Showing papers on "Sawdust published in 2002"

Ash from timber waste as cement replacement material

Abstract: Sawdust is a waste product from the timber industry. Research work carried out on the ash derived from the sawdust has confirmed its pozzolanic properties with a pozzolanic index value of 75.9%. This material compares favourably with fly ash and wastes from the oil palm industry. The only difference noticed is in the low content of Al 2 O 3 (4.09%) and Fe 2 O 3 (2.26%). Concrete mixes have been proportioned to have various percentages of cement replacement with sawdust ash (SDA) ranging from 0% to 30% by mass. Performance of the ash–portland cement mixture has been evaluated with respect to setting time, workability and compressive strength. From the results obtained, 10% replacement of cement with SDA shows good performance giving the desired workability and strength.

Lignocellulosic Materials as Potential Biosorbents of Trace Toxic Metals from Wastewater

Abstract: The potential capability of Arundo donax stems, Brazil nutshells, sugarcane bagasse, and sawdust from a native wood species (Prosopis ruscifolia) to sequester trace metals from wastewater was comparatively examined using dilute aqueous solutions of Cd(II) or Ni(II) ions as models. Brazil nutshells showed the best effectiveness (>90%) for the uptake of both metals from solutions of 20 mg/L initial concentration for dosages larger than 0.2−0.4 mg/L, even superior to those obtained for a commercial activated carbon and/or red marine algae (Corallinales) used for comparison under identical conditions. Equilibrium isotherms of cadmium on the lignocellulosic and algae samples and of nickel on the nutshells were determined and properly described by the Langmuir model. The highest maximum sorption capacity of Cd(II) ions was obtained for the nutshells (Xm = 19.4 mg/g) among the lignocellulosic samples. The trend in the estimated Xm values was found to be consistent with their contents of lignin and total surface ...

Emission of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, toxicity, and mutagenicity from domestic cooking using sawdust briquettes, wood, and kerosene.

Abstract: Smoke samples, in both gas and particulate matter (PM) phases, of the three domestic stoves were collected using U.S. EPA modified method 5 and were analyzed for 17 PAH (HPLC-UV), acute toxicity (Microtox test), and mutagenicity (Amestest). The gas phase of smoke contributed > or = 95% of 17 PAH, > or = 96% of toxicity, and > or = 60% of mutagenicity. The highest emission factor of 17 PAH was from sawdust briquettes (260 mg/kg), but the highest emission of 11 genotoxic PAH was from kerosene (28 mg/kg). PM samples of kerosene smoke were not toxic. The total toxicity emission factor was the highest from sawdust, followed by kerosene and wood fuel. Smoke samples from the kerosene stove were not mutagenic. TA98 indicated the presence of both direct and indirect mutagenic activities in PM samples of sawdust and wood fuel but only direct mutagenic activities in the gas phase. TA100 detected only direct mutagenic activities in both PM and gas-phase samples. The higher mutagenicity emission factor was from wood fuel, 12 x 10(6) revertants/kg (TA100-S9) and 3.5 x 10(6) (TA98-S9), and lower from sawdust, 2.9 x 10(6) (TA100-S9) and 2.8 x 10(6) (TA98-S9). The low burning rate and high efficiency of a kerosene stove have resulted in the lowest PAH, toxicity, and mutagenicity emissions from daily cooking activities. The bioassays produced toxicity and mutagenicity results in correspondence with the PAH content of samples. The tests could be used for a quick assessment of potential health risks.

Adsorption characteristics of bisphenol A onto carbonaceous materials produced from wood chips as organic waste.

