Showing papers on "Sawdust published in 2001"
TL;DR: In this paper, the batch removal of hexavalent chromium (Vl) from wastewater under different experimental conditions using economic adsorbents was investigated, and the results indicated the endothermic nature of adsorption on TAC, SPC and CAC.
600 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, nine pellet assortments, made of fresh and stored sawdust, bark and logging residues (a mixture of Norway spruce and Scots pine) were tested for moisture content, heating value and contents of ash, sulphur, chlorine and Klason lignin.
Abstract: The dominant raw material for wood pellet production in Sweden is sawdust, planer shavings and dry chips. However, other types of biomass, such as bark and logging residues, are also interesting raw materials due to the large volumes available. These alternative raw materials differ from stemwood with regard to physical characteristics and chemical composition. In order to produce high-quality pellets of such materials, it is necessary to understand the role of these variations. Nine pellet assortments, made of fresh and stored sawdust, bark and logging residues (a mixture of Norway spruce and Scots pine) were tested for moisture content, heating value and contents of ash, sulphur, chlorine and Klason lignin. Dimensions, bulk density, density of individual pellets, durability and sintering risk were also determined. The heating value was highest in logging residue pellets. The ash content was highest in the bark and logging residue pellets, implying higher sintering risk compared with sawdust pellets. The results showed that bark pellets had the highest durability, whereas sawdust pellets had the lowest. Pellet density had no effect on durability, unlike lignin content which was positively correlated. It is concluded that bark and logging residues are suitable raw materials for pellets production, especially if the ash content is controlled.
403 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate the potentially practical value of this method in industries and also provide strong evidence to support the adsorption mechanism proposed.
321 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a novel adsorbent was prepared and its adsorption properties for Cr(VI) and Cr(III) were studied, and the carboxylated polyacrylamide-grafted sawdust was found to be an effective adorbent.
Abstract: A novel adsorbent was prepared and its adsorption properties for Cr(VI) were studied. The iron(III) complex of a carboxylated polyacrylamide-grafted sawdust has been found to be an effective adsorb...
142 citations
TL;DR: The mycelium extension rates were determined by the ‘race-tube’ technique, and were found to be the highest on cotton gin-trash, peanut shells and poplar sawdust for Pleurotus spp.
Abstract: The influence of environmental parameters on mycelial linear growth ofPleurotus ostreatus, P. eryngii, P. pulmonarius, Agrocybe aegerita, Lentinula edodes, Volvariella volvacea andAuricularia auricula-judae was determined in two different nutrient media in a wide range of temperature, forming the basis for the assessment of their temperature optimaV. volvacea grew faster at 35°C,P. eryngii at 25°C,P. ostreatus andP. pulmonarius at 30°C,A. aegerita at 25 or 30°C andA. auricula-judae at 20 or 25°C depending on the nutrient medium used andL. edodes at 20 or 30°C depending on the strain examined. The mycelium extension rates were evaluated on seven mushroom cultivation substrates: wheat straw, cotton gin-trash, peanut shells, poplar sawdust, oak sawdust, corn cobs and olive press-cake. The mycelium extension rates (linear growth and colonization rates) were determined by the ‘race-tube’ technique, and were found to be the highest on cotton gin-trash, peanut shells and poplar sawdust forPleurotus spp. andA. aegerita. Wheat straw, peanut shells and particularly cotton gin-trash supported fast growth ofV. volvacea, whereas wheat straw was the most suitable substrate forL. edodes andA. auricula-judae. Supplemented oak sawdust and olive press-cake were poor substrates for most species examined, white almost all strains performed adequately on corn cobs.
137 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a western Turkish lignite (Kutahya-Seyitomer) was blended with some biomass samples such as molasses, pine cone, olive refuse, sawdust, paper mill waste, and cotton refuse, and these blends were used in the production of fuel briquettes.
109 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the influence of the Ni/Al catalyst weight/biomass flow rate (W/mb) ratio on product distribution and gas composition was analyzed for catalytic CO2 gasification of pine sawdust.
