Showing papers on "Saturation (magnetic) published in 2014"
TL;DR: The observation of an extremely large positive magnetoresistance at low temperatures in the non-magnetic layered transition-metal dichalcogenide WTe2 is reported, which will represent a significant new direction in the study of magnetoresistivity.
Abstract: The magnetoresistance effect in WTe2, a layered semimetal, is extremely large: the electrical resistance can be changed by more than 13 million per cent at very high magnetic fields and low temperatures. Apply a magnetic field to a magnetoresistive material and its electrical resistance changes — a technologically useful phenomenon that is harnessed, for example, in the data-reading sensors of hard drives. Mazhar Ali and colleagues have now identified a material (tungsten ditelluride or WTe2) in which the magnetoresistance effect is unusually large: the electrical resistance can be changed by more than 13 million per cent. Its remarkable magnetoresitance is evident at very high magnetic fields and at extremely low temperatures, so practical applications are not yet in prospect. But this finding suggests new directions in the study of magnetoresistivity that could ultimately lead to new uses of this effect. Magnetoresistance is the change in a material’s electrical resistance in response to an applied magnetic field. Materials with large magnetoresistance have found use as magnetic sensors1, in magnetic memory2, and in hard drives3 at room temperature, and their rarity has motivated many fundamental studies in materials physics at low temperatures4. Here we report the observation of an extremely large positive magnetoresistance at low temperatures in the non-magnetic layered transition-metal dichalcogenide WTe2: 452,700 per cent at 4.5 kelvins in a magnetic field of 14.7 teslas, and 13 million per cent at 0.53 kelvins in a magnetic field of 60 teslas. In contrast with other materials, there is no saturation of the magnetoresistance value even at very high applied fields. Determination of the origin and consequences of this effect, and the fabrication of thin films, nanostructures and devices based on the extremely large positive magnetoresistance of WTe2, will represent a significant new direction in the study of magnetoresistivity.
1,364 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a 22nm-thick yttrium iron garnet (YIG) film with a Gilbert damping constant α = (8.58 ± 0.21) × 10 -5
Abstract: Yttrium iron garnet (YIG) films that are in the nanometer thickness range and show extremely low damping are reported. The films were deposited via sputtering at room temperature and were then annealed in O
2
at high temperature. A 22-nm-thick YIG film showed a Gilbert damping constant α = (8.58 ± 0.21) × 10
-5
, which represents the lowest damping ever reported for nanometer-thick magnetic films. The film had a gyromagnetic ratio of |γ| = 2.83 MHz/Oe and a saturation induction of 4π M
s
= 1766 G, which are both very close to those of single-crystal YIG bulk materials. The film had a very smooth surface, with an rms surface roughness of about 0.13 nm.
265 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a single-phase epitaxially grown YIG thin films with thickness ranges from 17 to 200 nm were shown to have low coercivity, near-bulk room temperature saturation moments (∼135 emu cm−3), inplane easy axis, and damping parameters as low as 2.2 × 10−4.
Abstract: Yttrium iron garnet (YIG, Y 3Fe5O12) films have been epitaxially grown on Gadolinium Gallium Garnet (GGG, Gd3Ga5O12) substrates with (100) orientation using pulsed laser deposition. The films were single-phase, epitaxial with the GGG substrate, and the root-mean-square surface roughness varied between 0.14 nm and 0.2 nm. Films with thicknesses ranging from 17 to 200 nm exhibited low coercivity (<2 Oe), near-bulk room temperature saturation moments (∼135 emu cm−3), in-plane easy axis, and damping parameters as low as 2.2 × 10−4. These high quality YIG thin films are useful in the investigation of the origins of novel magnetic phenomena and magnetization dynamics.
210 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a theoretical analysis of the chiral modulations that arise in confined cubic helimagnets where the uniaxial anisotropy axis and magnetic field are both out-of-plane is presented.
