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Showing papers on "Sawdust published in 1990"


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1990-Energy
TL;DR: This paper showed that torrefied wood and briquettes showed significantly less smoking during combustion and a relatively faster rate of combustion compared to non-torrefied products, and the corresponding values for sawdust briquetettes were 76.5-89.6% and 83.1-95.3% respectively.

120 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a kinetic analysis of the thermal decomposition of eucalyptus sawdust, cellulose, and cellulose kraft lignin was performed from temperature-programmed reaction experiments, using two different approaches.

103 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Litter type (kenaf and sawdust) had no significant effect on body weight, feed conversion, mortality, or incidence of breastblisters, and total aerobic bacteria counts of the fresh litters prior to usage were similar.

29 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the mixing and segregation conditions of wood sawdust and coal particles in a fluidized bed of sand or alumina particles were established at room temperature under atmospheric pressure.
Abstract: This paper presents an experimental study in order to establish mixing and segregation conditions of wood sawdust and coal particles in a fluidized bed of sand or alumina particles. Experiments were performed at room temperature under atmospheric pressure. Simple equipment was used to divide the bed into layers and useful results could be obtained in a short period of time. The influence of fluidization velocity, time of an experiment, size and concentration of sawdust or coal particles was investigated. Uniformity of mixing was found to increase with an increase in the fluidization velocity. For u/umf less than 2.5, strong segregation occurred between sawdust and sand particles. Determination of good mixing conditions will be useful in gasification studies of sawdust and coal.

29 citations


Patent
25 Sep 1990
TL;DR: In this article, wood shavings are impregnated with an aqueous alcoholic SO2 solution and then heated to a temperature between 50° and 170° C. for a period of 1 to 300 minutes.
Abstract: In a process for manufacturing chemo-mechanical and/or chemothermal-mechanical wood pulps, raw materials containing lignocellulose, such as wood shavings, wood chips, pre-ground wood or sawdust, are first impregnated with an aqueous alcoholic SO2 solution and then heated to a temperature between 50° and 170° C. for a period of 1 to 300 minutes. The wood shavings are then ground to the desired degree of fineness in a defibrinating device. The process makes it possible to achieve up to 50% reduction in grinding energy in comparison with known chemothermal-mechanical processes.

19 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the recycling behavior of sawdust, both hardwood and softwood, filled polystyrene composites was observed by measuring the mechanical properties and dimensional stability under normal conditions (room temperature) as well as extreme ones (e.g., exposure to water at room temperature and boiling temperature, and to heat at +105°C and −20°C).
Abstract: The recycling behavior of sawdust, both hardwood and softwood, filled polystyrene composites was observed by measuring the mechanical properties and dimensional stability under normal conditions (room temperature) as well as extreme ones (e.g., exposure to water at room temperature and boiling temperature, and to heat at +105°C and −20°C). Mechanical properties and dimensional stability of the original and recycled composites—that is, nontreated and treated ones (e.g., 3% isocyanate, coated fiber-filled and grafted fiber-filled)—are compared under all extreme conditions. the behavior of the recycled composites did not change significantly. Furthermore, treated wood fiber-filled thermoplastic composites offered superior mechanical properties and dimensional stability under all extreme conditions, even after recycling.

18 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, wood residue amendment consisting of Ponderosa pine [Pinus ponderosa Laws] bark, woodchips, and sawdust were incorporated into the surface 30 cm layer of spoil resulting in improved physical and chemical characteristics.
Abstract: Bentonite mining in the Northern Great Plains prior to enactment of state reclamation legislation resulted in thousands of hectares of abandoned saline, sodic clay spoils. Prior to enactment of the Wyoming Environmental Quality Act of 1973 approximately 8,000–10,000 hectares were abandoned. Since topsoil was not salvaged during mining, exposed spoil serves as the plant growth medium for current reclamation efforts. Wood residue amendment consisting of Ponderosa pine [Pinus ponderosa Laws] bark, woodchips, and sawdust were incorporated into the surface 30-cm layer of spoil resulting in improved physical and chemical characteristics. The improved physical characteristics of the spoil resulted in improved water relations in the spoil which enabled vegetation establishment and the leaching of soluble salts from the surface 15 cm of spoil during the 4 years when precipitation was at least 80% of normal. However, leaching of soluble cations resulted in increased sodium-adsorption-ratio because of the disproportionate concentration of sodium in the total soluble cation pool. These findings indicate the need for a calcium amendment to promote long-term amelioration of sodicity. Aboveground biomass of perennial grasses planted on the amended spoil responded positively to increasing wood residue rates. This research has led to the development of reclamation technology for abandoned bentonite mined lands that utilizes wood residue and inorganic calcium amendments (gypsum, calcium chloride, and phosphogypsum).

