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Showing papers on "Selection (genetic algorithm) published in 1999"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is proposed that the vertebrate basal ganglia have evolved as a centralized selection device, specialized to resolve conflicts over access to limited motor and cognitive resources.

1,182 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Goals play an essential role in the purposive behavior of consumers as discussed by the authors, but scholars only recently have begun to examine the motivation for goals, their selection and modification, and their pursuit a...
Abstract: Goals play an essential role in the purposive behavior of consumers, but scholars only recently have begun to examine the motivation for goals, their selection and modification, and their pursuit a...

701 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model of social selection acting on interacting phenotype that can be evaluated independently from the genetics of interacting phenotypes is presented, analogous to covariance models of other forms of selection.
Abstract: Social interactions often affect the fitness of interactants. Because of this, social selection has been described as a process distinct from other forms of natural selection. Social selection has been predicted to result in different evolutionary dynamics for interacting phenotypes, including rapid or extreme evolution and evolution of altruism. Despite the critical role that social selection plays in theories of social evolution, few studies have measured the force of social selection or the conditions under which this force changes. Here we present a model of social selection acting on interacting phenotypes that can be evaluated independently from the genetics of interacting phenotypes. Our model of social selection is analogous to covariance models of other forms of selection. We observe that an opportunity for social selection exists whenever individual fitness varies as a result of interactions with conspecifics. Social selection occurs, therefore, when variation in fitness due to interac...

477 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that stepwise selection may result in a substantial bias of estimated regression coefficients of selected covariables, similar to that found in the GUSTO-I trial.

451 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A model to predict the convergence quality of genetic algorithms based on the size of the population based on an analogy between selection in GAs and one-dimensional random walks is presented.
Abstract: This paper presents a model to predict the convergence quality of genetic algorithms based on the size of the population. The model is based on an analogy between selection in GAs and one-dimensional random walks. Using the solution to a classic random walk problem---the gambler's ruin---the model naturally incorporates previous knowledge about the initial supply of building blocks (BBs) and correct selection of the best BB over its competitors. The result is an equation that relates the size of the population with the desired quality of the solution, as well as the problem size and difficulty. The accuracy of the model is verified with experiments using additively decomposable functions of varying difficulty. The paper demonstrates how to adjust the model to account for noise present in the fitness evaluation and for different tournament sizes.

409 citations


Proceedings Article
29 Nov 1999
TL;DR: New functionals for parameter (model) selection of Support Vector Machines are introduced based on the concepts of the span of support vectors and rescaling of the feature space and it is shown that using these functionals one can both predict the best choice of parameters of the model and the relative quality of performance for any value of parameter.
Abstract: New functionals for parameter (model) selection of Support Vector Machines are introduced based on the concepts of the span of support vectors and rescaling of the feature space. It is shown that using these functionals, one can both predict the best choice of parameters of the model and the relative quality of performance for any value of parameter.

392 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A survey of 959 organizations in 20 countries was undertaken to assess whether differences in staffing practices are due in part to nation and culture as discussed by the authors, finding that cultural differences in uncertainty avoidance and, to a lesser extent, power distance explained some of the national differences observed in the extensiveness of method use.
Abstract: A survey of 959 organizations in 20 countries was undertaken to assess whether differences in staffing practices are due in part to nation and culture. Cultural differences in uncertainty avoidance and, to a lesser extent, power distance, explained some of the national differences observed in the extensiveness of method use. Implications for understanding the best approaches to selection on a global basis are discussed.

372 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The Analytic Hierarchy Process and multi-objective goal-programming methodology are proposed as aids in making location-allocation decisions and can help facility planning authorities to formulate viable location strategies in the volatile and complex global decision environment.

365 citations


Patent
13 Sep 1999
TL;DR: In this paper, an image matching game for slot machines is presented. The game allows the player to have an active role in selecting the bonus award and the player is allowed to see all the awards associated with possible selection after his choices have been made.
Abstract: An image matching gaming method suitable for use as bonus game on a slot machine is provided. The method includes allowing the player to have an active role in selecting the bonus award. The player is allowed to see all the awards associated with possible selection after his choices have been made.

362 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: An improved scoring tool for research and development (R&D) project evaluation and selection is presented that ranks project alternatives based on the criteria of relevance, risk, reasonableness, and return.
Abstract: An improved scoring tool for research and development (R&D) project evaluation and selection is presented that ranks project alternatives based on the criteria of relevance, risk, reasonableness, and return. The scoring algorithm explicitly incorporates tradeoffs among the evaluation criteria and calculates a relative measure of project value by taking into account the fact that value is a function of both merit and cost. Implementation of the selection method in a federal research laboratory is discussed. A comprehensive overview of the R&D project selection literature is included.