98 citations
TL;DR: A pilot-scale composting reactor was developed, manufactured, and tested to enhance the biologically heated drying of high-moisture ingredients while minimizing bulking amendment requirements as discussed by the authors, and three tests were run using poultry manure as a feedstock, once without and twice with sawdust amendment.
Abstract: A pilot-scale composting reactor was developed, manufactured, and tested to enhance the biologically heated drying of high-moisture ingredients while minimizing bulking amendment requirements. This biodryer consists of two horizontal cylindrical chambers with internal augers for mixing, materials transport, and aeration. Three tests were run using poultry manure as a feedstock, once without and twice with sawdust amendment. Manure was added to the biodryer sequentially, every other day during each 6-day experimental period. Moisture content, temperature, NH3 and H2S emissions, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and seedling germination rate were analyzed throughout the experimental period. Results indicated that while sawdust was required to maintain aerobic conditions, sequential feeding was effective in reducing the amendment requirements by recycling the amendment through multiple batches of manure. Cumulative sawdust:manure volume ratios were reduced from 2.5:1 in the initial mixtures to 1:1 or...
53 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the physicochemical and mechanical properties of lignite-biomass briquetting were studied. But the results were limited to the pyrolysis of coal and biomasses.
52 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the mineralization of radioactive synthetic lignin (14C-DHP) was studied in a compost environment at 35, 50 and 58°C, and the results indicated that lignins were inactivated at this temperature.
Abstract: Mineralization of radioactive synthetic lignin (14C-DHP) was studied in a compost environment at 35, 50 and 58°C. Compost samples were successively extracted with water, dioxane and alkali, and the molecular weight distribution of some extracts was determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Biodegradation of lignin-containing spruce groundwood (SGW) and pine sawdust was concurrently determined in controlled composting tests by measuring evolved CO2. The temperatures were the same as in the 14C-DHP mineralization experiment and bleached kraft paper, with a lignin content of 0.2%, was used as a reference. The mineralization of 14C-DHP was relatively high (23–24%) at 35°C and 50°C, although the mixed population of compost obviously lacks the most effective lignin degraders. At 58°C the mineralization of 14C-DHP, as well as the biodegradation of SGW and sawdust, was very low, indicating that the lignin-degrading organisms of compost were inactivated at this temperature. SGW was poorly biodegradable (<40%) in controlled composting tests compared with kraft paper (77–86%) at all temperatures, which means that lignin inhibits the degradation of carbohydrates. During the incubation, water-soluble degradation products, mainly monomers and dimers, and the original 14C-DHP were either mineralized or bound to humic substances. A substantial fraction of 14C-DHP was incorporated into humin or other insolubles.
48 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the preparation of cationized wood sawdust was performed by treating alkali sawdust with epoxy propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (EPTMAC) in a nonaqueous medium (dimethylformamide, DMF).
Abstract: Using the same procedure as recently described for cotton fiber, the preparation of cationized wood sawdust was performed by treating alkali sawdust with epoxy propyl trimethyl ammonium chloride (EPTMAC) in a nonaqueous medium (dimethylformamide, DMF). The fixation of ammonium groups onto sawdust was monitored by weight uptake, nitrogen content determination, and infrared spectroscopy. EPTMAC-sawdust with a 0.5 wt % nitrogen content is then used as adsorbent for acid dyes (Acid Blue 25, Acid Yellow 99, Reactive Yellow 23, and Acid Blue 74). The adsorption capacity, determined by spectrometric measurement of the residual dye in the treated solution, decreases with increasing temperature. The modeling of the adsorption isotherms using Langmuir, Freundlich, and General relations allows the determination of isotherm constants. Globally, EPTMAC-sawdust has a behavior similar to EPTMAC-cotton, and its use for depollution of waste waters from dyeing industries presents advantages over cotton, such as a larger availability and a lower price. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 31–37, 2001
TL;DR: It was demonstrated that the addition of leaves enhanced the humification process and shortened the time required for maturation and stabilization of pig manure composting.
