scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Saturation (magnetic) published in 2015"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Large transverse magnetoreistance and field-induced metal-semiconductor-like transition, in NbSb2 single crystal, revealing the coexistence of a small number of holes with very high mobility and a large number of electrons with low mobility.
Abstract: The magnetic field response of the transport properties of novel materials and then the large magnetoresistance effects are of broad importance in both science and application. We report large transverse magnetoreistance (the magnetoresistant ratio ~ 1.3 × 105% in 2 K and 9 T field, and 4.3 × 106% in 0.4 K and 32 T field, without saturation) and field-induced metal-semiconductor-like transition, in NbSb2 single crystal. Magnetoresistance is significantly suppressed but the metal-semiconductor-like transition persists when the current is along the ac-plane. The sign reversal of the Hall resistivity and Seebeck coefficient in the field, plus the electronic structure reveal the coexistence of a small number of holes with very high mobility and a large number of electrons with low mobility. The large MR is attributed to the change of the Fermi surface induced by the magnetic field which is related to the Dirac-like point, in addition to orbital MR expected for high mobility metals.

161 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the impact of synthesis parameters on the co-precipitation process of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles was investigated and the results indicated that the saturation magnetization is directly related to the particle size.

128 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of the grain size of investigated systems on the saturation magnetization was studied, showing that grain boundaries have greater impact on total resistivity that grains, and the change of grain size and density with increasing Zn content was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in shape-memory Heusler alloy Ni$50$Mn$_{35}$In$15} was studied by direct measurements in pulsed magnetic fields up to 6 and 20 T.
Abstract: We have studied the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in the shape-memory Heusler alloy Ni$_{50}$Mn$_{35}$In$_{15}$ by direct measurements in pulsed magnetic fields up to 6 and 20 T. The results in 6 T are compared with data obtained from heat-capacity experiments. We find a saturation of the inverse MCE, related to the first-order martensitic transition, with a maximum adiabatic temperature change of $\Delta T_{ad} = -7$ K at 250 K and a conventional field-dependent MCE near the second-order ferromagnetic transition in the austenitic phase. The pulsed magnetic field data allow for an analysis of the temperature response of the sample to the magnetic field on a time scale of $\sim 10$ to 100 ms which is on the order of typical operation frequencies (10 to 100 Hz) of magnetocaloric cooling devices. Our results disclose that in shape-memory alloys the different contributions to the MCE and hysteresis effects around the martensitic transition have to be carefully considered for future cooling applications.

75 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, perovskite Ti-doped LaFeO 3 (LaFe 1− x Ti x O 3, x ǫ = 0, 0.1, and 0.2) nanoparticles synthesized by the polymer pyrolysis method were investigated.

74 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The results indicate that strong anisotropy and weak dipolar interaction tend to increase Hc and Mr/Ms, and also clarify that the jumps around H = 0 in M(H) loops can be attributed to the reorientation of surface spins.
Abstract: Well-dispersed uniform cobalt ferrite nanoparticles were synthesized by thermal decomposition of a metal–organic salt in organic solvent with a high boiling point. Some of the nanoparticles were diluted in a SiO2 matrix and then the undiluted and diluted samples were characterized and their magnetic behavior explored. The undiluted and diluted samples exhibited maximum coercivity Hc of 23 817 and 15 056 Oe at 10 K, respectively, which are the highest values reported to date, and the corresponding ratios of remanence (Mr) to saturation (Ms) magnetization (Mr/Ms) were as high as 0.85 and 0.76, respectively. Interestingly, the magnetic properties of the samples changed at 200 K, which was observed in magnetic hysteresis M(H) loops and zero-field cooling curves as well as the temperature dependence of Hc, Mr/Ms, anisotropy, dipolar field, and the magnetic grain size. Below 200 K, both samples have large effective anisotropy, which arises from the surface spins, resulting in large Hc and Mr/Ms. Above 200 K, the effective anisotropy decreases because there is no contribution from surface spins, while the dipolar interaction increases, resulting in small Hc and Mr/Ms. Our results indicate that strong anisotropy and weak dipolar interaction tend to increase Hc and Mr/Ms, and also clarify that the jumps around H = 0 in M(H) loops can be attributed to the reorientation of surface spins. This work exposes the underlying mechanism in nanoscale magnetic systems, which should lead to improved magnetic performance.