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Sawdusts of neem and mango greatly reduced root-knot development and multiplication of Rotylenchulus reniformis on tomato and eggplant, and Tylenchorhynchus brassicae on cabbage and cauliflower and ammonium sulphate proved effective against these nematodes.

15 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, spruce sawdust and barks of spruce, pine and larch were irradiated with various doses of γ-rays (0, 0·1; 0, 25, 0, 5, 1·0 and 2·0 MGy).

11 citations


01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the use of sawdust ash (SDA) as a partial replacement of cement in laterized concrete was investigated and it was found that the addition of SDA decreases the strength.
Abstract: The construction industry in Nigeria is presently operating at a low ebb due mainly to the high cost of construction materials. The use of local materials has been advocated as a step towards solving this problem. This paper considered the use of sawdust ash (SDA) as a partial replacement of cement in laterized concrete. Compressive strength tests of samples made from mix proportions 1:1.5: 3,1 :2:4 and 1:3:6 at various curing ages (7,14,21 and 28 days) for varying SDA content (0,5,10,15,20 and 25%) but at constant water/cement SDA ratio for each mix proportion were considered. It was found that the addition of SDA decreases the strength. The rate of gain of strength, however, was more rapid at curing ages of 21 and 28 days, especially in the mixtures with high percentages of SDA. Strength development was also found to be higher for mixes with lower aggregate/cement ratios thanfor those with higher ratios. 1.0 INTRODUCTION One of the problems facing the construction industry in Nigeria is the scarcity and consequently the high cost of construction materials. This hampers the provision of adequate housing (quantitatively and qualitatively) for the teeming population of this country. Cement and aggregates (fine and coarse) are the basic components of the concrete that is used in building construction. The existing cement factories in Nigeria are strained by demand; the quantity of cement produced is insufficient and adverse economic conditions ensure that the prices are high. Also, the costs of conventional aggregates are high and these materials are getting more expensive everyday. Thus, there is need for the identification of alternative construction materials. An approach to tackling this problem is to attempt to indigenise the methods and materials of construction. Researchers [1,2,8] have found that laterites '" Dept. of Civil Engineering. Obafemi Awolowo University. Ile-Ife, Nigeria. can be used as fine aggregates. Laterite is a weathered red soil found extensively in the tropical regions of the world and is readily available in Nigeria. Stabilisation of this material is important so that its properties will meet various construction requirements. The use of cement offers the best and most common method of achieving this stabilisation. However, cement escalates the total cost of this material leaving the industry with the initial problem of high cost. Hence, any cheap and local stabilizer that can replace some or all of the cement being used for this purpose will be welcome to the industry. The recognition of this problem led to the investigation into the suitability of materials like rice husk ash and pulverised fuel ash, derived from wastes, for use as stabilising agents. The cost-effectiveness of these agents is, however, dependent on the quantity available. In Nigeria, large quantities of these materials are not easily available so that there is still need to look for cheaper alternatives. Sawdust ash is one of the materials that has not been properly investigated as a stabilising agent. It is obtained by burning sawdust in air and Nigeria has this waste material in abundance. The amount of sawdust presently being used as fuel and for other purposes is insignificant when compared with the quantity available, and it constitutes a nuisance to sawmills by occupying much of their available land space. If, after partial replacement of cement with sawdust ash (SDA), the properties of the mixture are found adequate for concrete making, then SDA will not only become of value as a local raw material in construction, and, thereby, help to offset the huge amount of money being spent on cement, but also solve the disposal problem posed by sawdust. The major motivation of this project is to find out the extent to which the ash from sawdust can be used to replace cement in concrete for construction purposes. 2.0 PREVIOUS WORK In recent years, a lot of research work has been going on in the field of laterite technology. All the efforts are geared towards determining the usefulness of laterite and other soils in construction and ways of improving their properties to make them suitable for construction. One of the early works on laterite was by Adepegba [1] who compared the strength properties of normal concrete with those of laterized concrete. He found that a concrete in which laterite fines are used instead of sand, can be used as a structural material in place of normal concrete. Lasisi and Osunade [2] investigated the effect of grain size on the strength of cubes made from lateritic soils. They established that for