Abstract: The increase in the market price of sawdust makes it a less attractive bulking agent for pig manure composting. Hence, it was the aim of this project to evaluate the feasibility of co-composting pig manure with leaves with special emphasis on its effects on compost maturity and quality. Two piles were prepared with one pile (Pile A) just constituted of pig manureand sawdust at a mixing ratio of 3:2 (w/w, fresh weight), while the other one (Pile B) with pig manure, sawdust and leaves at 3:1:1 ratio (w/w, fresh weight) to achieve a C/N ratio of 30. Each 8 m3 heap was turned and mixed every 3 days to provide sufficient aeration and the moisture content was kept at 60-70% (w/w) throughout the composting period. After 49 days of composting, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), soluble NH4-N(solid), C/N(aqueous) and C/N(aqueous) of pile A decreased to <5%, 400 mgkg(-1), 20 and 6, respectively, indicating a high degree of maturity, while pile B with leaves required only 35days. Seed germination index (GI) of pile A increased to 66.5% at day 49, while pile B to 52.4% at day 35, which was higher than the phytotoxin-free level of 50% recommended for agricultural use. This demonstrated that the addition of leaves enhanced the humification process and shortened the time required for maturation and stabilization of pig manure composting. Therefore, it is recommended to co-compost pig manure with leaves to provide a means to reutilize this waste and in the same time to reduce the dependence on sawdust as a buLking agent.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) to model the thermal behavior of the inorganics in CCA treated wood, with special focus placed on arsenic volatilization.
Abstract: To guide the development of thermal decomposition methods for disposal of CCA treated wood, reactions during the thermal decomposition of CCA treated wood were modeled using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), with special focus placed on arsenic volatilization. Simple inorganic compounds, such as As2O5, CuO, and Cr2O3, were used to model the thermal behavior of the inorganics in CCA treated wood. In air and nitrogen, arsenic (V) oxide began to volatilize at 600 °C during temperature ramps at 5 °C/min. During a 5 °C/min ramp in a hydrogen mix, arsenic (V) oxide began decomposition at 425 °C. Arsenic volatile loss from CCA treated wood can depend strongly on the gases produced by wood thermal decomposition. In the presence of As2O5, chromium (III) oxide and copper (II) oxide formed arsenates in air and nitrogen. Chromium arsenates began decomposition as low as 790 °C. This suggested that chromium arsenates in CCA treated wood formed during original preservative fixation may decompose as low as 790 °C. Copper arsenates were stable up to 900 °C in air, but showed only a limited range of stability in nitrogen. Depending on process conditions, the formation of copper arsenates may limit arsenic loss during thermal decomposition of CCA treated wood up to 900 °C. The thermal decomposition of inorganic oxides was influenced by interactions with wood and wood decomposition products. In a dry YP sawdust/As2O5 mix, arsenic (V) oxide volatilized at 370 °C during inert pyrolysis at 5 °C/min and at 320 °C during smoldering combustion at 5 °C/min. Thermal dwells of a dry YP/As2O5 mix showed no arsenic loss at 250 °C, but significant loss occurred during higher temperature dwells. During inert pyrolysis at 5 °C/min, the formation of complexes and hydrates were shown to prevent arsenic loss up to 400 °C.
TL;DR: Profiling of wood chips may help growers optimize their production media and reduce production costs.
TL;DR: The water and α-pinene released during sawdust and flake drying were simultaneously measured in this paper, and the drying profiles for water and pinene are very different at oven temperatures of 105°C, but are similar at 200°C.
Abstract: The water and α-pinene released during sawdust and flake drying were simultaneously measured. For sawdust, the drying profiles for water and pinene are very different at oven temperatures of 105°C, but are similar at 200°C. There is an initial burst of pinene very early in the process, which is mainly attributed to the loss of pinene dissolved in surface water. Later, the pinene and water are released in a near-constant ratio, which is ascribed to water mobilizing pinene from the interior of the wood matrix to the wet line. The surfactants present in wood are believed to solubilize pinene into water. Finally, pinene is lost through evaporation when the wood is almost dry. Hence, at least three mechanisms are operative for the movement and release of α-pinene and other terpenes from wood.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used Pinus caribaea sawdust with CO2 and steam as activating agents, and showed that the characteristics of these activated carbons are comparable to those used as commercial adsorbents in those fields, showing in the case of steam-activated carbons, a somewhat higher mesopore volume than many of the commercial products.