73 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper presents a scale-dependent saturation model based on an effective turbulent resistivity which is determined by the turnover time scale of turbulent eddies and the magnetic energy density, and finds saturation levels between 43.8% and 1.3% for Pm≪1 and between 2.43% and 0.135%, respectively.
Abstract: The origin of strong magnetic fields in the Universe can be explained by amplifying weak seed fields via turbulent motions on small spatial scales and subsequently transporting the magnetic energy to larger scales. This process is known as the turbulent dynamo and depends on the properties of turbulence, i.e., on the hydrodynamical Reynolds number and the compressibility of the gas, and on the magnetic diffusivity. While we know the growth rate of the magnetic energy in the linear regime, the saturation level, i.e., the ratio of magnetic energy to turbulent kinetic energy that can be reached, is not known from analytical calculations. In this paper we present a scale-dependent saturation model based on an effective turbulent resistivity which is determined by the turnover time scale of turbulent eddies and the magnetic energy density. The magnetic resistivity increases compared to the Spitzer value and the effective scale on which the magnetic energy spectrum is at its maximum moves to larger spatial scales. This process ends when the peak reaches a characteristic wave number k☆ which is determined by the critical magnetic Reynolds number. The saturation level of the dynamo also depends on the type of turbulence and differs for the limits of large and small magnetic Prandtl numbers Pm. With our model we find saturation levels between 43.8% and 1.3% for Pm≫1 and between 2.43% and 0.135% for Pm≪1, where the higher values refer to incompressible turbulence and the lower ones to highly compressible turbulence.

67 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of Gd 3+ cations substitution on structural, microstructural and magnetic properties of prepared nanoparticles was investigated, and the system was found to be inverse spinel structure with Gd3+ residing on octahedral B-site 16c and the grain boundary, while Ni 2+ occupying the Bsite at both 16c, 16d and 16d.

66 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in the shape-memory Heusler alloy Ni50Mn35In15 by direct measurements in pulsed magnetic fields up to 6 and 20
Abstract: We have studied the magnetocaloric effect (MCE) in the shape-memory Heusler alloy Ni50Mn35In15 by direct measurements in pulsed magnetic fields up to 6 and 20 T. The results in 6 T are compared with data obtained from heat-capacity experiments. We find a saturation of the inverse MCE, related to the first-order martensitic transition, with a maximum adiabatic temperature change of ΔTad = −7 K at 250 K and a conventional field-dependent MCE near the second-order ferromagnetic transition in the austenitic phase. The pulsed magnetic field data allow for an analysis of the temperature response of the sample to the magnetic field on a time scale of ∼10 to 100 ms, which is on the order of typical operation frequencies (10–100 Hz) of magnetocaloric cooling devices. Our results disclose that in shape-memory alloys, the different contributions to the MCE and hysteresis effects around the martensitic transition have to be carefully considered for future cooling applications.

66 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors reported systematic measurements of the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (iDMI) by employing Brillouin light scattering in Pt/Co/AlOx and Ta/Pt/Co /AlOx structures.
Abstract: We report systematic measurements of the interfacial Dzyaloshinskii-Moriya interaction (iDMI) by employing Brillouin light scattering in Pt/Co/AlOx and Ta/Pt/Co/AlOx structures. By introducing a tantalum buffer layer, the saturation magnetization and the interfacial perpendicular magnetic anisotropy are significantly improved due to the better interface between heavy metal and ferromagnetic layer. From the frequency shift between Stokes- and anti-Stokes spin-waves, we successively obtain considerably larger iDM energy densities (Dmax = 1.65 ± 0.13 mJ/m2 at tCo = 1.35 nm) upon adding the Ta buffer layer, despite the nominally identical interface materials. Moreover, the energy density shows an inverse proportionality with the Co layer thickness, which is the critical clue that the observed iDMI is indeed originating from the interface between the Pt and Co layers.

