Showing papers on "Sea breeze published in 1978"
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TL;DR: A classic lake breeze circulation cell that formed on the western shore of Lake Michigan on 4 September 1974 is studied in great detail in this paper, where wind measurements are made with surface anemometers and serial pibals, with air trajectories monitored via tetroons.
Abstract: A classic lake breeze circulation cell that formed on the western shore of Lake Michigan on 4 September 1974 is studied in great detail. Wind measurements are made with surface anemometers and serial pibals, with air trajectories monitored via tetroons. Aircraft measurements map the thermal internal boundary layer and small and large aerosol distributions. Recirculation of pollutants is indicated from analysis of the tetroon data. Aerosol measurements suggest size sorting of small versus large particles as they are transported through the complex three-dimensional flow. These wind data also form the basis of a kinematic diagnostic study of mesoscale pollution transport in coastal areas, to be reported in a subsequent paper.
94 citations
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TL;DR: The data show that air pollution in the basin is a regional problem and that emissions in the western portion of the basin can result in high concentrations of secondary pollutants (e.g. > 0.25 ppm ozone) in areas over 50 km downwind.
90 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, a two-dimensional mesoscale model is applied to study the evolution of a strong sea breeze on a stagnant base state, and the relationship of the planetary boundary layer, the thermodynamic structure and the vertical circulation associated with the sea breeze is studied quantitatively using the circulation theorem.
Abstract: A two-dimensional mesoscale model is applied to study the evolution of a strong sea breeze on a stagnant base state. In contrast to previous studies, this paper considers the relationship of the planetary boundary layer (PBL), the thermodynamic structure and the vertical circulation associated with the sea breeze in detail. The development of the sea breeze circulation is studied quantitatively using the circulation theorem. The circulation in the vertical plane normal to the coast develops as a result of the solenoid term. The vertical diffusion of momentum acts as the most important brake on the developing circulation in agreement with previous theoretical results. The Coriolis term is small until 6 h after the beating cycle. Late in the cycle, however, it reaches a value of 45% that of the solenoid term. Horizontal and vertical advective effects are small. Under zero geostrophic wind conditions, the return flow occurs entirely above the PBL. Therefore, neutrally buoyant pollutants emitted at t...
71 citations
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TL;DR: An improved version of the mesoscale model, originally developed by Pielke (1974), is used to predict the sea breeze circulations over south Florida for a synoptically undisturbed day during the summer of 1973 as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An improved version of the mesoscale model, originally developed by Pielke (1974), is used to predict the sea breeze circulations over south Florida for a synoptically undisturbed day during the summer of 1973. Radar and surface observations are used to quantitatively verify the model results and to improve our understanding of the physical processes which occur over the region. Among the improvements to the model are the incorporation of a surface heat budget, longwave and shortwave radiative fluxes, a prognostic equation for the depth of the planetary boundary layer, as well as a more accurate numerical representation of the advective and diffusive terms in the model. Despite these significant changes in the model, however, the predicted sea breeze circulation pattern is still quite similar to the earlier simulations. Among the conclusions of this study are the following: 1) As shown in earlier experiments, the agreement between predicted convergence zones and shower distribution improves durin...
69 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors investigated the effects of a slope behind a flat plain on the land and sea breeze circulation using a numerical model with a simplified configuration of the lower boundary.
Abstract: Orographical effects of a slope behind a flat plain on the land and sea breeze circulation are investigated using a numerical model with a simplified configuration of the lower boundary. It is found that (1) when the temperature at the slope surface varies with a diurnal period similarly to that at the plain surface, both the sea breeze and the land breeze are amplified and the alternation of the sea and the land breezes occurs earlier than the land and the sea breezes over a flat plain, and (2) when the slope works merely as a barrier, both the land and the sea breezes are reduced and the circulation domain is confined in the sea and the plain regions. The solution of linear differential equations for the unsteady slope wind is examined to make more clear the physical process in the above mentioned situation. The land and sea breeze in the former case is found to be modified by the slope wind which is stronger than and is in advance of the land and sea breeze over a flat plain. The land and sea breeze for the case with a slope varying its surface temperature is highly efficient in producing the available potential energy and converting it to the kinetic energy of the breeze.
43 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, trace gas measurements (222Rn, CO, CH4), weather satellite images, and conventional meteorological observations established the existence of a pronounced land and sea breeze regime at the Sepik River coast.
Abstract: Trace gas measurements (222Rn, CO, CH4), weather satellite images, and conventional meteorological observations established the existence of a pronounced land and sea breeze regime at the Sepik River coast. Its interaction with the synoptic wind field was evaluated. Considerable natural variability of atmospheric CO and CH4 was observed. CCl4 behaved similarly to man-made CCl3F.