Abstract: Many organic by-products have been discharged by humans, and the development of technology for recycling organic by-products has attracted much interest. In this paper, the techniques for producing carbonaceous adsorbents from an organic by-product and an application to remove endocrine disruptors are described. Wood chips as an organic by-product were carbonized at 873 to 1073 K. The iodine adsorption capacity of the obtained carbonaceous materials increased with increasing carbonization temperature. The amount of bisphenol A adsorbed on the carbonized materials produced from Sugi and Hinoki at a 1073 K carbonization temperature was higher than that of activated carbon. The Freundlich constant, 1/N, of the carbonaceous materials produced from Sugi chips, Sugi sawdust, and Hinoki sawdust was similar to that of the activated carbon. This result indicated that the affinity between bisphenol A and the carbonaceous materials or the activated carbon was similar. Their Freundlich constant, K, was greater than that of the activated carbon. Hence, bisphenol A could be efficiently removed by the carbonaceous materials.

Resol-type phenolic resin from liquefied phenolated wood and its application to phenolic foam

Abstract: A liquefied wood-based resol resin was prepared with excellent yield by a reaction of liquefied wood and formaldehyde under alkaline conditions. The effects of various reaction parameters on the extent of the yield of the resol resin, unreacted phenol content, and viscosity were investigated. Milder resol resinification conditions were required as compared to those used in conventional methods. The liquefied wood-based resol resin was successfully applied to produce phenolic foam using appropriate combinations of foaming agents. Diisopropyl ether with a relatively higher boiling temperature was suitable for the foaming of liquefied wood-based resol resin. Hydrochloric acid and poly(ethylene ether) of sorbitan monopalmitate were used as a catalyst and a surfactant, respectively. The obtained foams showed satisfactory densities and compressive properties, comparable to those of foams obtained from conventional resol resin. Foams with low density were obtained by the blending of liquefied wood-based resol resin and conventional resol resin. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 468–472, 2002; DOI 10.1002/app.10018

Ability of iron(III)‐loaded carboxylated polyacrylamide‐grafted sawdust to remove phosphate ions from aqueous solution and fertilizer industry wastewater: Adsorption kinetics and isotherm studies

Abstract: Iron(III)-loaded carboxylated polyacrylamide-grafted sawdust was investigated as an adsorbent for the removal of phosphate from water and wastewater. The carboxylated polyacrylamide-grafted sawdust was prepared by graft copolymerization of acrylamide and N,N′-methylenebisacrylamide onto sawdust in the presence of an initiator, potassium peroxydisulfate. Iron(III) was strongly attached to the carboxylic acid moiety of the adsorbent. The adsorbent material exhibits a very high adsorption potential for phosphate ions. The coordinated unsaturated sites of the iron(III) complex of polymerized sawdust were considered to be the adsorption sites for phosphate ions, the predominating species being H2PO ions. Maximum removal of 97.6 and 90.3% with 2 g L−1 of the adsorbent was observed at pH 2.5 for an initial phosphate concentration of 100 and 250 μmol L−1, respectively. The adsorption process follows second-order kinetics. Adsorption rate constants as a function of concentration and temperature and kinetic parameters, such as ΔG±, ΔH±, and ΔS±, were calculated to predict the nature of adsorption. The L-type adsorption isotherm obtained in the sorbent indicated a favorable process and fitted the Langmuir equation model well. The adsorption capacity calculated by the Langmuir adsorption isotherm gave 3.03 × 10−4 mol g−1 of phosphate removal at 30°C and pH 2.5. The isosteric heat of adsorption was also determined at various surface loadings of the adsorbent. The adsorption efficiency toward phosphate removal was tested using industrial wastewater. Different reagents were tested for extracting phosphate ions from the spent adsorbent. About 98.2% of phosphate can be recovered from the adsorbent using 0.1M NaOH. Alkali regeneration was tried for several cycles with a view to recover the adsorbed phosphate and also to restore the adsorbent to its original state. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 84: 2541–2553, 2002

All-plant fiber composites. i: unidirectional sisal fiber reinforced benzylated wood

Abstract: Benzylation of sawdust from China fir was carried out to prepare plastics based on natural resources. It was found that thermoplasticity and mechanical properties of the chemically modified wood flour changed with the substitution reaction conditions. By compounding sisal fibers and the plasticized fir sawdust, unidirectional laminates were manufactured in a method similar to conventional thermoplastic composites. Such an all-plant fiber composite material is characterized by easy processing, environmental friendliness, and low cost. Instead of chemical heterogeneity of conventional composites, physical heterogeneity of the current natural fiber composite should be favorable for interfacial interaction. However, the reinforcing sisal fibers were not well impregnated by the matrix because of the relatively high viscosity of the benzylated fir sawdust. Further efforts should be made in this area on the basis of the current preliminary work in order to improve mechanical properties of the composites.