66 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (IOMNPs) have been successfully synthesized by means of solvothermal reduction method employing polyethylene glycol (PEG200) as a solvent, and are poly-dispersed, highly crystalline, and exhibit a cubic shape.
Abstract: Iron oxide magnetic nanoparticles (IOMNPs) have been successfully synthesized by means of solvothermal reduction method employing polyethylene glycol (PEG200) as a solvent. The as-synthesized IOMNPs are poly-dispersed, highly crystalline, and exhibit a cubic shape. The size of IOMNPs is strongly dependent on the reaction time and the ration between the amount of magnetic precursor and PEG200 used in the synthesis method. At low magnetic precursor/PEG200 ratio, the cubic IOMNPs coexist with polyhedral IOMNPs. The structure and morphology of the IOMNPs were thoroughly investigated by using a wide range of techniques: TEM, XRD, XPS, FTIR, and RAMAN. XPS analysis showed that the IOMNPs comprise a crystalline magnetite core bearing on the outer surface functional groups from PEG200 and acetate. The presence of physisorbed PEG200 on the IOMNP surface is faintly detected through FT-IR spectroscopy. The surface of IOMNPs undergoes oxidation into maghemite as proven by RAMAN spectroscopy and the occurrence of satellite peaks in the Fe2p XP spectra. The magnetic studies performed on powder show that the blocking temperature (TB) of IOMNPs is around 300 K displaying a coercive field in between 160 and 170 Oe. Below the TB, the field-cooled (FC) curves turn concave and describe a plateau indicating that strong magnetic dipole-dipole interactions are manifested in between IOMNPs. The specific absorption rate (SAR) values increase with decreasing nanoparticle concentrations for the IOMNPs dispersed in water. The SAR dependence on the applied magnetic field, studied up to magnetic field amplitude of 60 kA/m, presents a sigmoid shape with saturation values up to 1700 W/g. By dispersing the IOMNPs in PEG600 (liquid) and PEG1000 (solid), it was found that the SAR values decrease by 50 or 75 %, indicating that the Brownian friction within the solvent was the main contributor to the heating power of IOMNPs.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is found both experimentally and theoretically that the easy magnetic axis lies in the hexagonal plane, which is undesirable for a permanent magnet material, and one possibility for changing the easy axis direction is through alloying.
Abstract: Hexagonal Fe(3)Sn has many of the desirable properties for a new permanent magnet phase with a Curie temperature of 725 K, a saturation moment of 118 MA/m and anisotropy energy, K1 of 18 MJ/m(3) However, contrary to earlier experimental reports, we found both experimentally and theoretically that the easy magnetic axis lies in the hexagonal plane, which is undesirable for a permanent magnet material One possibility for changing the easy axis direction is through alloying We used first principles calculations to investigate the effect of elemental substitutions The calculations showed that substitution on the Sn site has the potential to switch the easy axis direction However, transition metal substitutions with Co or Mn do not have this effect We attempted synthesis of a number of these alloys and found results in accord with the theoretical predictions for those that were formed However, the alloys that could be readily made all showed an in-plane easy axis The electronic structure of Fe(3)Sn is reported, as are some are magnetic and structural properties for the Fe(3)Sn(2), and Fe(5)Sn(3) compounds, which could be prepared as mm-sized single crystals