Abstract: Activated carbons with different porous structures have been prepared from Pinus caribaea sawdust through the use of CO2 and steam as activating agents. The evolution of the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) surface area upon activation becomes fairly similar in both cases, and values above 1000 m2/g can be reached at high burn-off levels. Activation with steam produces a more developed porous structure, with a substantially higher contribution of mesoporosity, than does activation with CO2. Increasing the activation temperature leads in both cases to a wide pore-size distribution. The presence of a well-developed mesoporosity makes the resulting products good candidates for adsorbents for water and waste-water treatment. For these purposes, the characteristics of these activated carbons are comparable to those used as commercial adsorbents in those fields, showing in the case of the steam-activated carbons, a somewhat higher mesopore volume than many of the commercial products while maintaining similar surfac...
TL;DR: It was found that not only is sawdust the most effective agent in reducing NH3 emissions, but that it also effectively promotes organic matter decomposition.
TL;DR: In this paper, the physical properties such as moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and specific surface area were investigated on the spent grain charcoal, Ca(OH)2 added spent grain and the sawdust charcoal, and the burning properties of these charcoals were examined.
Abstract: The physical properties such as moisture content, ash content, volatile matter, fixed carbon and specific surface area were investigated on the spent grain charcoal, Ca(OH)2 added spent grain charcoal and the sawdust charcoal. Moreover, the burning properties of these charcoals were examined.The spent grain charcoal contains fixed carbon of 81 % and ash of 12 %, and the ash content is fairly high compared with that in the sawdust charcoal. The ash content increases to about 16 % when Ca(OH)2 is added to the spent grain charcoal. The ash of spent grain charcoal contains 47 % of P, 22 % of Ca, 14 % of Mg, 13 % of Si and others. The thermal analysis gives a superior information on the ignition and burning properties. The spent grain charcoal is inferior to the sawdust charcoal in the burning property of the ignition temperature and the burning period, because the ignition temperature is higher and the burning period is longer. The addition of Ca(OH)2 to the spent grain improves the burning property of the obtained charcoal due to an increase in the surface area.
TL;DR: In this article, the emissions of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) during composting were monitored to quantify the release of malodorous compounds, such as acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids.
Abstract: Offensive odors which evolve during the decomposition of swine waste have resulted in complaints from neighbors in agricultural areas. This study chronologically monitored the emissions of volatile fatty acids (VFAs) during composting to quantify the release of malodorous compounds. Swine waste/sawdust mixtures and sawdust controls were placed in 208 liter reactor vessels and constantly aerated over a 21-day period. Acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, isovaleric, and valeric acids were quantified in total collections of condensed water vapor and volatiles released from the vessels. Exit gasses were passed through water-cooled condensers, and condensate was collected every 12 hours. Composting conditions were shown to be adequate by measuring carbon to nitrogen ratios, pH, temperature, and moisture contents. The 21-day aerobic treatment decreased all VFAs in the swine waste mixtures by 61 to 100 percent, with a mean of 87 percent. Prior to peak gas volatilization, when the vessel contents attained peak...
Patent•
19 Oct 2001
TL;DR: In this article, a chemical cellulose pulp is made from sawdust utilizing a static down-flow retention vessel, where steam and cooking liquor are added to a flow of sawdust and a heated slurry, at a cooking temperature of about 250-350° F., is produced.
Abstract: Chemical cellulose pulp is made from sawdust utilizing a static down-flow retention vessel. By adding steam and cooking liquor to a flow of sawdust a heated slurry, at a cooking temperature of about 250-350° F., is produced. The heated slurry is, at superatmospheric pressure, moved downwardly in the static down-flow retention vessel while cooking temperature is maintained, for a time period of about 0.5-6 (preferably 1 to 3) hours, the slurry having a consistency of about 5-30%. At superatmospheric pressure, without significant reduction in pressure from the retention vessel, the slurry is cooled to well below cooking temperature by diffusing cooling liquid through it, as in a conventional pressure diffuser. The discharge from the retention vessel is preferably substantially solely gravity action (e.g. using a discharge with single convergence and side relief). Various mixing, diluting, thickening, steaming, and pumping devices are utilized in the system from initial steaming of the sawdust to passage into the top of the retention vessel.