Abstract: This paper reports on magnetometry and magnetoresistance measurements of MnSi epilayers performed in out-of-plane magnetic fields. We present a theoretical analysis of the chiral modulations that arise in confined cubic helimagnets where the uniaxial anisotropy axis and magnetic field are both out-of-plane. In contrast to in-plane field measurements [Wilson et al., Phys. Rev. B 86, 144420 (2012)], the hard-axis uniaxial anisotropy in MnSi/Si(111) increases the energy of (111)-oriented skyrmions and in-plane helicoids relative to the cone phase, and it makes the cone phase the only stable magnetic texture below the saturation field. While induced uniaxial anisotropy is important in stabilizing skyrmion lattices and helicoids in other confined cubic helimagnets, the particular anisotropy in MnSi/Si(111) entirely suppresses these states in an out-of-plane magnetic field. However, it is predicted that isolated skyrmions with enlarged sizes exist in MnSi/Si(111) epilayers in a broad range of out-of-plane magnetic fields. These results reveal the importance of the symmetry of the anisotropies in bulk and confined cubic helimagnets in the formation of chiral modulations, and they provide additional evidence of the physical nature of the $A$-phase states in other B20 compounds.
203 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this paper, a few-layer black phosphorus crystals with thickness down to a few nanometres are used to construct field effect transistors for nanoelectronic devices. But the performance of these materials is limited.
Abstract: Two-dimensional crystals have emerged as a class of materials that may impact future electronic technologies. Experimentally identifying and characterizing new functional two-dimensional materials is challenging, but also potentially rewarding. Here, we fabricate field-effect transistors based on few-layer black phosphorus crystals with thickness down to a few nanometres. Reliable transistor performance is achieved at room temperature in samples thinner than 7.5 nm, with drain current modulation on the order of 10(5) and well-developed current saturation in the I-V characteristics. The charge-carrier mobility is found to be thickness-dependent, with the highest values up to ∼ 1,000 cm(2) V(-1) s(-1) obtained for a thickness of ∼ 10 nm. Our results demonstrate the potential of black phosphorus thin crystals as a new two-dimensional material for applications in nanoelectronic devices.
138 citations
TL;DR: It is found that the Payne effect significantly increases in the presence of an external magnetic field and varies with the cyclical loading which reaches saturation after several cycles.
Abstract: The dynamic modulus and the loss factor of magnetorheological elastomers (MREs) of various compositions and anisotropies are studied by dynamic torsion oscillations performed in the absence and in the presence of an external magnetic field. The emphasis is on the Payne effect, i.e. the dependence of the elastomer magnetorheological characteristics on the strain amplitude and their evolution with cyclically increasing and decreasing strain amplitudes. MREs are based on two silicone matrices differing in storage modulus (soft, G′ ∼ 103 Pa, and hard, G′ ∼ 104 Pa, matrices). For each matrix, the concentration of carbonyl iron particles with diameters of 3–5 μm was equal to 70 and 82 mass% (22 and 35 vol%, respectively) in the composite material. Samples for each filler content, isotropic and aligned-particles, are investigated. It is found that the Payne effect significantly increases in the presence of an external magnetic field and varies with the cyclical loading which reaches saturation after several cycles. The results are interpreted as the processes of formation–destruction–reformation of the internal filler structure under the simultaneously applied mechanical force and magnetic field. Impacts of matrix elasticity and magnetic interactions on the filler alignment are elucidated.
132 citations
TL;DR: It was found that the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) of the unconfined nanoparticle systems were significantly higher than those of confined (the MNPs embedded in the polystyrene matrix), and the dipole-dipole interactions can significantly reduce the global magnetic response of the MNPs and thereby decrease the SAR of the nanoparticles systems.
115 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetoreistance of a single crystal with electric current parallel to the $b$-axis was investigated and the metal-semiconductor crossover was found to be preserved when the current is along the $ac$-plane but the magnetoresistant ratio was significantly suppressed.
Abstract: The extremely large transverse magnetoreistance (the magnetoresistant ratio $\sim 1.3\times10^5\%$ in 2 K and 9 T field, and $4.3\times 10^6\%$ in 0.4 K and 32 T field, without saturation), and the metal-semiconductor crossover induced by magnetic field, are reported in NbSb$_2$ single crystal with electric current parallel to the $b$-axis. The metal-semiconductor crossover is preserved when the current is along the $ac$-plane but the magnetoresistant ratio is significantly suppressed. The sign reversal of the Hall resistivity in the field close to the crossover point, and the electronic structure calculation reveals the coexistence of a small number of holes with very high mobility and a large number of electrons with low mobility. These effects are attributed to the change of the Fermi surface induced by the magnetic field.