Process for making lyocell fiber from sawdust pulp

Abstract: A process for making lyocell fibers including the steps of pulping raw material in a digester to provide an alkaline pulp, wherein the raw material includes sawdust in an amount greater than 0% up to 100%; contacting the alkaline pulp including cellulose and at least about 7% hemicellulose under alkaline conditions with an amount of an oxidant sufficient to reduce the average degree of polymerization of the cellulose to the range of from about 200 to about 1100 without substantially reducing the hemicellulose content or substantially increasing the copper number of the pulp; and forming fibers from the pulp.

Removal of some heavy metal cations from aqueous solutions by spruce sawdust. I. Study of the binding mechanism through batch experiments.

Abstract: The biosorption of five metal ions, cadmium, copper, nickel, lead and zinc in single component solutions and a multi-component mixture in aqueous solutions by spruce sawdust is reported. A comparative study, performed through batch experiments, between the cationic release of sawdust in ultra pure water and in a metallic solution leads to an understanding of the heavy metal ion fixation mechanism on sawdust. An empirical model is developed in order to distinguish between a sorption phenomenon purely based on ion exchange from one in which physical adsorption is involved. Thus, the difference in cations released between the two solutions corresponds to the metal ions which bind to anionic sites by displacing protons from acidic groups and existing cations (natural components of the sawdust) from anionic sites. Metal ion binding capacities of spruce sawdust reach values ranging from 2.1 to 4.3×10−2 meq g−1 in single metal ion solutions with the following relative preference: Zn < Ni < Cd << Cu < Pb. Our res...

Coffee-sawdust-based solid fuel composition

Abstract: A solid fuel composition of spent coffee grounds and/or green coffee bean waste, sawdust and a wax binder is useful for manufacturing a fire-log with more flame output. This combination of solid particulate together with wax burns with a natural-sounding sizzling and crackling. The fuel composition also develops cracks as it burns, in much the same way as natural wood logs do. The cracks expose more surface area to combustion air, thereby enhancing flame output.

Decorative sheet or molding comprising fibers and fillers and process for its production

Abstract: A decorative sheet or a molding, in particular suitable for indoor or outdoor applications on buildings, is in each case composed of a single- or multi-layer core, monolaterally or bilaterally laminated with decorative layer(s) The core layer(s) comprise(s) wood fibers, cellulose fibers, or timber sawdust products and also an organic or inorganic filler material, and a hot-curing resin. The particle size of the filler material is smaller than the thickness of the fibers or of the timber sawdust products in the core layer(s). These core layer(s) are composed of from 15 to 80% by weight of fibers or of timber sawdust products, from 10 to 75% by weight of filler material, and from 10 to 50% by weight of resin, based in each case on the total weight of the core layer(s).

Effect of organic components and aeration regimes on the efficiency of a multi-soil-layering system for domestic wastewater treatment

Abstract: Multi-soil-layering (MSL) system can be applied to wastewater treatment. The component of an MSL system can be varied as a function of site-specific availability of materials. This study investigates the comparative efficiency of five MSL systems as a function of alternative organic materials (Japanese sawdust, Thai sawdust, rice straw, kenaf, and corncob). The MSL systems were set up in 15 × 50 × 100 cm boxes consisting of “soil mixture blocks” alternated with a zeolite layer. The February–May 1999 results indicated that all the MSL systems under a non-aeration regime effectively reduced the biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) and removed soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) with percentages ranging from 88.0–99.8 and 92.5–100, respectively. From January to September 2000 when an on-off aeration regime was adopted, the MSL treatments comprising rice straw, kenaf, and corncob continued to effectively reduce BOD5 and remove SRP. On the other hand, the efficiency of Japanese sawdust and Thai sawdust MSL ...