TL;DR: In this paper, the removal efficiency of lead, zinc, nickel, and chromium from aqueous solutions by adsorption on non-conventional materials (rice husk and sawdust) in its natural form and on their chemically modified form is presented.
Abstract: The removal efficiency of lead [Pb(II)], zinc [Zn(II)], nickel [Ni(II)] and chromium [Cr(VI)] from aqueous solutions by adsorption on non‐conventional materials (rice husk and sawdust) in its natural form and on their chemically modified form is presented. It is found that adsorption potential varies as a function of contact time, concentration, particle size, pH and flow rate. Of all the low cost adsorbents used in this study, sawdust is found to possess greater adsorption efficiency for all metals than rice husk under identical experimental conditions. Chemically activated sawdust could remove 95 percent of Pb(II), 93 percent of Zn(II), 80 percent of Ni(II) and 75 percent of Cr(VI) from the metal bearing industrial effluents.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Composting is now suggested as one of the environmentally and friendly alternative method for disposal of solid organic wastes, as it leads to minimization, stabilization, and utilization of organic waste.
Abstract: Composting is now suggested as one of the environmentally and friendly alternative method for disposal of solid organic wastes, as it leads to minimization, stabilization, and utilization of organic waste. Transformations of nitrogen were investigated in co-composting of pig manure with different amendments, such as sawdust and leaves. Samples were analyzed for pH, total-N, soluble NH4-N, soluble NO3-N and soluble organic-N. The total-N increased after 63 days of composting, as well as the soluble NO3-N and soluble organic-N. Soluble NH4-N increased significantly and showed peak values at day 7, thereafter decreased sharply and gradually to lower levels. Seed germination index (GI) showed that co-composting of pig manure with sawdust reached maturity after 49 days of composting, while co-composting of pig manure with sawdust and leaves required shorter time for 35 days. Soluble NH4-N was significantly negatively (P < 0.05), while soluble NO3-N and soluble organic-N were significantly positively (P < 0.05), correlated with seed germination index (GI). Addition of leaves in co-composting of pig manure with sawdust had no significant impacts on nitrogen transformations, but it was beneficial for maturity of pig manure compost.
TL;DR: It has been found that the activated carbon produced from waste biosludge was of higher quality than that produced from either sawdust or peat, and performed similarly to RB-1 and F100 in adsorption tests, and could possibly be used in the post-treatment of wastewater.
Abstract: Experimental research into the bench-scale production of activated carbon from waste-activated sludge from water purification, sawdust, peat, and their mixtures, by carbonisation and activation was undertaken. The research work was carried out to determine possible methods of production of cheap activated carbon from local raw materials and to use it in water purification technology. Along with the samples produced, several commercial activated carbons (namely RB-1, F 100, CA (adsorbent from military gas masks), BAY (product of the USSR)) were tested to compare adsorption properties in the adsorption of phenols, xylidines, amines, methylene blue and molasses. It has been found that the activated carbon produced from waste biosludge was of higher quality than that produced from either sawdust or peat, and performed similarly to RB-1 and F100 in adsorption tests. It was also determined that the activated carbon produced from biosludge could possibly be used in the post-treatment of wastewater. Residual slud...
TL;DR: In this paper, the release or emission of resins from pressed particleboards, modified through gamma radiation, was characterized in terms of the thermal decomposition (TGA) and structure morphology (SEM), and the thermal stability was found to increase with increasing irradiation dose as shown by the percentage loss in weight at different decomposition temperatures and the temperatures of the maximum values of the reaction.