9 citations


01 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this article, poultry manure and its admixtures with the plant residues were mixed with airdried, sieved (2mm) soil samples and allowed to incubate for 2 weeks.
Abstract: Portions of poultry manure corresponding to 370 (30g/kg) rate of addition (dwb) were mixed with corn (Zea mays L.) straw and sawdust from Canarium schweinfurthii Engl. in the ratios of 4:1, 2:1 and 1:1 respectively. The poultry manure and its admixtures with the plant residues were mixed with airdried, sieved (2mm) soil samples and allowed to incubate for 2 weeks. The treated soil was cropped with tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) for 2 successive 8-week periods, in the greenhouse. Except for tissue Mg, results indicate that the organic amendments significantly increased plant height, dry matter yield, organic C, soil pH, soil and tissue contents, and plant uptake of N, P, K, Ca and Mg compared to the control. Plant height, dry matter yield, organic C, and uptake of N, K, Ca and Mg were enhanced by the use of admixtures of poultry manure with corn straw and sawdust respectively compared to the use of poultry manure alone. Corn straw was, however, superior to sawdust in increasing plant e nutrient uptake. The addition of plant residues to poultry manure led to significant reductions in soil NO3-N. Available P was increased by sawdust-containing treatment over the poultry manure while corn straw reduced P availability though insignificantly.

Patent
16 Aug 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the ratio of the mass of the anhydrous humified turf to the mass mass of sphagnum turf, sawdust or organic substance is between 0.7 and 3.9.
Abstract: Preparation of beads intended most particularly for use as a support in biofilters, which result from a mixture consisting solely of sphagnum turf, wood sawdust or of a similar organic substance which has a moisture content of less than 70%, on the one hand, and, on the other hand, of humified turf. This mixture is such that the ratio of the mass of the anhydrous humified turf to the mass of sphagnum turf, sawdust or organic substance is between 0.7 and 3.9. The humified turf here acts, in the natural state, as a binder.

Journal Article
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of wood/coal ratio and underfire/overfire air mixture on the combustion and emission characteristics of wood-coal pellets were investigated in a laboratory stationary bed burner.
Abstract: Pellets made from wood and coal residues at various ratios (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% wood, and 50% wood-plus-limestone) were burned at different underfire/overfire air mixtures (20, 40, 60, and 80%) in a laboratory stationary bed burner to determine the effects of wood/coal ratio and underfire/overfire air mixture on the combustion and emission characteristics of wood-coal pellets. The results indicated: 1) the oxygen depletion periods appeared to increase with increasing percentages of wood in the pellets and also to increase with increasing underfire air (UFA); 2) increasing wood percentages in pellets decreased flame temperature and total run time, and, thus increased the firing rate; 3) increasing percentages of wood in pellets reduced sulfur dioxide (SO 2 emissions but increased carbon monoxide (CO) and methane (CH 4 ) emissions; 4) increasing UFA increased the CO, CH 4 , and SO 2 emissions; and 5) adding a small quantity of limestone to wood-coal pellets greatly increased the capture of sulfur in the bottom solids and thus reduced the SO 2 emission substantially.

Patent
25 Jan 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, a bedding waste composed of poultry manure and sawdust is pulverized with a crusher and then charged into a fluidized layer carbonization furnace and carbonized by using the sawdust as the fuel to obtain a carbonized powder of sawdust.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To use a hardly disposable waste of bedding as a soil-improver and to recycle the waste as a resource by carbonizing and concentrating a bedding waste composed of poultry manure and sawdust CONSTITUTION:Bedding waste 1 composed of poultry manure and sawdust is pulverized with a crusher 3, charged into a fluidized layer carbonization furnace 4 and carbonized by using the sawdust as the fuel to obtain carbonized powder of sawdust The poultry manure is heated at a high temperature in the fluidized layer to release the water and volatile components and concentrate the fertilizing component A part of the poultry manure particles suspending in the atmosphere is recovered with a cyclone 12, etc, as a dried poultry manure The objective improving material can be produced by mixing the carbonized sawdust, the poultry manure powder containing concentrated fertilizing component and the dried poultry manure