352 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
David R. Notter1
TL;DR: A greater understanding of the potential that these alternative mechanisms have for supporting long-term genetic improvement and of genetic relationships among global livestock populations are priorities for managing farm animal genetic diversity.
Abstract: Farm animal genetic diversity is required to meet current production needs in various environments, to allow sustained genetic improvement, and to facilitate rapid adaptation to changing breeding objectives. Production efficiency in pastoral species is closely tied to the use of diverse genetic types, but greater genetic uniformity has evolved in intensively raised species. In poultry, breeding decisions are directed by a few multinational companies and involve intense selection, the use of distinct production lines, and very large populations. In dairy cattle, the Holstein breed dominates production. Intensive sire selection is leading to relatively rapid inbreeding rates and raises questions about long-term effects of genetic drift. Key questions in management of farm animal genetic diversity involve the distribution of potentially useful quantitative trait locus alleles among global livestock breeds. Experiments with tomato, maize, and mice suggest that favorable alleles can exist in otherwise lowly productive stocks; this cryptic variation may potentially contribute to future selection response. Genetic improvement under relatively intense unidirectional selection may involve both increases in the frequency of favorable additive alleles as well as the progressive breakdown of homeostatic regulatory mechanisms established under the stabilizing selection that is characteristic of natural populations. Recombination among closely linked regulatory loci and new, potentially favorable mutations are possible sources of long-term genetic variation. A greater understanding of the potential that these alternative mechanisms have for supporting long-term genetic improvement and of genetic relationships among global livestock populations are priorities for managing farm animal genetic diversity.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: One application of the analysis is to improve genome-wide marker-assisted selection, particularly when the information about epistasis is used for selection with mating, as well as other areas that require further investigation.
Abstract: Understanding and estimating the structure and parameters associated with the genetic architecture of quantitative traits is a major research focus in quantitative genetics. With the availability of a well-saturated genetic map of molecular markers, it is possible to identify a major part of the structure of the genetic architecture of quantitative traits and to estimate the associated parameters. Multiple interval mapping, which was recently proposed for simultaneously mapping multiple quantitative trait loci (QTL), is well suited to the identification and estimation of the genetic architecture parameters, including the number, genomic positions, effects and interactions of significant QTL and their contribution to the genetic variance. With multiple traits and multiple environments involved in a QTL mapping experiment, pleiotropic effects and QTL by environment interactions can also be estimated. We review the method and discuss issues associated with multiple interval mapping, such as likelihood analysis, model selection, stopping rules and parameter estimation. The potential power and advantages of the method for mapping multiple QTL and estimating the genetic architecture are discussed. We also point out potential problems and difficulties in resolving the details of the genetic architecture as well as other areas that require further investigation. One application of the analysis is to improve genome-wide marker-assisted selection, particularly when the information about epistasis is used for selection with mating.

Proceedings Article
13 Jul 1999
TL;DR: This paper explores the development of a GA that fulfills this requirement, and takes into account several aspects of the theory of GAs, including previous research work on population sizing, the schema theorem, building block mixing, and genetic drift.
Abstract: From the user's point of view, setting the parameters of a genetic algorithm (GA) is far from a trivial task. Moreover, the user is typically not interested in population sizes, crossover probabilities, selection rates, and other GA technicalities. He is just interested in solving a problem, and what he would really like to do, is to hand-in the problem to a blackbox algorithm, and simply press a start button. This paper explores the development of a GA that fulfills this requirement. It has no parameters whatsoever. The development of the algorithm takes into account several aspects of the theory of GAs, including previous research work on population sizing, the schema theorem, building block mixing, and genetic drift.

Journal Article
TL;DR: Cover characteristics may affect important aspects of ungulate biology such as grouping tendencies, vigilance behavior, alarm and flight responses, and circadian activity rhythms.
Abstract: may affect important aspects of ungulate biology such as grouping tendencies (Hirth 1977, Lagory 1986), vigilance behavior (Goldsmith 1990), alarm and flight responses (Lagory 1987), and circadian activity rhythms (Andersen 1989). Cover includes, by definition, anything which veils or conceals, shelters or protects (Webster 1978), and can be both vegetation and topography (Dasmann 1971). Some authors have stated that cover characteristics