Abstract: The release or emission of resins from pressed particleboards, modified through gamma radiation, was characterized in terms of the thermal decomposition (TGA) and structure morphology (SEM). Particleboards, based on some farm residues and some polymers as adhesives, were first made by thermal compression in a hot press at 120°C and subsequently exposed to various doses of gamma irradiation. In general, gamma irradiation improves the thermal stability of the particleboards regardless of the type of the farm residues or the type of adhesive. Meanwhile, the thermal stability was found to increase with increasing irradiation dose as shown by the percentage loss in weight at different decomposition temperatures and the temperatures of the maximum values of the rate of reaction. The results showed that the particleboards based on cotton or flax stalks and polystyrene (PS) displayed higher thermal stability than did those based on the epoxy resin (E150). The particleboards based on wood sawdust and the E150 resin showed higher thermal stability than did those based on PS. SEM observations of the fracture surfaces of the different particleboards give further support to the improvement in the thermal properties after exposure to gamma radiation. In this regard, the pores and distances between the base material were coated with radiation-crosslinked or -grafted E150 resin, particularly in the case of wood sawdust boards. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 82: 2869–2881, 2001
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of adding a high C residue (sawdust) to biosolids on N03-N leaching potentials and associated biomass production were investigated.
Abstract: Higher than agronomic rates of biosolids are often applied as a soil amendment for reclamation of drastically distnrbed lands. However, at these rates, N03-N leaching can occnr, especially dnring the first winter. Our objective was to determine the effects of adding a high C residue (sawdust) to biosolids on N03-N leaching potentials and associated biomass production. Treatments were applied to a re-graded athletic field area in October 1993 and included a fertilized control and mixtnres of90 Mg/ha biosolids with 0:1, 0.5:1, 1: 1 and 2: 1 ratios of sawdust to biosolids (S:B), giving C:N ratios of 9.4:1, 19:1, 28:1, and 45:1 respectively. Zero-tension lysimeters were used to collect root zone leachates. The plots were seeded with tall fescue (Fescue arundinacea Schreb.). Leachate N03-N concentrations were greatest during the first winter (93/94), with the 0:1 sawdust:biosolids (S:B) averaging> 20 mg/L, while the higher S:B ratios and control remained <10 mg/L. During the second winter of leaching (94/95), nitrate-N leachate levels decreased markedly relative to the first season, with all treatments averaging< 10 mg/L. Standing biomass collected in May and November of 1994 indicated that the highest rate of sawdust (2: I S:B) suppressed growth relative to the other treatments. While this trend remained visually evident, standing biomass showed no significant treatment effects after subsequent growing seasons. The lower biomass production on the 2: I S:B plots resulted in higher leachate volnrnes, probably due to lower evapotranspiration. This increased volume of leachate resulted in the 2: I S:B treatment generating the highest total N03-N mass loss dnring the first year, but a total N03-N mass loss similar to the other S:B treatments over the dnration of the study. Therefore, moderate additions of high C residues (0.5 1:1 S:B) can reduce net N03-N losses via enhanced immobilization, while still providing adequate nutrients for plant growth. Additional
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Adjusting the pH of oil contaminated soil to high acidic levels may promote the availability and migration of heavy metals in remediated soils and not necessarily the rate of oil mineralization.
Abstract: The effect of organic amendments on the oil content, heavy metals concentration and pH of petroleum contaminated sandy loam ultisol obtained from Rumuekpe oil field in Emohua Local Government Area of Rivers State, Nigeria was determined. Petroleum contaminated soils were treated with wood ash, compost and sawdust. The addition of organic amendments resulted in a significant (at 95% probability level) decrease in oil content by 92% for composting, 81% for soil treated with sawdust and 58% for soil with ash supplementation, over 6 months. The effect of treatments on the iron(Fe), copper(Cu) and lead(Pb) concentration was significant at P < 0.001. The remediation also affected the pH of soil. This initial pH of 5.6 was depressed by the application of compost and sawdust supplements respectively to a final pH of 5.2 and 5.3. On the other hand, amending the soil with wood ash raised the pH from 5.6 to 6.2. Increased acidity caused a decrease in the heavy metals concentration in the contaminated soil. Soil treatment with compost generally gave the best remediation results, followed by sawdust and then ash. Adjusting the pH of oil contaminated soil to high acidic levels may promote the availability and migration of heavy metals in remediated soils and not necessarily the rate of oil mineralization.