Patent
26 Dec 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, coal is used as raw material of a multipurpose solid fuel carbonate (or hydroxide) and slaked lime are used as combustion-supporting material thereof organic binder used in the place of in organic adhesive and low-priced sawdust added for supporting combustion.
Abstract: Coal is used as raw material of a multipurpose solid fuel carbonate (or hydroxide) and slaked lime are used as combustion-supporting material thereof organic binder used in the place of in organic adhesive and low-priced sawdust added for supporting combustion. According to various use, it can be made into different shapes. This process is simple. The products has no smoke, poison, it is easy to kindle, capable of long continued burning, and can substitute for charcoal, saving a great quantity of wood.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors report the delignification of Pinusradiata D Don, Eucalyptusglobulus and E.grandis woods (formic acid treated and untreated) by 2 h treatment with a hemin/hydrogen peroxide system.
Abstract: We report the delignification ofPinusradiata D Don,Eucalyptusglobulus andEucalyptusgrandis woods (formic acid treated and untreated) by 2 h treatment with a hemin/hydrogen peroxide system. The untreated chips and sawdust ofE.globulus were 30% and 50% delignified respectively. No significant effects were found forP.radiata sawdust;P.radiata treated chips (organosolv pulp) did not show any further delignification upon hemin/peroxide action, 25% delignification was achieved in untreated chips. In the case ofE.grandis untreated wood the delignification was better in sawdust than in chips, but in smaller percentage than in the otherEucalyptus species. This relation is maintained in substrates, treated with formic acid or untreated. The delignification of chips in both species ofEucalyptus was improved when they were pre-treated with formic acid. The loss of lignin in theE.grandis andE.globulus sawdust (pre-treated with formic acid) was 79% and 75% respectively.

Patent
06 Dec 1990
TL;DR: In this article, a chitosan salt and an alkaline reagent is used to adjust the system to alkalinity (pref. pH8 to 11), thus obtaining the objective composition.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a liquid composition to be used for environmental protection, etc., capable of giving mulching materials, raising seedling pots, etc., through its molding, by mixing water with pulp and an organic material such as bark and adding a specified amount of a chitosan salt and an alkaline reagent to the resultant mixture to adjust the system to alkalinity. CONSTITUTION:Water is mixed with pulp and an organic material selected from bark, oil cakes, mushroom culture residues, sawdust, moss, peat moss, linter and residues from food production, etc., and 0.01-3.0wt.% of a chitosan salt and an alkaline reagent (e.g. ammonia water, sodium hydroxide) to adjust the system to alkalinity (pref. pH8 to 11), thus obtaining the objective composition.


Patent
12 Sep 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the decomposition of biomass into soil conditioners, manures and/or plant culture substrates is carried out in a heap and the size-reduced biomass is allowed to undergo natural decomposition processes until the desired degree of conversion is reached.
Abstract: not available for EP0386221Abstract of corresponding document: EP0356816In a process for conversion of biomass into soil conditioners, manures and/or plant culture substrates, the possibly size-reduced biomass is placed in a heap and allowed to undergo natural decomposition processes until the desired degree of conversion is reached. Various types of biomass are disposed in superimposed layers each consisting mainly of one type of biomass. The lowest layer consists mainly of wood comminuted to sawdust particle size, the next layer consists mainly of green vegetables, the next layer consists mainly of surface-moistened straw, and the next layer consists mainly of manure containing cow manure. A further layer consisting mainly of wood size-comminuted to sawdust particle size is placed over the top. The thickness of the layers of comminuted wood is such that they prevent the escape of the volatile decomposition products.

Patent
23 Jul 1990
TL;DR: In this article, an increase of yield of mushroom and simultaneously enable re-utilization of already used sawdust by blending an excess yeast obtained from beer production process with sawdust for mushroom culture and using the blend to culture of mushroom.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To carry out increase of yield of mushroom and simultaneously enable re-utilization of already used sawdust by blending an excess yeast obtained from beer production process with sawdust for mushroom culture and using the blend to culture of mushroom CONSTITUTION:(B) 15-20wt% excess yeast (eg living yeast having 10% water content) obtained from waste water treatment by yeast or beer production process is added to (A) sawdust for mushroom culture and the resultant blend is used for culture of nameko mushroom, etc Thereby 8-10wt% increase of yield is made possible and spreading of Cortinellus shiitake can be shortened by 5-10 days The already used sawdust can be re-utilized and a needle-leaf-tree of foreign growth can also be used for mushroom culture


