Showing papers on "Sawdust published in 1991"
TL;DR: A comparative composting trial with wood shavings (WS), sawdust (SD), and peat moss (PM) was carried out under field conditions as discussed by the authors, where fresh material was mixed with cattle manure in a 2:1 ratio.
Abstract: A comparative composting trial with wood shavings (WS), sawdust (SD) and peat moss (PM) was carried out under field conditions. In each, fresh material was mixed with cattle manure in a 2:1 ratio b...
46 citations
TL;DR: The decomposition of coniferous sawdust and bark with added N and P was studied in relation to its capacity to serve as a substrate for plant growth as discussed by the authors, with sawdust as the substrate, there was more microbial biomass, greater CO2 evolution, more ammonification and more actinomycetes but less nitrification and less fungi compared with bark.
Abstract: The decomposition of coniferous sawdust and bark with added N and P was studied in relation to its capacity to serve as a substrate for plant growth. With sawdust as a substrate, there was more microbial biomass, greater CO2 evolution, more ammonification and more actinomycetes but less nitrification and less fungi compared with bark. All groups and activities were greater in sawdust and bark compared with soil used as the substrate. Inoculation with cellulolytic strains of Bacillus sp. Cephalosporium sp. and Streptomyces sp. sometimes increased these activities but only marginally. The derived sawdust and bark composts increased the yields of tomato compared with soil to which the same nutrients had been added.
46 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, Eucalyptus globulus was used for organosolv pulping mediated by formic acid, and the best results for sawdust samples were obtained at 90°C after 90 min of cooking, with a solvent ratio of 80:20 (vv −1 ), a charge (wood:solvent ratio) of 1:30 and 0·44% (vv −1 ) of catalyst.
44 citations
TL;DR: In a field experiment, clinoptilolitic zeolite was compared to sphagnum peat and sawdust as sans amendments at 5, 10, and 20% (v/v) to enhance "Penncross" creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds) establishment and to compare their gravimetric and volumetric cation exchange capacities as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In a field experiment, clinoptilolitic zeolite was compared to sphagnum peat and sawdust as sans amendments at 5%, 10%, and 20% (v/v) to enhance 'Penncross' creeping bentgrass (Agrostis palustris Huds.) establishment and to compare their gravimetric and volumetric cation exchange capacities and their effects on moisture retention and cation exchange capacities of the resultant mixes. In addition, cation exchange capacities and exchangeable K + and NH + - were analyzed from clinoptilolitic zeolite of particle sizes ranging from 5.0 mm. All amendments, except 10% and 20% sawdust, resulted in superior establishment compared to unamended sand (...)
37 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of locally abundant crop residues namely woodchips, sawdust, palm bunch refuse, ricehusk, brewers' waste and cassava peel as organic surface mulches on the physical, chemical and microclimatic characteristics of a tropical ultisol for enhanced plantain production was investigated.
Abstract: The paper investigated the effect of locally abundant crop residues namely woodchips, sawdust, palm bunch refuse, ricehusk, brewers' waste and cassava peel as organic surface mulches on the physical, chemical and microclimatic characteristics of a tropical ultisol for enhanced plantain production. Woodchips, sawdust and palm bunch refuse, and to a lesser extent cassava peel, developed low bulk density, high moisture retention, reduced diurnal soil temperatures, improved soil acidity and availability of the critical macroelements of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus necessary for plantain production. The same mulches except cassava peel exhibited a slow annual rate of biodegradation under high tropical relative humidity and temperatures. In addition to over 60% total (after 3 consecutive harvests) yield increases in plantains mulched with woodchips, sawdust and palm bunch refuse, the recurrent wide peak (scarce) production gap was sufficiently bridged. Ricehusk and brewers' waste were definitely ...
23 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the degradation of softwood (Pinus radiata) by the ascomycete Chrysonilia sitophila was dependent on the nitrogen and glucose concentrations in the culture medium.