Sunflower Seed Hulls as Substrate for the Cultivation of Shiitake Mushrooms

Abstract: Nutritive agar formulations with additions of poplar (Populus alba) sawdust, wheat (Triticum durum) bran, or milled sunflower (Helianthus annuus) seed hulls (SSH) were evaluated for mycelium cultivation of shiitake (Lentinula edodes), in petri dishes. Sawdust, 2, 3 and 4 g·L–1 (0.27, 0.40 and 0.53 oz/gal) added to MYA (malt, yeast extract and agar) medium did not improve the mycelium growth rate, while media that included 1, 2, and 3 g·L–1 (0.13, 0.27, and 0.40 oz/gal) wheat bran or 2, 3, and 4 g·L–1 (0.27, 0.40, and 0.53 oz/ gal) milled SSH exhibited a significant increase in the mycelium growth rate, at 25 °C (77 °F). The use of SSH obtained directly from the oil industry was evaluated as a substrate for the cultivation of shiitake mushroom via synthetic logs in plastic bags. A linear growth test was used to previously assay the mycelium growth rate in substrate compositions with different contents of SSH, wheat bran, and poplar sawdust, at 25 °C. The largest mycelial growth rates were 2.75, 2.88, and 2.93 mm·d–1 (0.108, 0.113, and 0.115 inch/day) for the substrates formulated with 8 SSH : 2 wheat bran, 9 SSH : 1 poplar sawdust, and 8 SSH : 1 wheat bran : 1 poplar sawdust by weight, respectively. The synthetic logs showed a daily production rate of 2 kg shiitake/100 kg dry substrate for a 55 days cycle production with a simple formula containing 37.5% SSH, 0.5% calcium carbonate (CaCO3) , 2% calcium sulfate (CaSO4), and 60% water. Addition of wheat bran to the SSH-based synthetic log produced no significant differences on biological efficiency, mushroom production, or productivity.

Some studies on mechanical properties of wood flour/continuous glass mat/polypropylene composite

Abstract: The mechanical properties and the surface property of wood flour/continuous glass mat/polypropylene composites have been investigated. The suitability of wood flour as a filler for continuous glass mat–reinforced polypropylene has been tested using different mesh sizes (e.g., 20 and 40 mesh), as well as by varying the weight percentage of wood flour from 0%– 30%. Moreover, different treatments such as coupling agent A-1100 and functionalized polypropylene grafting with maleic anhydride, and so forth, have also been used to improve the compatibility of wood flour and glass fiber with the polymer resin. In addition, the effects of the surface weight of glass mat and matrix resin have been studied. The extent of the improvement in mechanical properties depends on the wood flour content and size, the surface weight of the glass mat, the matrix resin, and the surface treatment of wood flour. After adding wood flour, the contact angle of distilled water on the composite surface decreases and the polar component of surface tension increases. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 85: 536–544, 2002

The influence of preparation methods and surface properties of activated carbons on Cr(III) adsorption from aqueous solutions

Abstract: Activated carbons were prepared from eucalyptus wood, by using three different “physical” activating methods: air and CO2 partial gasification of wood char (2 hr, 400°C and 800°C, respectively), and direct CO2 partial gasification of wood sawdust. The three activated carbons were then oxidized with HNO3 for increasing the surface concentration of oxygenated functions, and Cr(III) aqueous solution adsorption isotherms were determined for each oxidized carbon. Characterization of the carbons were done through elemental analysis, N2 adsorption, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra. Results show that oxidized activated carbons prepared from air gasification have the higher Cr(III) adsorption capacity. Conclusions about chemical functions formed onto the carbon surface and the relationship with Cr(III) adsorption are exposed.