111 citations
TL;DR: An overview of organic-based and more generally molecule-based magnetic materials that exhibit unusual magnetic properties can be found in this paper with emphasis on magnetic ordering using examples possessing organic nitriles ( CN) or inorganic cyanide (CN − ).
109 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a kinetic Monte Carlo (KMC) algorithm to calculate hysteresis loops that correctly account for both time and temperature in magnetic hyperthermia.
Abstract: Understanding the influence of dipolar interactions in magnetic hyperthermia experiments is of crucial importance for fine optimization of nanoparticle (NP) heating power. In this study we use a kinetic Monte Carlo algorithm to calculate hysteresis loops that correctly account for both time and temperature. This algorithm is shown to correctly reproduce the high-frequency hysteresis loop of both superparamagnetic and ferromagnetic NPs without any ad hoc or artificial parameters. The algorithm is easily parallelizable with a good speed-up behavior, which considerably decreases the calculation time on several processors and enables the study of assemblies of several thousands of NPs. The specific absorption rate (SAR) of magnetic NPs dispersed inside spherical lysosomes is studied as a function of several key parameters: volume concentration, applied magnetic field, lysosome size, NP diameter, and anisotropy. The influence of these parameters is illustrated and comprehensively explained. In summary, magnetic interactions increase the coercive field, saturation field, and hysteresis area of major loops. However, for small amplitude magnetic fields such as those used in magnetic hyperthermia, the heating power as a function of concentration can increase, decrease, or display a bell shape, depending on the relationship between the applied magnetic field and the coercive/saturation fields of the NPs. The hysteresis area is found to be well correlated with the parallel or antiparallel nature of the dipolar field acting on each particle. The heating power of a given NP is strongly influenced by a local concentration involving approximately 20 neighbors. Because this local concentration strongly decreases upon approaching the surface, the heating power increases or decreases in the vicinity of the lysosome membrane. The amplitude of variation reaches more than one order of magnitude in certain conditions. This transition occurs on a thickness corresponding to approximately 1.3 times the mean distance between two neighbors. The amplitude and sign of this variation is explained. Finally, implications of these various findings are discussed in the framework of magnetic hyperthermia optimization. It is concluded that feedback on two specific points from biology experiments is required for further advancement of the optimization of magnetic NPs for magnetic hyperthermia. The present simulations will be an advantageous tool to optimize magnetic NPs heating power and interpret experimental results.
88 citations
TL;DR: A nanoassembly supporting the hybridization of an electric and magnetic plasmonic mode in Fano resonance conditions is investigated, able to generate an intense and localized magnetic hot-spot in the near-infrared spectral region.
Abstract: The possibility to develop nanosystems with appreciable magnetic response at optical frequencies has been a matter of intense study in the past few years. This aim was strongly hindered by the saturation of the magnetic response of "natural" materials beyond the THz regime. Recently, in order to overcome such limitation, it has been considered to enhance the magnetic fields through the induction of displacement currents triggered by plasmonic resonances. Here we investigate a nanoassembly supporting the hybridization of an electric and magnetic plasmonic mode in Fano resonance conditions. Taking advantage of the enhancement properties owned by such interferential resonance, we have been able to generate an intense and localized magnetic hot-spot in the near-infrared spectral region.
TL;DR: In this paper, a series of ferrite samples with the compositional formula, Ni 0.5 Co 0.1.5− x Zn x Fe 2 O 4 (0≤ x ≤0.5), was prepared using the citrate based sol-gel method for the better understanding of zinc doping on the structural and magnetic properties.
TL;DR: In this article, a new diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) (Ba0.7K0.3)(Zn0.85Mn 0.15)2As2 DMS with spontaneous magnetization following T 3/2 dependence expected for a homogeneous ferromagnet with saturation moment 1.0μ for each Mn atom.
Abstract: We report the ferromagnetism with Cure temperature T
c at 230 K in a new diluted magnetic semiconductor (DMS) (Ba0.7K0.3)(Zn0.85Mn0.15)2As2 isostructural to ferropnictide 122 superconductors synthesized via low temperature sintering. Spin is doped by isovalence substitution of Mn2+for Zn2+, while charge is introduced by heterovalence substitution of K1+ for Ba2+ in (Ba0.7K0.3)(Zn0.85Mn0.15)2As2 DMS, being different from (Ga,Mn)As where both spin & charge are induced simultaneously by heterovalence substation of Mn2+ for Ga3+. The (Ba0.7K0.3)(Zn0.85Mn0.15)2As2 DMS shows spontaneous magnetization following T
3/2 dependence expected for a homogeneous ferromagnet with saturation moment 1.0μ
B for each Mn atom.