Abstract: Biodegradation of softwood (Pinus radiata) by the ascomycete Chrysonilia sitophila was dependent on the nitrogen and glucose concentrations in the culture medium. Optimization studies of the delignification process, in which the nitrogen (0–50mmol/l NH+4) and glucose (0–2%) concentrations were varied, showed a maximal value of 17·8% for sawdust degradation in cultures containing 10 mmol/l NH4+and 1·0% glucose. Solubility of the decayed sawdust in 1% NaOH at maximal delignification conditions showed a threefold increase and changes in the thermogravimetric pattern were also observed. Biodegraded wood chips showed significant decreases of the 280 and 310 nm characteristic lignin bands in the u.v. reflectance spectra.
23 citations
Patent•
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27 Mar 1991
TL;DR: In this paper, a synthetic wood article is provided as an irregularly shaped substrate made from at least one plastic and preferably from post-consumer plastics such as, for example, from disposed of PET bottles or PE trash bags.
Abstract: There is provided a synthetic wood article formed as an irregularly shaped substrate The substrate is made from at least one plastic and preferably from post-consumer plastics such as, for example, from disposed of PET bottles or PE trash bags The article may have the appearance of a wood chip, bark, shredded wood, or sawdust The substrate is formed by chipping, shredding, or pulverizing a solid piece of plastic which has been extruded The substrate may have multi layers thereby presenting a wood grain appearance A plurality of such articles may be used as a synthetic wood mulch
17 citations
30 Jan 1991
17 citations
TL;DR: The effect of sawdust mulch applied at 0, 5- and 10-cm depths on yield of select clones of lowbush blueberry was studied in Prince Edward Island for three consecutive cropping cycles from 1985 to 1989.
Abstract: The effect of sawdust mulch applied at 0-, 5- and 10-cm depths on yield of select clones of lowbush blueberry (Vaccinium angustifolium Ait.) was studied in Prince Edward Island for three consecutive cropping cycles from 1985 to 1989. Sawdust applied post-plant, as a mulch, at a depth of 5 cm increased the total yield of the first three harvests by approximately 30% compared to the 0-cm mulch. Mean berry weight was also increased where sawdust was applied. There was not significant difference in yield between the 0- and 10-cm sawdust application treatments. The 10-cm sawdust mulch reduced plant survival by 23% compared with the check. Key words: Lowbush blueberry, Vaccinium angustifolium Ait., select clone, sawdust mulch, yield
15 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the formic acid pretreatment on Pinus radiata D.Don was studied in order to improve the cellulose hydrolysis by commercial cellulase, and a low substitution (formylation) and a crystallinity decrease of the pulp were observed.
Abstract: Formic acid pretreatment onPinus radiata D. Don was studied in order to improve the cellulose hydrolysis by commercial cellulase. The formic acid treatment effectively removed the lignin. A low substitution (formylation) and a crystallinity decrease of the cellulose in the pulp were observed. As consequence of these parameter changes, owing to the formic acid pretreatment on sawdust, a higher saccharification value was observed. The degree of saccharification increased when the degree of substitution (measured by titration) decreased and the portion of amorphous cellulose (measured via an X-ray technique) increased.Trichoderma reesei cellulase hydrolyzed the untreated and pretreated Pinus sawdust with formic acid in 25% and 56% of saccharification, respectively.
13 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of various treatments of wood flour (e.g., coating with polystyrene + isocyanate or with a silane coupling agent as well as grafting) on the composites' mechani cal properties were examined.
Abstract: An attempt was made to discover the hybridization effect of surface-treated mica and wood flour on the mechanical properties of polystyrene composites. Both soft wood (spruce) and hardwood (aspen) species were used. The effect of various treatments of wood flour (e.g., coating with polystyrene + isocyanate or with a silane coupling agent as well as grafting), or composition of wood flour and mica, on the composites' mechani cal properties were examined. Mechanical properties vary with the change in wood spe cies as well as with the treatment of wood fiber, the composition of hybrid fibers and grades of polystyrene. Compared to non-treated wood fiber/mica-filled composites, me chanical properties of treated wood fiber/mica-filled composites improved.
TL;DR: In this article, the mechanical properties and dimensional stability of hardwood aspen in the form of sawdust and surface-treated glass fiber-polystyrene composites were evaluated under various extreme conditions, e.g., variation in the testing temperature (from +25° to −20°C), exposure to boiling water and heat in an oven at +105°C.