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect and magnetic properties of amorphous Co-rich magnetic microwires were studied using Taylor-Ulitovski technique.
Abstract: We studied the giant magnetoimpedance (GMI) effect and magnetic properties of amorphous Co-rich magnetic microwires prepared by the Taylor-Ulitovski technique. The magnetic field dependence of impedance and the magnetic anisotropy fields can be tailored through the magnetoelastic anisotropy by controllable change of the internal stresses. Co-rich microwires exhibit high (above 300) GMI effect even at gigahertz frequencies. Features of the high-frequency GMI effect were analyzed using a ferromagnetic resonance-like approximation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the electrical resistivity of Fe-Ni alloys (iron with 5, 10, and 15% nickel) was measured using four-terminal method in a diamond-anvil cell up to 70 GPa at 300 K. The results demonstrate that measured resistivity increases linearly with increasing nickel impurity concentration.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is suggested that the structures evolve self-consistently out of the depressions in the fluctuating magnetic field, rather than being the consequence of instability growth and saturation.
Abstract: The results of three-dimensional fully kinetic simulations of decaying turbulence with the amplitude of the fluctuating magnetic field comparable to that of the mean field are presented. Coherent structures in the form of localized depressions in the magnitude of the magnetic field are observed to form self-consistently in the simulations. These depressions bear considerable resemblance to the so-called magnetic holes frequently reported in spacecraft observations. The structures are pressure-balanced and tend to be aligned with the local magnetic field. In the smallest structures observed, the decrease in the magnetic field strength is compensated by an increase in the electron perpendicular pressure, such that the transverse size of these structures is comparable to the electron gyroradius inside the depression. It is suggested that the structures evolve self-consistently out of the depressions in the fluctuating magnetic field, rather than being the consequence of instability growth and saturation. This is confirmed by additional, small-scale simulations, including those with realistic mass ratio between protons and electrons.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the magnetic properties of (Fe1-xCox)(2)B alloys have been explored, computationally and experimentally, and a good agreement with experiment in terms of the saturation magnetizatio...
Abstract: We have explored, computationally and experimentally, the magnetic properties of (Fe1-xCox)(2)B alloys. Calculations provide a good agreement with experiment in terms of the saturation magnetizatio ...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors synthesized novel composite particles made of single-domain nanomagnets chemically bound to nanocrystals of diamond and observed the saturation of their magnetization when an external field of a few tens of mT has been applied.
Abstract: We have synthesized novel composite particles made of single-domain nanomagnets chemically bound to nanocrystals of diamond. Optically detected magnetic resonance spectra of nitrogen-vacancy centers in diamond allowed us to estimate the magnetic field of the nanomagnets and to observe the saturation of their magnetization when an external field of a few tens of mT has been applied. The saturation effect is in agreement with the size of the domains measured using transmission electron microscopy and a simple model of magnetization.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is shown that for multidomain ferromagnetic particles embedded in an elastomer matrix, as for paramagnetic ones in the same environment, pair clusters may form or break by a hysteresis scenario, but the magnetization saturation brings in important features to this effect.
Abstract: Field-induced magnetostatic interaction in a pair of identical particles made of a magnetically soft ferromagnet is studied. It is shown that due to saturation of the ferromagnet magnetization, this case differs significantly from the (super)paramagnetic one. A numerical solution is given, discussed, and compared with that provided by a simpler model (nonlinear mutual dipoles). We show that for multidomain ferromagnetic particles embedded in an elastomer matrix, as for paramagnetic ones in the same environment, pair clusters may form or break by a hysteresis scenario. However, the magnetization saturation brings in important features to this effect. First, the bistability state and the hysteresis take place only in a limited region of the material parameters of the system. Second, along with the hysteresis jumps occurring under the sole influence of the field, the "latent" hysteresis is possible which realizes only if the action of the field is combined with some additional (nonmagnetic) external factor. The obtained conditions, when used to assess the possibility of clustering in real magnetorheological polymers, infer an important role of mesoscopic magnetomechanical hysteresis for the macroscopic properties of these composites.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
11 May 2015
TL;DR: In this article, the combined effect of applied magnetic field and polarized light was studied for different [Co/Pt] multilayers and the influence of both the helicity and the applied on domain structure was studied.
Abstract: The interplay of light and magnetism has been a topic of interest since the original observations of Faraday and Kerr where magnetic materials affect the light polarization. While these effects have historically been exploited to use light as a probe of magnetic materials there is increasing research on using polarized light to alter or manipulate magnetism. For instance deterministic magnetic switching without any applied magnetic fields using laser pulses of the circular polarized light has been observed for specific ferrimagnetic materials [1,2]. Very recently, we demonstrated, optical control of ferromagnetic materials ranging from magnetic thin films to multilayers and even granular films (fig.1) being explored for ultra-high-density magnetic recording [3,4]. Our finding shows that optical control of magnetic materials is a much more general phenomenon than previously assumed. These results challenge the current theoretical understanding and will have a major impact on data memory and storage industries via the integration of optical control of ferromagnetic bits. In this presentation we will study in detail the combine effect of applied magnetic field and polarized light. Depending on the light polarization and the applied field direction the two effect can add or cancel each other. The influence of both the helicity and the applied on domain structure is studied for different [Co/Pt] multilayers.