TL;DR: In this paper, a multiferroic composites with the general formula x BaTiO 3 −(1− x ) NiFe 2 O 4 (x = 0.5, 0.7,0.8) were prepared by mixing chemically obtained nickel ferrite and barium titanate powders.
TL;DR: In this paper, the second derivative of the magnetostriction with respect to the bias magnetic field is considered and the model that results in a dc component and frequency doubling when the composite is subjected to an ac magnetic field.
TL;DR: In this paper, the specific absorption rate (SAR) under an alternating magnetic field is investigated as a function of size, frequency and amplitude of the applied magnetic field, and a mean heating efficiency of 30 W/g is obtained for the smallest particles at 110 kHz and 190 Oe.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the influence of the interface quality on the spin Seebeck effect (SSE) of the bilayer system yttrium iron garnet (YIG)-platinum (Pt).
Abstract: We have investigated the influence of the interface quality on the spin Seebeck effect (SSE) of the bilayer system yttrium iron garnet (YIG)–platinum (Pt). The magnitude and shape of the SSE is strongly influenced by mechanical treatment of the YIG single crystal surface. We observe that the saturation magnetic field ( HsatSSE) for the SSE signal increases from 55.3 mT to 72.8 mT with mechanical treatment. The change in the magnitude of HsatSSE can be attributed to the presence of a perpendicular magnetic anisotropy due to the treatment induced surface strain or shape anisotropy in the Pt/YIG system. Our results show that the SSE is a powerful tool to investigate magnetic anisotropy at the interface.
TL;DR: In this article, the synthesis of multiferroic BiFeO3 (BFO) and CoFe2O4 (CFO) nanocomposites was reported and the frequency dependence of ac electrical conductivity curves of the composite samples were fitted using the relation σ ( f ) = σ dc + A ( T ) f n (T ).
TL;DR: Magnetic susceptibility for ferrite Bi25FeO39 was measured at 5−950 K in the magnetic field of 0.86 T as discussed by the authors. But the magnetic moment of Fe3+ ions was not measured.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors show that backscattering from an isolated gold nanoparticle exhibits not only saturation but also reverse saturation, and they further reveal that nonlinear scattering is dominated by surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and shares a similar physical origin with nonlinear absorption.
Abstract: Nonlinear optical interaction is crucial to all-optical signal processing. In metallic nanostructures, both linear and nonlinear optical interactions can be greatly enhanced by surface plasmon resonance (SPR). In the last few decades, saturation and reverse saturation of absorption in plasmonic materials have been unraveled. It is known that scattering is one of the fundamental light–matter interactions and is particularly strong in metallic nanoparticles due to SPR. However, previous methods measure response from ensemble of nanoparticles and did not characterize scattering on a single particle basis. Here we report that backscattering from an isolated gold nanoparticle exhibits not only saturation, but also reverse saturation. Wavelength-dependent and intensity-dependent studies reveal that nonlinear scattering is dominated by SPR and shares a similar physical origin with nonlinear absorption. The reversibility and repeatability of saturable scattering (SS) and reverse saturable scattering (RSS) are val...
TL;DR: In this article, the Gd 3+ doped Y 3− x Gd x Fe 5 O 12 (x = 0.0, 0.15, and 0.25) nanopowders were prepared using modified sol-gel route and structural characterizations such as X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy has been carried out.
01 Jan 2014
TL;DR: Metals and alloys for soft and hard magnetic materials now are ubiquitous in many magnetic applications in bulk, powder, nanocrystal and thin film forms as discussed by the authors, and they have been used for many applications.