Patent•
05 Feb 2001
TL;DR: In this article, a treatment method of excretions/wastewater without production of by-product is provided, which comprises the sequential steps: (1) concentration that water is evaporated by heating; (2) mixing of excreions/Wastewater, sawdust/chaff, and thin-film expanded vermiculite; (3) fermentation of the above mixture; (4) separation of solid material and liquid from the fermented mixture.
Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided is a treatment method of excretions/wastewater without production of by-product. The excretions/wastewater is evaporated at 60-70deg.C under low vacuum pressure being -76mmHg in a concentration tank (20). And C/N ratio for fermentation is controlled at 25-35 by using sawdust, chaff, and rice straw as carbon source. Also, water content is controlled by vermiculite that is expandable thin-film. The vermiculite absorbs water of 300-500 wt.% based on the vermiculite weight. And, the vermiculite is porous, so the vermiculite is used as media for metabolism of microorganisms. Therefore, solid material is used as compost, and liquid is used as liquid manure without production of by-product. CONSTITUTION: The method comprises the sequential steps: (1) concentration that water is evaporated by heating; (2) mixing of excretions/wastewater, sawdust/chaff, and thin-film expanded vermiculite; (3) fermentation of the above mixture; (4) separation of solid material and liquid from the fermented mixture.
Patent•
04 Jul 2001
TL;DR: In this article, a fertilizer has comprehensive and easy-to-absorb nutrients, high comprehensive utilization, wide application range, and no negative effect on soil, which is a fertilizer that is easy to use and easy to absorb nutrients.
Abstract: City or industrial sludge through disinfection is produced into a fertilizer through the technological steps of acidification and hydrolysis at 50-90 deg.C and 0.5-3 pH; addition of proper amount of ore powder containing Si, P, Ca, Mg, and K elements, rice husk powder, sawdust, inorganic ammonium salt, etc.; pH regulation with alkali matter to neutrality; drying, pelletizing, measuring and packaging. The said fertilizer has comprehensive and easy-to-absorb nutrients, high comprehensive utilization, wide application range, and no negative effect on soil.
Patent•
15 Jun 2001
TL;DR: In this paper, a method for artificially growing phellinus gilvus in raw lumber is provided to reduce the management problem of temperature relative to other Phellinus linteus, and to increase the convenience of cultivation due to the low contamination rate of the phellinos gilsvus.
Abstract: PURPOSE: A method for artificially cultivating phellinus gilvus in raw lumber is provided to reduce the management problem of temperature relative to other phellinus linteus, and to increase the convenience of cultivation due to the low contamination rate of the phellinus gilvus. CONSTITUTION: Mushroom spawn of the phellinus gilvus is implanted in MCM or PDA culture medium, and then is cultivated at 25-30degrees for 10-15days. A sawdust culture medium formed by a mixture of black oak sawdust and rice bran(8:2), a mixture of black oak sawdust and willow sawdust(8:2), or a mixture of black oak sawdust, willow sawdust, and rice bran(4:4:2) is sterilized at 121degrees for 90-120minutes. After the cultivated mushroom spawn is mixed in the sterilized sawdust culture medium, the mushroom spawn of the phellinus gilvus is cultivated at 25-30degrees for 25-30days. After one wet raw lumber of 20-30cm length is received in a heat-resistant polypropylene vinyl bag, the wet raw lumber is sterilized at 90-100degrees for 6-10hours or is sterilized at 120-121degrees for 2-3hours. The sterilized raw lumber is sufficiently cooled to a normal room temperature. After the cultivated mushroom spawn of phellinus gilvus of 100-120grams is implanted in the raw lumber. they are cultivated at 25-30degrees for 30-40days in the sealed polypropylene vinyl bag. The germination of the phellinus gilvus is induced after removing the polypropylene vinyl bag, and the phellinus gilvus is grown in a temperature of 27-35degrees and a humidity of 70-80percentage.