Abstract: The mechanical properties and dimensional stability of hardwood aspen in the form of sawdust and surface-treated glass fiber-polystyrene composites were evaluated under various extreme conditions, e.g., variation in the testing temperature (from +25° to −20°C), exposure to boiling water and heat in an oven at +105°C. The compatibility of wood fiber with glass fiber and with polystyrene improved by precoating the wood fiber with a coupling agent, e.g., 8% isocyanate, 4% silane and polymer. The mechanical properties of the composites, in particular, treated sawdust/glass fiber-filled composites, increased under extreme conditions in comparison with those filled with nontreated sawdust/glass fiber. Under the same conditions, dimensional stability also supports this observation.
Patent•
19 Feb 1991
TL;DR: In this article, a screen is provided to screen out the smaller size particles, and the screen is sloped and agitated to induce shuffling of the sawdust mixture, the process of which results in a separation of about 50% of the rejected small size particles and 50% as acceptable larger size particles desirable for paper producing pulp.
Abstract: A screening system incorporated into the system of sawdust collection for paper producing pulp. An upper and lower range of the sawdust particles is designated as between smaller, strength-inhibiting size particles and larger strength-enhancing size particles. A screen is provided to screen out the smaller size particles. The screen is made out of stainless steel to avoid rusting and corroding and also to more readily pass the moistened smaller size particles. The screen is sloped and agitated to induce shuffling of the sawdust mixture, the process of which results in a separation of about 50% of the particles as rejected smaller size particles and 50% as acceptable larger size particles desirable for paper producing pulp.
Patent•
21 Oct 1991
TL;DR: In this article, fly ash is used, with or without one or more additives, as a gas entrapping material or composition, as liquid absorbing material, as fire extinguishing material and as a litter composition or material for domestic animals or pets.
Abstract: Fly ash is used, with or without one or more additives, as a gas entrapping material or composition, as a liquid absorbing material or composition, as fire extinguishing material or composition, as a litter composition or material for domestic animals or pets or as a farm animal feedstuff additive. The properties of the fly ash may be enhanced for a particular intended use, by the introduction of additives, e.g. an acid salt. The entrapped gas may be ammonia produced in a farm e.g. maggot farm, or radon. Compositions comprising fly ash, sawdust and ferrous sulphate in specified amounts are claimed.
TL;DR: In this article, the rate of decomposition under anaerobic conditions of two types of beechwood sawdust in a stationary bed was examined, and a formula for the yield of volatile decomposition products was established.
Abstract: The rate of decomposition under anaerobic conditions of two types of beechwood sawdust in a stationary bed was examined. The first order kinetics of this process was confirmed. A formula for the yield of volatile decomposition products was established. Rate constants and parameters of their Arrhenius plot were computed from experimental data.
Patent•
16 Aug 1991
TL;DR: In this paper, an agglomerate product from olive oil waste or from shavings, sawdust, vine shoots, sunflower, maize or the like, these products being alone or mixed together, transferring them to an aggliomeration plant equipped with the appropriate storage, hopper, drying and briquetting means, then passing to a settling area with subsequent one-dimensional cutting of the briquette obtained.
Abstract: Obtaining an agglomerate product from olive oil waste or from shavings, sawdust, vine shoots, sunflower, maize or the like, these products being alone or mixed together, transferring them to an agglomeration plant equipped with the appropriate storage, hopper, drying and briquetting means, then passing to a settling area with subsequent one-dimensional cutting of the briquette obtained
Patent•
12 Dec 1991
TL;DR: In this article, the fibrous structure of wood or its bark is pulverized to make sawdust, and this sawdust is then compressed under heating to make a wood briquet B. By pulverizing the wood Briquet B to break its fibrous tissues, desired wood flour C to which heating-and pressing treatment has been applied is obtained.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To produce wood flour, whose fibrous tissues are broken, at a low cost and in large quantities by heating and compressing the fibrous structure of wood or its bark. CONSTITUTION:Wood or its bark is pulverized to make sawdust A, and this sawdust A is then compressed under heating to make a wood briquet B. By pulverizing the wood briquet B to break its fibrous tissues, desired wood flour C to which heating-and pressing treatment has been applied is obtained.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used cowdung and sawdust in the ratios of 4:1 and 2:1, respectively, for the generation of biogas using thermogravimetric studies.