Abstract: This chapter introduces metals and alloys used for soft and hard magnets. Alloy development illustrates the materials vparadigm of synthesis → structure → properties → performance relationships. Development is motivated by intrinsic materials properties, such as saturation induction and Curie temperature. Advancement of alloys for applications involves optimizing extrinsic properties, such as remanent induction and coercivity by processing to achieve suitable microstructures. Magnetic hysteresis is useful in permanent magnets where we wish to store a large metastable magnetization. For soft magnets, small hysteresis losses per cycle are desirable. Metals and alloys for soft and hard magnetic materials now are ubiquitous in many magnetic applications in bulk, powder, nanocrystal and thin film forms.
TL;DR: In this paper, the ability for all-optical magnetic switching is correlated to the remanent sample magnetization and thus to the difference in magnetic moment of the rare-earth and transition-metal sublattices.
Abstract: Low remanent magnetization as key prerequisite for the ability of helicity dependent all-optical magnetic switching (AOS) is demonstrated for an artificial zero moment magnet. A heterostructure consisting of two amorphous ferrimagnetic Tb36Fe64 and Tb19Fe81 alloy layers is designed to yield a zero remanent net magnetization at room temperature by means of an antiparallel interfacial exchange coupling of the dominant magnetic moments. The canceling layer magnetizations provide vanishing demagnetization fields and the ability of AOS. Contrary to this, no all-optical switching is observed for single Tb36Fe64 and Tb19Fe81 films. This study provides further evidence that the ability for all-optical magnetic switching is correlated to the remanent sample magnetization and thus to the difference in magnetic moment of the rare-earth and transition-metal sublattices.
TL;DR: A vibrating sample magnetometry study showed that, when radiation dose increased, the saturation and remanence magnetization decreased, whereas the coercivity and the reManence ratio increased.
Abstract: Colloidal Fe3O4 nanoparticles were synthesized using a gamma-radiolysis method in an aqueous solution containing iron chloride in presence of polyvinyl alcohol and isopropanol as colloidal stabilizer and hydroxyl radical scavenger, respectively. Gamma irradiation was carried out in a 60Co gamma source chamber at different absorbed doses. Increasing the radiation dose above a certain critical dose (100 kGy) leads to particle agglomeration enhancement, and this can influence the structure and crystallinity, and consequently the magnetic properties of the resultant particles. The optimal condition for formation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles with a uniform and narrow size distribution occurred at a dose of 100 kGy, as confirmed by X-ray diffractometry and transmission electron microscopy. A vibrating sample magnetometry study showed that, when radiation dose increased, the saturation and remanence magnetization decreased, whereas the coercivity and the remanence ratio increased. This magnetic behavior results from variations in crystallinity, surface effects, and particle size effects, which are all dependent on the radiation dose. In addition, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was performed to investigate the nature of the bonds formed between the polymer chains and the metal surface at different radiation doses.
TL;DR: In this article, high purity τ-Mn54Al46 and Mn54−xAl46Cxalloys were successfully prepared using conventional arc-melting, melt-spinning, and heat treatment process.
Abstract: In this paper, high purity τ-Mn54Al46 and Mn54−xAl46Cxalloys were successfully prepared using conventional arc-melting, melt-spinning, and heat treatment process. The magnetic and the structural properties were examined using x-ray diffraction (XRD), powder neutron diffraction and magnetic measurements. A room temperature saturation magnetization of 650.5 kAm-1, coercivity of 0.5 T, and a maximum energy product of (BH)max = 24.7 kJm-3 were achieved for the pure Mn54Al46 powders without carbon doping. The carbon substituted Mn54−xAl46Cx, however, reveals a lower Curie temperature but similar saturation magnetization as compared to the carbon-free sample. The electronic structure of MnAl shows that the Mn atom possesses a magnetic moment of 2.454 μB which results from strong hybridization between Mn-Al and Mn-Mn. We also investigated the volume and c/a ratio dependence of the magnetic moments of Mn and Al. The results indicate that an increase in the intra-atomic exchange splitting due to the cell volume ex...
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of Mn substitution on temperature dependent magnetic properties of Mn substituted cobalt ferrite, i.e., Co1−xMnxFe2O4 (x=0.0−0.4), prepared by a ceramic method has been investigated.
TL;DR: The structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles, with crystallite sizes 30, 40, and 50 nm, are studied in this paper, where it is observed that grain boundary widths decrease as crystallite size increases.