Adsorption of Oleate Anions on to Cationized Lignocelluloses

Abstract: Oleic acid and its salts are present among the toxic pollutants in olive oil mill wastewaters. Four lignocellulosic materials modified by grafting quaternary ammonium groups have been tested for the adsorption of the oleate anion from aqueous solutions, viz. cotton fibres, viscose fabric, wood sawdust and maize cob powder. As a result of their strong ionic interactions, the carboxylate moities were entrapped at a rate equivalent to the ammonium content of the support. Furthermore, when this charged support was left in contact with the polluted solution without agitation, an additional quantity of pollutant was adsorbed due to associations by the hydrophobic tails of the oleate moities. Partial desorption was achieved in 1 M HCl solution.

Utilization of Rubber Wood (Hevea brasillensis) and Sawdust as Energy Sources on the Characteristics of Smoked Fatty Fish

Abstract: The effect of two energy sources, dried rubber wood, (Hevea brassillensis) and sawdust on the sensorial and keeping quality of fatty fish, hybrid between Clarias gariepinus and Heterobranchus longifilis was evaluated using the improved Altona Smoking klin. The treatment levels were salted, spiced with spices and control. The experiment was carried out as a factorial experiment using randomized complete design laid out in a 4 x 2 factorial notation. This was done for a period of 4 weeks at a weekly interval of 7 days, to know the relationship between the energy source on sensorial qualities (taste, aroma, texture, appearance, acceptability), time of smoking and water loss. The analysis of results obtained showed that there was no real significant difference between the keeping quality of fish dried with rubber wood and sawdust with respect to taste, aroma, texture, good preservative effects for fatty fish since there was no real difference in keeping qualities, but at the different level of treatment, analysis indicated that there was significant difference in salted product in terms of texture and acceptability. Based on cost benefit analysis, with regard to energy sources, sawdust is

A manufacturing method of organic fertilizer

Abstract: PURPOSE: Provided is a manufacturing method of organic fertilizer containing a large quantity of nitrogen for growth promotion of plants by adding nitrogenous fertilizer and N-fixing bacteria in secondary fermentation unlike conventional manufacturing method of organic fertilizer. CONSTITUTION: The manufacturing method of organic fertilizer comprises the steps of: mixing organic raw materials such as animal wastes, ash, sawdust, leaf mold, etc.; adding aerobic and anaerobic bacteria and fermenting at 70-80deg.C for 15days; stirring the mixture at room temperature, fermenting again for 10days, and adding nitrogenous fertilizer such as urea, (NH4)2SO4 and lime nitrogen, and then N-fixing bacteria such as rhizobium, azotobacter and clostridium to increase nitrogen content of the fertilizer mixture; compressing and cutting for making tablets; coating fertilizer tablets with zeolite, yellow earth or charcoal; and drying.

Sorption of some textile dyes by oak wood sawdust

Abstract: Adsorption of some textile dyes from aqueous solution by using an industrial waste lignocellulosic product was studied under various conditions. Out of the ten dyes tested, the sorbent shows preference for three: Direct Orange 8, Direct Brown 2 and Basic Blue 86. The parameters characterizing adsorption were determined on the basis of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. The following values of adsorption capacity were obtained: for Direct Orange 86.36 mg/g, for Direct Brown 29.3 mg/g and for Basic Blue 8633.47 mg/g. The Basic Blue dye, which is structurally different from the other ones, may be mainly adsorbed by the electrostatic attraction between the positively charged dye molecules and the negatively charged organic functional groups present on the surface of the sorbent.