Abstract: The biogas generation was performed using cowdung and sawdust in the ratios of 4:1 and 2:1, respectively. The experiments were also conducted using cowdung alone for the comparison purpose. The increase in the amount of sawdust in the mixture of cowdung and sawdust decreases the quantity of gas production. The production of methane up to three weeks is also effected by the amount of sawdust. The nitrogen contents increase and volatile solids decrease with the digestion of waste materials. The thermogravimetric studies of the materials support the biogas generation as the decomposition of particular part of cowdung.
Patent•
21 Aug 1991
TL;DR: In this paper, the sawdust is blended with a subsidiary component containing a nutrient of natural substance, sterilized, allowed to cool, inoculated with fungi of mushroom and formed.
Abstract: PURPOSE:To simplify the controlling operation of artificial mushroom culture, blending the sawdust containing a subsidiary raw material and water with a water-absorbing polymer. CONSTITUTION:Sawdust is blended with a subsidiary component containing a nutrient of natural substance, sterilized, allowed to cool, inoculated with fungi of mushroom and formed. In the forming, the blend is mixed with about 0.2-0.3wt.% polyacrylic resin having high water absorption properties. The resin has water retaining power of maintaining about 200 times as much water by weight. Consequently, the solid medium retains about 40-60% water based on the whole solid medium by weight. The solid medium is watered as a medium to culture fungi of mushroom. When mushrooms are germinated four time by using the same medium, water retention is maintained only by immersing the medium in water once during germinations. When an existing artificial medium containing no water absorbing polymer is used, immersion and watering are required every time, namely four times.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Metaboilc parameters were obtained from the measurment of productivities of carbon dioxide on the sawdust medium and the role of rice bran was considered to be the fast growing agents which led to prevention of other microorganisms.
Abstract: Metaboilc parameters were obtained from the measurment of productivities of carbon dioxide on the sawdust medium. The productivites of carbon dioxide obtained during fourteen days' incubation were employed for the fungal biomass, representing the fungal growth, and applied for understanding the physioligical parameters on the sawdust medium. The role of rice bran, commonly employed in the conventional spawn medium was speculated to be three kinds of nutrients of starch, nitrogen source, and and minerals. Biologically, the role of rice bran was considered to be the fast growing agents which led to prevention of other microorganisms.
Patent•
09 Aug 1991
TL;DR: In this article, an apparatus for continuous production of cylindrical sawdust charcoal by continuously supplying the heating cylinder passing through a combustion kiln with the cylinders from one end of the cylinder to heat and carbonize the cylinders and continuously drawing out the carbonized cylinders from the other end.
Abstract: The present invention relates to an apparatus for producing charcoal, which is produced from sawdust powders, so-called sawdust charcoal, in which cylindrical Ogalites, which are obtained by heating and molding the sawdust powders, are heated to be carbonized, in particular to an apparatus for continuously producing cylindrical sawdust charcoal by continuously supplying the heating cylinder passing through a combustion kiln with the cylindrical Ogalites from one end of the heating cylinder to heat and carbonize the cylindrical Ogalites and continuously drawing out the carbonized cylindrical Ogalites from the other end of the heating cylinder. A vent hole for exhausting gaseous ingredients generated during the carbonization from the heating cylinder is provided to burn the exhausted gaseous ingredients within the combustion kiln, whereby using the combustion heat as a heat source.
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of different woods such as water-treated eucalypt saw dust (E.SD), alkali-treated E.SD and untreated white pine sawdust (SD) on the aqueous polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was studied.
Abstract: The effect of different woods such as water-treated eucalypt saw dust (E.SD), alkali-treated E.SD and untreated white pine sawdust (SD) in the presence and absence of Cu2+ ions on the aqueous polymerization of methyl methacrylate (MMA) was studied. It was found that the rate of polymerization was considerably higher in the presence of treated eucalypt sawdust (E.SD) and white pine sawdust (SD). The rate of polymerization was further increased upon copper-treated eucalypt sawdust (E.SD). The highest conversion rates (>95%) were those obtained in the presence of copper leached from alkali- treated eucalypt sawdust (E.SD) and the least conversion rates (<16%) were those obtained in the absence of copper in the untreated eucalypt sawdust (E.SD).