24 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, a detailed look at the changes effected in Boston's atmosphere by the local sea breeze is provided, revealing that the moisture content of the air is directly related to the regional wind speed and direction prior to the onset of the sea breeze.
Abstract: The sea breeze is a mesoscale wind whose frequency of occurrence is 40–50 times annually in the Boston Basin. Boston's sea breeze is among the best developed of all midlatitude sites studied. The complexity of site conditions and an urban concentration alter the characteristics of the sea breeze with inland penetration. Vertical temperature and dew point data have provided the first detailed look at the changes effected in Boston's atmosphere by this local wind. The data have also revealed that Boston's sea breeze is not always a moist flow of marine air but that the moisture content of the air is directly related to the regional wind speed and direction prior to onset of the sea breeze. Transformations of the vertical characteristics of the atmosphere suggest subtle but serious geographic and environmental variations in the spatial distribution of atmospheric contaminants.
20 citations
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TL;DR: Ozone concentrations were measured in Tel-Aviv during 1975 as mentioned in this paper, and high concentrations were found in Sharav days when there was a low morning mixing layer, a high pressure system located east of Israel and a low over Libya and Egypt.
17 citations
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16 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, it is proposed that an inward mixing process is at least partially responsible for the inward erosion of radiation fog and stratus from the outer edges of the fog boundary.
Abstract: Satellite imagery shows that extensive areas of radiation fog and stratus dissipate from their outer edges inward. It is proposed that an inward mixing process is at least partially responsible for this inward erosion. The temperature gradient along the fog boundary, which is produced by differential surface heating, should set up a circulation similar to that of a sea breeze. This circulation erodes the fog along the edges as warmer, drier air sinks and mixes into the fog.
15 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of the lake on seasonal and annual distributions of wind speed and direction were analyzed for three years (1974-76) of wind data for stations 1.5, 20 and 55 km from the eastern shore of Lake Michigan.
Abstract: Three years (1974–76) of wind data for stations 1.5, 20 and 55 km from the eastern shore of Lake Michigan are analyzed to determine effects of the lake on seasonal and annual distributions of wind speed and direction. The results are interpreted in terms of both specific lake breeze effects and lake effects in general. Specific lake breeze effects are most evident at the station 1.5 km from the lake. They include a faster rate of increase of average wind speed in the morning and more circular hodographs than at the stations further inland. At the station 20 km inland, lake breeze effects are more subtle. A change in the rate of increase of wind speed, associated with the passage of the lake breeze, is evident in the summer season but not on an annual basis. Lake breeze effects that are evident there on an annual basis include a high frequency of occurrence of variable wind directions and wind directions which differ by 90° or more from those at the shoreline station. In addition, the summer and a...
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TL;DR: In this article, a numerical model is proposed to describe the flow of stable surface air over a region of complex topographic relief and nonuniform surface temperature, which is obtained by neglecting the Coriolis force and by assuming that coupling between the motion of surface air and the overlying geostrophic wind is through the pressure gradient rather than momentum transfer.
Abstract: A numerical model is proposed to describe the flow of stable surface air over a region of complex topographic relief and nonuniform surface temperature. A linear model is acheived by neglecting the Coriolis force and by assuming that coupling between the motion of surface air and the overlying geostrophic wind is through the pressure gradient rather than momentum transfer. The two-dimensional, steady-state, potential flow model which results takes into account the first-order influences of topographic relief, the land breeze, slope and valley winds, and the synoptic-scale pressure gradient. The wind fields computed using the model are in reasonably good agreement with point wind data taken at Richards Bay on the Natal Coast.
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TL;DR: In coastal areas, the step change in surface characteristics at the land-water interface also causes the formation of internal boundary layers that have different transport velocities and diffusion rates than those of the unmodified air upwind or above the boundary as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Meteorological processes in coastal zones differ from those inland because of the surface discontinuity between land and water. The differences in temperature between the two surfaces give rise to sea or lake breeze circulations, which can transport pollutants in nongradient directions and recirculate them over source areas. The step change in surface characteristics at the land-water interface also causes the formation of internal boundary layers that have different transport velocities and diffusion rates than those of the unmodified air upwind or above the boundary. These features require a more extensive measurement program and more versatile diffusion models than are needed for inland sites.
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01 Jan 1978TL;DR: A stable tower has been moored in 58 m of water, 10 km from shore in the Atlantic Ocean near Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada as mentioned in this paper, which is exposed to unlimited fetch for winds from the south and east, and is in a deepwater wave regime for all but the longest waves.
Abstract: A stable tower has been moored in 58 m of water, 10 km from shore in the Atlantic Ocean near Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada. This tower is exposed to unlimited fetch for winds from the south and east, and is in a deep-water wave regime for all but the longest waves.