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Sea breeze

About: Sea breeze is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 2544 publications have been published within this topic receiving 55651 citations.


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TL;DR: In this article, the transition between land and sea breezes is analyzed in terms of phases, going consecutively through land breeze, phase previous to the sea breeze, when land heating starts, but it is still colder than the sea, the preparatory phase when the land becomes warmer than the seawater, and the development phase when a breeze front progresses inland.

17 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors presented the first climatological study of cloud-to-ground lightning over Mexico and adjacent oceanic areas for the period 2005-2009, and the processes that contribute to the lightning variability are analyzed.
Abstract: . This work constitutes the first climatological study of lightning over Mexico and adjacent oceanic areas for the period 2005–2009. Spatial and temporal distributions of cloud to ground lightning are presented and the processes that contribute to the lightning variability are analysed. The data are retrieved from the World Wide Lightning Location Network (WWLLN) dataset. The current WWLL network includes 40 stations which cover much of the globe and detect very low frequency radiation ("spherics") associated with lightning. The spatial distribution of the average yearly lightning over the continental region of Mexico shows the influence of orographic forcing in producing convective clouds with high lightning activity. However, a very high number of strikes is also observed in the States of Tabasco and Campeche, which are low-lying areas. This maximum is related to the climatological maximum of precipitation for the country and it may be associated with a region of persistent low-level convergence and convection in the southern portion of the Gulf of Mexico. The maps of correlation between rainfall and lightning provide insight into the microphysical processes occurring within the clouds. The maritime clouds close to the coastline exhibit similar properties to continental clouds as they produce very high lightning activity. The seasonal cycle of lightning registered by WWLLN is consistent with the LIS/OTD dataset for the selected regions. In terms of the annual distribution of cloud-to-ground strikes, July, August and September exhibit the highest number of strikes over continental Mexico. The diurnal cycle indicates that the maximum number of strikes over the continent is observed between 6 and 9 p.m. LT. The surrounding oceanic regions were subdivided into four distinct sectors: Gulf of Mexico, Caribbean, Sub-tropical Pacific and Tropical Pacific. The Gulf of Mexico has the broadest seasonal distribution, since during winter lightning associated with mid-latitude systems also affects the region. The diurnal distribution of lightning for the Gulf of Mexico exhibits the highest number of strokes at 9 a.m. The Caribbean seasonal distribution is slightly biased towards early fall, with a clear maximum observed during October. The diurnal distribution of lightning over the Caribbean is quite uniform with a slight increase near midnight. The Subtropical Pacific has the narrowest seasonal distribution, associated with the convection observed during the "North American Monsoon", with the maximum number of strikes during August and September. In contrast, the Tropical Pacific has a broader seasonal cycle, associated with convection in the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), starting in May and lasting till October. In both adjacent Pacific regions, the strikes present a maximum in the early morning, the time of the highest frequency of land breeze.

17 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors used a building-resolving computational fluid dynamics model to investigate turbulent flow and its interaction with a sea-breeze front (SBF) over an urban-like coast with a regular block array.
Abstract: Turbulent flow and its interaction with a sea-breeze front (SBF) over an urban-like coast with a regular block array were investigated using a building-resolving computational fluid dynamics model It was found that during daytime with an offshore ambient flow, streaky turbulent structures tended to grow within the convective boundary layer (CBL) over a warm urban surface ahead of the SBF The structures were organized as streamwise streaks at an interval of a few hundred meters, which initiated at the rooftop level with strong wind shear and strengthens in the CBL with moderate buoyancy The streaks then interacted with the onshore-propagating SBF as it made landfall The SBF, which was initially characterized as a shallow and quasi-linear feature over the sea, developed three-dimensional structures with intensified updrafts at an elevated frontal head after landfall Frontal updrafts were locally enhanced at intersections where the streaks merged with the SBF, which greatly increased turbulent fluxes at the front The frontal line was irregular because of merging, tilting, and transformation effects of vorticity associated with streaky structures Inland penetration of the SBF was slowed by the frictional effect of urban-like surfaces and turbulent flow on land The overall SBF intensity weakened after the interaction with turbulent flow These findings aid understanding of local weather over coastal cities during typical sea breeze conditions

17 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared surface temperatures in the Slope Water region of the Northwest Atlantic from Argo profiling floats and on the adjacent continental shelf from ship-based measurements are compared with the latitudinal position of the Shelf-Slope Front and the Gulf Stream North Wall (GSNW).
Abstract: Subsurface temperatures in the Slope Water region of the Northwest Atlantic from Argo profiling floats and on the adjacent continental shelf from ship-based measurements are compared with the latitudinal position of the Shelf-Slope Front (SSF) and the Gulf Stream North Wall (GSNW). The Slope Water and shelf temperature anomalies at 200 m depth are in agreement for the period, 2002-2015. For the period 1978-2015, shelf temperatures are significantly correlated with the SSF position, and to a lesser extent with the GSNW position. Annual SSF position anomalies near the Grand Banks at 50-55°W lead anomalies to the west at 65-75°W by 1-2 years. Wind stress curl is compared with the annual change in the SSF and GSNW latitudinal positions, rather than with the positions directly. Changes in the mean position of the SSF are related to the wind stress curl pattern in the mid-Atlantic, with an 8-month lag. It is suggested that a wind pattern favoring a southward shift of the SSF is associated with a southward shift of the zero-curl line near 40°W, resulting in an expanded subpolar gyre and enhanced flow of Labrador Current Water westward from the Tail of the Grand Banks. However changes in the GSNW position are related to an NAO-like wind stress curl pattern in the eastern Atlantic in the winter-spring period, in agreement with other studies. High sea surface temperatures in the Gulf of Maine and on the Scotian Shelf in recent years can be largely attributed to positive local onshore wind anomalies.

17 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a series of extreme precipitation events occurred in coastal Peru, causing severe floods with hundreds of human casualties and billions of dollars in economic losses, which was a result of unusually strong recurrent patterns of atmospheric and oceanic conditions, including extremely warm coastal sea surface temperatures (SST) and weakened trade winds.
Abstract: From January through March 2017, a series of extreme precipitation events occurred in coastal Peru, causing severe floods with hundreds of human casualties and billions of dollars in economic losses. The extreme precipitation was a result of unusually strong recurrent patterns of atmospheric and oceanic conditions, including extremely warm coastal sea surface temperatures (SST) and weakened trade winds. These climatic features and their causal relationship with the Peruvian precipitation were examined. Diagnostic analysis and model experiments suggest that an atmospheric forcing in early 2017, which was moderately linked to the Trans-Nino Index (TNI), initiated the local SST warming along coastal Peru that later expanded to the equator. In January 2017, soil moisture was increased by an unusual expansion of Amazonian rainfall. By March, localized and robust SST warming provided positive feedback to the weakening of the trade winds, leading to increased onshore wind and a subsequent enhancement in rainfall. The analysis points to a tendency towards more frequent and stronger variations in the water vapor flux convergence along the equator, which is associated with the increased precipitation in coastal Peru.

17 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202382
2022190
2021101
202087
201978
201877