Patent
08 May 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, a mixture of livestock excreta with coarse organic substances, such as sawdust, was added to the mixture to provide a high temperature and further promote decomposition.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To compost a mixture of livestock excreta with coarse organic substances, such as sawdust, in a shorter time than that in a conventional method by adding nitric acid to the above-mentioned mixture, kneading the resultant mixture, separating and decomposing lignin and cellulose by nitration and oxidation and chemically humifying the obtained material CONSTITUTION:Nitric acid in an amount of 3-35wt% is added to knead a mixture of livestock excreta, such as poultry manure, with coarse organic substances, such as sawdust, wood chip, bark or straw Thereby, lignin and cellulose in the organic substances are separated and decomposed by nitration and oxidation in a short time and the C/N ratio is simultaneously reduced to chemically promote humification Permeation and reaction of the nitric acid are accelerated by further kneading the mixture under pressure and physically increasing temperature and finely dividing the mixture as pretreatment Furthermore, the treated material after adding the nitric acid is then kneaded under pressure to provide a high temperature and further promote decomposition The afore-mentioned method has great economic advantages as follows: Since the livestock excreta are composted in a short time, pollution, such as bad smell or water pollution, is eliminated and compost places are not required, etc

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Fungal antigens from Ophiostoma sp.
Abstract: Antigens from Ophiostoma sp. C28 could be removed effectively from solid wood by grinding thin sections of wood or sawdust in buffer. Fungal antigens were more soluble when detergents (Tween 20 or Triton X100) were added to the extracting buffer. The detergent had to be subseguently removed or diluted out, because it interfered and prevented the binding of the antigen onto the microtitration plate. Good results were also obtained when the ELISA was performed directly on thin sections of wood. This latter procedure was significantly less time consuming.

Patent
26 Mar 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, an accelerating culture base was obtained for the growth of mushroom by aging raw sawdust with lignin-decomposing microorganisms and using the treated sawdust as a main component.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain an accelerating culture base producible in a short time and suitable for the growth of mushroom by aging raw sawdust with lignin- decomposing microorganism and using the treated sawdust as a main component. CONSTITUTION:Raw sawdust is mixed with lignin-decomposing microorganisms, nutrient sources, a necessary amount of water and a pH modifier (e.g., calcium carbonate or slaked lime) and aged by maintaining under proper temperature and humidity condition to promote the proliferation of the microorganism. The mixture is periodically turned over in the case of using an aerobic microorganism. The turn-over is carried out at the time when the temperature increase of the culture base is stopped and the temperature begins to decrease.

Patent
06 Dec 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, a conventional culture medium is prepared by using sawdust or a pulverized cob of corn as a principal component and, as necessary, mixing a suitable nutrient source such as starch or bran thereto.
Abstract: PURPOSE: To remarkably reduce the cost of the production raw material and efficiently carry out the cultivation of mushrooms by using sawdust, etc., as a principal component, mixing a nutrient source such as starch or bran therewith and adding a coffee bean pulp thereto. CONSTITUTION: A conventional culture medium is prepared by using sawdust or a pulverized cob of corn as a principal component and, as necessary, mixing a suitable nutrient source such as starch or bran thereto. A coffee bean pulp is further added to the resultant conventional culture medium. Thereby, mushrooms arc cultivated. COPYRIGHT: (C)1994,JPO&Japio



Patent
08 Jun 1990
TL;DR: In this article, the residue of a sawdust-based mushroom growing bed is crushed, microorganisms for degrading cellulose and alkaline organic matter for weakening acidity are added to the crushed residue and they are mixed by stirring.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain fully aged compost in a short period of time by crushing the residue of a sawdust-based mushroom growing bed, adding microorganisms for degrading cellulose and alkaline org. matter to the residue, regulating the water content and carrying out accumulation and fermentation for a proper period of time. CONSTITUTION:The residue of a sawdust-based mushroom growing bed is crushed, microorganisms for degrading cellulose and alkaline org. matter for weakening acidity are added to the crushed residue and they are mixed by stirring. This mixture is humidified so as to regulate the water content to 60-70% and it is accumulated and fermented for a proper period of time while repeating mixing by stirring plural times. Forcing compost is produced by aging.

Patent
25 Sep 1990
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a process for manufacturing chemo-mechanical and/or chemothermodynamic wood pulps, where raw materials containing lignocellulose, such as wood shavings, wood chips, pre-ground wood or sawdust, are first impregnated with an aqueous alcoholic SO2 solution and then heated to a temperature between 50 and 170 °C for a period of 1 to 300 minutes.
Abstract: In a process for manufacturing chemo-mechanical and/or chemo-thermo-mechanical wood pulps, raw materials containing lignocellulose, such as wood shavings, wood chips, pre-ground wood or sawdust, are first impregnated with an aqueous alcoholic SO2 solution and then heated to a temperature between 50 and 170 °C for a period of 1 to 300 minutes. The wood shavings are then ground to the desired degree of fineness in a defibrinating device which is known per se. The process makes it possible to achieve up to 50 % reduction in grinding energy in comparison with known chemo-thermo-mechanical processes.