Journal Article•
TL;DR: In this article, the use of malathion-impregnated Eucalyptus sawdust was used to control groundnut seed infestation by P. varium.
Abstract: Eucalyptus ( Eucalyptus niphophila L.) sawdust, of particle size 0.425-0.840 mm, was treated with an aqueous solution of malathion 83.6% EC (O.0-dimethyl S-1,2 di (ethoxycarbonyl) ethylphosphorodithioate) at 0.5, 1.0, and 2.0% ai. and assayed at predetermined intervals by chemical and biological methods to determine whether impregnated sawdust was an effective formulation to control insect infestations in stored kerstings's groundnut seed. The chemical assay of malathion residues was done by gas-liquid chromotagraphy and the bioassay by exposure of adult weevils (Piezotrachelus varium Wagn.) to seed previously mixed with malathion-impregnated sawdust. Significantly (P = 0.01) higher amounts of malathion (4.61 - 12.80 ppm) were transferred into stored seed which was mixed with sawdust initially treated at 2.0% ai. than at 0.5 and 1 .O% ai. at each period of assessment. Similarly, greater quantity of malathion residue was recovered from sawdust treated at 2.0% ai. Sufficient malathion was transferred into seed mixed with 2.0% malathion-impregnated sawdust to cause 100% mortality of P. varium for 32 weeks, and also to prevent emergence of F, adults. Seed mixed with 0.5 and 1.0% malathion-impregnatedsawdust were toxic to P. varium for up to 1 and 16 weeks respectively after treatment. Thus, for seed storage not exceeding4months, effective control of P. varium could be achieved by applying 1 .O% malathion-impregnated sawdust without toxic hazards to consumers. Long-lasting storage of seed would, however, require the use of 2.0% malathion-impregnated sawdust. The relative effectiveness, ease of handling and then economics of the use of malathion-impreganted sawdust indicate its suetability as a formulation material to control storage insects. Zusammenfassung Eukalyptussagemehl, prapariert mit Malathion 83,6% EC in verschiedenen Konzentrationen, wurde bei der Lagerung von Erdbohnen gegen Insektenbefall, speziell dem Bohnenkafer eingesetzt. Die Ergebnisse der verschiedenen Applikationen werden beschrieben. Die relativ gute Wirkung, die einfache Handhabung der Anwendung und die Wirtschaftlichkeit von Malathion impragniertem Sagemehl ist eine geeignete Formulation um Schaden beim Lagern von Erdbohnen durch Insekten zu verhindern.
TL;DR: In this article, a suspension of sawdust from mixed residual softwoods species was treated in twin tubular reactors (SS316 or zirconium-Zr) in the temperature range 200-230°C, at residence times 120-160 s and at acid (H 2 SO 4 ) concentrations up to 0.28 % wt acid/wt of suspension.
Abstract: A suspension of sawdust from mixed residual softwoods species was treated in twin tubular reactors (SS316 or zirconium—Zr) in the temperature range 200–230°C, at residence times 120–160 s and at acid (H 2 SO 4 ) concentrations up to 0.28 (% wt acid/wt of suspension). No significant difference between reactor materials other than the presence of a higher concentration of oligomeric materials with Zr has been found during hydrolysis although the SS316 reactor led to a much higher concentration of iron ions in solution. We have also shown experimentally that acid impregnation (24 h soaking period at room temperature and atmospheric pressure) prior to prehydrolysis did not prove superior to direct acid injection during the treatment. A homogenizing pretreatment aimed at increasing accessibility of protons to the hydrolyzable bonds did not lead to increased hydrolysis over direct processing of the suspension. Overall conversion data as well as yields of soluble saccharides are presented as a function of operating conditions. It is shown that the prehydrolysis treatment, if properly conducted, results in the fractional solubilization of the hemicelluloses.