observed in AP-3. In conclusion, Cd caused a marked reduction in growth, biomass yield, and pigment content in both pea genotypes. However, enhanced accumulation of osmolytes and antioxidant enzyme activities alleviated the adverse effects of Cd. AG-10 was more tolerant genotype than AP-3, as AG-10 showed less Cd induced damage and higher antioxidant enzyme activities.

Osteoprotective Activity and Metabolite Fingerprint via UPLC/MS and GC/MS of Lepidium sativum in Ovariectomized Rats.

Abstract: Lepidium sativum seeds are used traditionally to accelerate healing of bone fracture in addition to its culinary uses. This study aimed to characterize the osteoprotective effect of L. sativum in an ovariectomized rat model at two dose levels (50 and 100 mg/kg) using 17β-estradiol as a positive reference standard. Moreover, a complete metabolite profile of L. sativum via UHPLC/PDA/ESI-MS, as well as headspace solid-phase microextraction (SPME)-GC/MS is presented. Results revealed that L. sativum extract exhibited significant anti-osteoporotic actions as evidenced by mitigating the decrease in relative bone weight concurrent with improved longitudinal and perpendicular femur compression strength. Further, the extract enhanced the serum bone formation biomarkers lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and osteocalcin levels. The extract also inhibited exhaustion of superoxide dismutase (SOD) as well as glutathione peroxidase (GPx) activities and accumulation of lipid peroxides in bone tissues. This is in addition to ameliorating the rise in the markers of bone resorption carboxyterminal telopeptide, type I (CTXI) and tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) and modulating receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-Β ligand (RANKL)/ osteoprotegerin (OPG) expression. Metabolite characterization suggests that glucosinolates, lignans, coumarins, phenolic acids, and alkaloids mediate these anti-osteoporotic effects in a synergistic manner.

Character Association in French Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) and Pea (Pisum sativum L.) A Review

Abstract: Pea (Pisum sativum L.) is an important leguminous vegetable crop grown in many parts of the world i.e., temperate and subtropical regions, for fresh green immature pods. Sometimes it is utilized as a pulse crop and also as a green manure crop. It belongs to the family Leguminosae (Fabaceae) having chromosome number 2n=14, with its origin Central Asia. Pea growing states are Uttar Pradesh, Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand, Punjab, and Karnataka. However. Uttar Pradesh is the leading state of pea production in India sharing 46.1%. Total area in India under pea cultivation is about 554-thousand-hectare area and the production is 5524 thousand MT having an annual productivity of 8.9 MT per hectare (NHB, 2018). Pea has a great nutritive value & contains vitamin A, B and C along with minerals, dietary fiber & antioxidant compounds (Urbano et al., 2003). In addition, it also has high nutritive value i.e. proteins 7.2g/100g, carbohydrate 14g/100, dietary fiber 5g/100g. Peas are excellence source of protein, help in digestion, protective against some chronic diseases, prevent constipation and reduce bad cholesterol. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences ISSN: 2319-7706 Volume 9 Number 11 (2020) Journal homepage: http://www.ijcmas.com

Characterization of phenolic compounds in two novel lines of Pisum sativum L. along with their in vitro antioxidant potential

Abstract: Like other vegetables, Pisum sativum L. also faces storage and degradation problems. To enhance their resistance and make them enable to cope with the deterioration problems during storage, the current study was designed to develop two resistant lines of P. sativum in terms of phenolic contents and genotypes. The phenolic compounds generally have antioxidant properties and deterioration during storage which are usually due to oxidation caused by free radicals. Thus, if a variety has high phenolic contents these problems will be coped in a better way. The genotype of a plant is also important in this regard, and the best adopted species would survive in unfavorable conditions. First, the phenolic and flavonoid contents were determined in the crude extract using the Folin-Ciocalteu method. Then, the identification and quantification of phenolic compounds were carried out in the developed lines of selected plants PL-04 and PL-05, as well as in the parental varieties [Climax (female) and Falan (male)] via HPLC. DPPH assay was used to determine the free radical scavenging capabilities of the extracts of the developed verities. The genotypic differences were confirmed by DNA fingerprinting using advanced simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. The HPLC analysis of PL-04 confirmed the presence of three phenolic compounds in an appreciable amount which exhibited a higher antioxidant activity against DPPH radicals, while in the parental varieties, two phenolic compounds were identified and exhibited lower antioxidant activities. PL-04 was found rich in phenolic compounds and affectively scavenge-free radicals which would therefore be resistant to oxidation and degradation caused by free radicals. Comparing the present findings with our previous one, P-04 was found to be resistant to powdery mildew; it was concluded that the most probable reason of the resistance was the high phenolic contents and thus long shelf life.

Development of Pea Breeding Lines with Resistance to Orobanche crenata Derived from Pea Landraces and Wild Pisum spp.

Abstract: Pea (Pisum sativum) is an important grain legume worldwide whose cultivation is severely constrained by the root parasitic weed crenate broomrape (Orobanche crenata), which is widespread in the Mediterranean Basin and Middle East. No resistance is available in commercialized cultivars but some levels of incomplete resistance has been reported in pea landraces and Pisum spp. relatives. In this paper we report the development of a number of advanced pea breeding lines with resistance derived from wide crosses with resistant P. fulvum, P. sativum ssp. elatius, P. sativum ssp. syriacum, and with pea landraces, and critically discuss current progress and future perspectives on pea breeding for broomrape resistance. Resistance of breeding lines was confirmed over five field trials, showing markedly reduced broomrape over ground emergence, and in rhizotron experiments, showing either reduced tubercle formation or, in some of the lines, also hampered tubercle development that might grow slower or even become necrotic and die. Breeding lines performed well agronomically, having similar or mostly higher yields than the parental pea cv. Messire in environments with high broomrape incidence.