Abstract: The structural, electrical, and magnetic properties of magnetite nanoparticles, with crystallite sizes 30, 40, and 50 nm, are studied These crystallite sizes correspond to average particle sizes of 33, 87, and 90 nm, respectively, as determined by TEM By HRTEM images, it is observed that grain boundary widths decrease as crystallite size increases Electrical and microstructural properties are correlated based on the theoretical definition of charging energy Conduction phenomena are investigated as a function of grain boundaries widths, which in turn depend on crystallite size: the calculations suggest that charging energy has a strong dependence on crystallite size By zero-field-cooling and susceptibility measurements, it is observed that Verwey transition is crystallite size dependent, with values ranging from 85 to 95 K In addition, a kink at the out-phase susceptibility curves at 35 K, and a strong change in coercivity is associated to a spin-glass transition, which is independent of crystallite size but frequency dependent The activation energy associated to this transition is calculated to be around 6–7 meV Finally, magnetic saturation and coercivity are found to be not significantly affected by crystallite size, with saturation values close to fine powders values A detailed knowledge on the effects of grain boundary width and crystallite size on conductivity and magnetic properties is relevant for optimization of materials that can be used in magnetoresistive devices
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a magnetic study of molecular beam epitaxy grown (GdxBi1-x)2Te3 thin films with a high Gd concentration, up to x ≈ 0.3.
Abstract: Incorporation of magnetic dopants into topological insulators to break time-reversal symmetry is a prerequisite for observing the quantum anomalous Hall (QAHE) effect and other novel magnetoelectric phenomena. GdBiTe3 with a Gd:Bi ratio of 1:1 is a proposed QAHE system, however, the reported solubility limit for Gd doping into Bi2Te3 bulk crystals is between ∼0.01 and 0.05. We present a magnetic study of molecular beam epitaxy grown (GdxBi1–x)2Te3 thin films with a high Gd concentration, up to x ≈ 0.3. Magnetometry reveals that the films are paramagnetic down to 1.5 K. X-ray magnetic circular dichroism at the Gd M4,5 edge at 1.5 K reveals a saturation field of ∼6 T, and a slow decay of the magnetic moment with temperature up to 200 K. The Gd3+ ions, which are substitutional on Bi sites in the Bi2Te3 lattice, exhibit a large atomic moment of ∼7 μB, as determined by bulk-sensitive superconducting quantum interference device magnetometry. Surface oxidation and the formation of Gd2O3 lead to a reduced moment ...
TL;DR: In this paper, an adsorbent for fluoride removal from drinking water was prepared by coating Fe-Ti bimetallic oxide on magnetic Fe3O4 particles by co-precipitation.
TL;DR: In this article, a series of numerical simulations and experiments have been performed to assess the effectiveness of magnetic shielding in a Hall thruster operating in the discharge voltage range of 300-700 V (Isp≈ 2000-2700 s) at 6
Abstract: A series of numerical simulations and experiments have been performed to assess the effectiveness of magnetic shielding in a Hall thruster operating in the discharge voltage range of 300–700 V (Isp ≈ 2000–2700 s) at 6 kW, and 800 V (Isp ≈ 3000) at 9 kW. At 6 kW, the magnetic field topology with which highly effective magnetic shielding was previously demonstrated at 300 V has been retained for all other discharge voltages; only the magnitude of the field has been changed to achieve optimum thruster performance. It is found that magnetic shielding remains highly effective for all discharge voltages studied. This is because the channel is long enough to allow hot electrons near the channel exit to cool significantly upon reaching the anode. Thus, despite the rise of the maximum electron temperature in the channel with discharge voltage, the electrons along the grazing lines of force remain cold enough to eliminate or reduce significantly parallel gradients of the plasma potential near the walls. Computed maximum erosion rates in the range of 300–700 V are found not to exceed 10−2 mm/kh. Such rates are ∼3 orders of magnitude less than those observed in the unshielded version of the same thruster at 300 V. At 9 kW and 800 V, saturation of the magnetic circuit did not allow for precisely the same magnetic shielding topology as that employed during the 6-kW operation since this thruster was not designed to operate at this condition. Consequently, the maximum erosion rate at the inner wall is found to be ∼1 order of magnitude higher (∼10−1 mm/kh) than that at 6 kW. At the outer wall, the ion energy is found to be below the sputtering yield threshold so no measurable erosion is expected.