Journal ArticleDOI
Xu Wei1, Chen Wu1, Mi Yan1
TL;DR: In this article, the morphology, phase composition, and magnetic properties of the Fe-Si-Ni powders and their high-frequency performance as soft magnetic composites were investigated, with optimized preparation parameters, high saturation flux density (Bs) of 1.23 −T, stable permeability, and superior dc-bias property with a percentage permeability above 70% while H=50 Oe were achieved for the Fe−Si−Ni SMC.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with various sizes and magnetic properties were synthesized by using a hydrothermal method and the resultant nanoparticles were characterized by transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffractometer (XRD) and vibrating sample magnetometer.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a cubic magnetocrystalline anisotropy constant for present samples has been determined by "law of approach" to saturation which suggests the smaller value for substituted sample ( x ǫ = 0.05) than that of unsubstituted sample (x à 0.0).

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present the effective tuning of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in CoFeB/MgO thin films by He+ ion irradiation and its effect on domain wall motion in a low field regime.
Abstract: This study presents the effective tuning of perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in CoFeB/MgO thin films by He+ ion irradiation and its effect on domain wall motion in a low field regime Magnetic anisotropy and saturation magnetisation are found to decrease as a function of the irradiation dose which can be related to the observed irradiation-induced changes in stoichiometry at the CoFeB/MgO interface These changes in the magnetic intrinsic properties of the film are reflected in the domain wall dynamics at low magnetic fields (H) where irradiation is found to induce a significant decrease in domain wall velocity (v) For all irradiation doses, domain wall velocities at low fields are well described by a creep law, where Ln(v) vs H−1∕4 behaves linearly, up to a maximum field H*, which has been considered as an approximation to the value of the depinning field Hdep In turn, H* ≈ Hdep is seen to increase as a function of the irradiation dose, indicating an irradiation-induced extension of the creep regime