Physico-Chemical and Physical Properties of some Substrates Used in Horticulture Physikalisch-chemische und physikalische Eigenschaften einiger im Gartenbau verwendeter Substrate

Abstract: Summary This study was carried out in 2001 using some organic (peat moss, peat, sawdust) and inorganic (perlite, pumice, creek sand) substrates. pH, electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, carbonates, organic matter, particle size distribution, bulk density, water retention characteristics and pore size distribution of substrates were determined. The amount of water retained at the low tensions ( 100 ∝m) supply aeration were 56.9% (sawdust), 60.2% (pumice), 56.0% (peat:sawdust), 34.4 % (perlite:creek sand), 52.6 % (sawdust : perlite). The lowest bulk density of substrates were 0.086 g cm ‐3 (peat moss), 0.118 g cm ‐3 (perlite), 0.121 g cm‐3 (peat moss : sawdust), 0.325 g cm‐3 (perlite : pumice) and 0.099 g cm ‐3 (peat moss : perlite), respectively. pH values of substrates varied from 5.1 (peat moss and peat) to 7.6 (pumice). The highest electrical conductivity, cation exchange capacity, carbonates and organic matter values of substrates were 1.065 dS m‐1 (peat), 206.4 cmol kg ‐1 (peat moss), 0.75 % (pumice) and 95.0 % (peat moss), respectively.

Spreader for wood chips, wood particle and sawdust

Abstract: At the end of an array of rollers of a spreading head for wood particles for the production of mats to form particleboard, rollers of the array are driven at a higher speed than the rollers of the fine-particle spreading portion and baffles are provided below the higher speed rollers to scatter the particles backwardly into the fine-particle region and form an intimate mixture of the coarse and fine particles.

Development of Fruitbody in the artificial Oak Sawdust Cultures of Phellinus gilvus Mushroom

Abstract: Present experiments were conducted to determine the possibility of artificial culture with oak sawdust block of Phellinus gilvus Mushrooms, Mycelial growth in sawdust block (oak 90 + rice bran 10, V/N) after 25 days. It took 12 days to make fruitbody from burying of sawdust block to pinhead formation. The fruitbodies produced the total fresh weight 577 g (dried weight 97 g) in a block.

Treatment method for organic waste

Abstract: PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a treatment method which is capable of extremely efficiently and rapidly treating organic wastes of a high concentration and to provide an application for the treated matter treated by such method. SOLUTION: The organic wastes of >=10,000 ppm in BOD and such a high concentration as to have moisture of >=50% and fats and oils of waste oils, etc., are added to substrate raw materials, such as sawdust, wood shavings and bran, to form an intimate mixture. Mold, such as aspergillus, is grown in this intimate mixture and the organic wastes are treated by the fermentation thereof. The substrate obtained by the treatment is coarse fiber feed adequate for breeding of domestic animals, such as cows.

Bio-degradable pet litter made from coconut coir

Abstract: A new use of coconut coir (18) includes using the coir as an absorbent in pet litter. The coconut coir can be used alone as a kitty litter (14) or other pet litter, in combination with fragrance, or in combination with other absorbents such as clay, gypsum, diatomaceous earth, alfalfa, wood chips, sawdust, paper, foam, plastic or other similar absorbent material.

Organic load influence on aerobic biodegradation of feces using sawdust as a matrix

Abstract: In this paper, organic load influence on aerobic biodegradation of toilet wastes by using sawdust as a matrix is shown. Results of feces-sawdust ratio (F/S) evaluation are introduced. Parameters such as OUR, COD, TS, VS, T-N, NH3-N and others were measured to that purpose. Accumulated OUR and COD reduction showed acceptable correlation, so that, OUR may be employed to describe bio-kinetic characteristics of aerobic biodegradation of toilet wastes by using sawdust as a matrix. Aerobic biodegradation rate (COD reduction) of feces was approximately 75% independently of organic load regarded. TS and VS reductions on the order of 56% and 70% respectively were observed irrespective the organic load considered. Ammonification process occurred during aerobic biodegradation of feces, other processes related to the nitrogen cycle were not observed under the experimental conditions at which the batch tests were conducted. T-N reduction yielded 94% approximately irrespective of the organic loading. T-N reduction occurred in the bioreactor was equivalent to the NH3-N released to the atmosphere.