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of a CoFeCrAl alloy have been investigated experimentally and by model calculations, with a focus on the alloy's spin-gapless semiconductivity.
Abstract: Structural, electronic, and magnetic properties of a Heusler-type CoFeCrAl alloy have been investigated experimentally and by model calculations, with a focus on the alloy's spin-gapless semiconductivity. The as-quenched samples are ferrimagnetic at room temperature with a Curie temperature of about 456 K, which increases to 540 K after vacuum annealing at 600 °C for 2 h. The saturation magnetizations of the as-quenched and 600 °C-annealed samples are 1.9 µB/f.u. and 2.1 µB/f.u., respectively, which are very close to the value predicted by the Slater–Pauling curve. The resistivity shows a nearly linear decrease with increasing temperature, from about 930 µΩ cm at 5 K to about 820 µΩ cm at 250 K, with dρ/dT of about −5 × 10−7 Ω cm K−1. We explain this high resistivity and its temperature dependence as imperfect spin-gapless semiconducting behavior, with a negative band-gap parameter of 0.2 eV.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The formation and stability of the L1 0 phase in Mn-Ga binary alloys with compositions in the range 50-75% Mn (in steps of 5-at%) has been studied in this paper.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A broad peak is observed in magnetization measured as a function of temperature, signaling a crossover to a low-temperature Tomonaga-Luttinger-liquid regime and, at Hs, the magnetization exhibits a strong upturn.
Abstract: High-precision dc magnetization measurements have been made on Cu(C4H4N2) (NO3)2 in magnetic fields up to 14.7 T, slightly above the saturation field Hs=13.97 T, in the temperature range from 0.08 to 15 K. The magnetization curve and differential susceptibility at the lowest temperature show excellent agreement with exact theoretical results for the spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet in one dimension. A broad peak is observed in magnetization measured as a function of temperature, signaling a crossover to a low-temperature Tomonaga-Luttinger-liquid regime. With an increasing field, the peak moves gradually to lower temperatures, compressing the regime, and, at Hs, the magnetization exhibits a strong upturn. This quantum critical behavior of the magnetization and that of the specific heat withstand quantitative tests against theory, demonstrating that the material is a practically perfect one-dimensional spin-1/2 Heisenberg antiferromagnet.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Magnetic measurements (field (H) dependent magnetization (M)) show all samples to be super-paramagnetic in nature and saturation magnetizations decrease with decreasing ferrite content in the nanocomposites.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors synthesized nanopowders using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and sintered using microwave furnace at 900°C and the total time taken for sintering is 30 min.
Abstract: Nanocrystalline Mn1-xZnxFe2O4 (x=0, 0.2, 0.4, 0.6, 0.8 and 1.0) ferrites have been successfully synthesised using microwave–hydrothermal method for high frequency applications. The nanopowders were characterised using X-ray diffraction (XRD) and sintered using microwave furnace at 900°C and the total time taken for sintering is 30 min. The frequency dependence of real and imaginary part of permeability were measured in the range 1 MHz to 1.8 GHz. The saturation magnetisation and coercive force were obtained using a vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) in the field of 1.5 T. The temperature dependence of initial permeability (μi) was measured in the temperature range of 300K to 600K at 10 kHz. The high values of permeability and saturation magnetization enables these materials to be the potential candidates for a number of applications, for example, in transformers, choke coils, noise filters and recording heads.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the Li0.43Zn0.27Ti0.13Fe2.17O4 ferrite, a low temperature sintered gyromagnetic material, was prepared via solid-state reaction method.
Abstract: In the present work, the Li0.43Zn0.27Ti0.13Fe2.17O4 ferrite, a low temperature sintered gyromagnetic material, was prepared via solid-state reaction method. A pure spinel phase can be formed with a sintering temperature ranging from 880°C to 920°C, which allows them to be co-fired with silver. The addition of ZnO–Bi2O3–SiO2 (ZBS) glass in the Li0.43Zn0.27Ti0.13Fe2.17O4 ferrites contributes significantly to the grain growth and ferromagnetic properties through a low temperature (~900°C) sintering process. Results show that the addition of ZBS glass (0.125–2.00 wt%) cannot only double saturation induction (from ~150 to 300 mT) but also drastically reduce ferromagnetic resonance line width at 9.3 GHz (from 920 to 228 Oe), indicating that ZBS glass is a good candidate for lowing the sintering temperature of LiZnTi ferrites.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Dec 2015
TL;DR: In this paper, the fabrication, design and electrical performance of magnetic thin-film inductors for monolithic integration with CMOS for DC-DC power conversion is presented, achieving peak inductance density of 290nH/mm2, quality factor 15 at 150MHz, current density exceeding 11 A/mm 2 and coupling coefficient of 0.89 for coupled inductors.
Abstract: This paper presents the fabrication, design and electrical performance of magnetic thin-film inductors for monolithic integration with CMOS for DC-DC power conversion. Magnetic core inductors were fabricated using conventional CMOS processes to achieve peak inductance density of 290nH/mm2, quality factor 15 at 150MHz, current density exceeding 11 A/mm2 and coupling coefficient of 0.89 for coupled inductors.