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Computer simulations were used to compare selection strategies with regard to (i) the proportion of the RPG recovered and (ii) the number of marker data points (MDP) required in a backcross programme designed for introgression of one target allele from a donor line into a recipient line.
Abstract: Marker-assisted selection can accelerate recovery of the recurrent parent genome (RPG) in backcross breeding. In this study, computer simulations were used to compare selection strategies with regard to (i) the proportion of the RPG recovered and (ii) the number of marker data points (MDP) required in a backcross programme designed for introgression of one target allele from a donor line into a recipient line. Simulations were performed using a published maize (Zea mays) genetic map consisting of 80 markers. Selection for the target allele was based on phenotypic evaluation. In comparison with a constant population size across all generations, increasing population sizes from generation BC1 to BC3 reduced the number of required MDP by as much as 50% without affecting the proportion of the RPG. A four-stage selection approach, emphasizing in the first generations selection for recombinants on the carrier chromosome of the target allele, reduced the required number of MDP by as much as 75% in comparison to a selection index taking into account all markers across the genome. Adopting the above principles for the design of marker-assisted backcross programmes resulted in substantial savings in the number of MDP required.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Mar 1999-Ecology
TL;DR: This paper presents a case study of summer diurnal bed site selection by elk in Custer State Park, South Dakota, United States, and demonstrates the importance of factors relating to thermal regulation, hiding cover, and potentially forage, in elkBed site selection in this region.
Abstract: This paper introduces the theory and application of discrete choice models to resource selection studies. Discrete choice models calculate the probability of an individual selecting a resource as a function of the attributes of that resource and all other available resources. The data for these attributes may be continuous or categorical. When availability is the same for all individuals and only two resources are available, the multinomial logit discrete choice model reduces to the logistic model. Discrete choice models and advances in GIS technology give the researcher flexibility in defining resource availability separately for each individual over time and space. The output of the discrete choice approach also provides managers with a tool to explore the effects of potential management actions and provides researchers with new hypotheses deserving of further investigation. To illustrate the application of discrete choice models to resource selection studies, we present a case study of summer diurnal bed site selection by elk (Cervus elaphus) in Custer State Park, South Dakota, United States. The results demonstrate the importance of factors relating to thermal regulation, hiding cover, and potentially forage, in elk bed site selection in this region.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Breeding from older adults resulted in an evolutionary increase in survival but, contrary to all previous studies using this method, in no increase in late–life fertility, confirming the importance of pleiotropy in the evolution of ageing.
Abstract: Ageing is the decline in survival probability and fertility later in adult life. It can evolve through mutation accumulation and pleiotropy. Artificial selection by age at reproduction is a useful method for detecting the effects of pleiotropy, and for producing lines that differ in their rate of ageing for further analysis. However, the approach has encountered difficulties from gene-environment interaction and inadvertent selection. We have produced a new set of selection lines in Drosophila melanogaster, breeding from either 'young' or 'old' adults, and avoiding some of the difficulties present in previous studies. Breeding from older adults resulted in an evolutionary increase in survival but, contrary to all previous studies using this method, in no increase in late-life fertility. The increase in survival was accompanied by an evolutionary decline in fertility early in adult life, confirming the importance of pleiotropy in the evolution of ageing. Contrary to previous studies, there were no correlated responses to selection in the pre-adult period; development time, larval competitive ability and adult size achieved did not differ between the lines from the two selection regimes.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The strong directional selection for VO2max that was observed suggests that—given ample genetic variation—aerobic metabolism and perhaps endothermy may have evolved rapidly on the geological time scale.
Abstract: Adaptive explanations that rely on physiological arguments are common, but tests of hypotheses about the significance of whole-animal physiological performance (e.g., aerobic capacities) are rare. We studied phenotypic selection on the thermogenic capacity (i.e., maximal rate of oxygen consumption [VO2 max] elicited via cold exposure) of high-altitude (~3800 m) deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus). A high VO2 max equates to a high capacity for heat production and should favor survival in the cold environments prevalent at high altitude. Strong directional selection favored high VO2 max, at least in one year. The selection for increased VO2 max is consistent with predictions derived from incorporating our physiological data into a biophysical model. During another year, we found weak evidence of selection for decreased body mass. Nonlinear selection was not significant for any of the selection episodes we studied. The strong directional selection for VO2 max that we observed suggests that-given ample genetic variation-aerobic metabolism and perhaps endothermy may have evolved rapidly on the geological time scale.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors argue that a deeper understanding of selection systems is needed and present research showing the outcomes of different kinds of systems, suggesting that closed, informal systems predominate and outlining the practical and research implications of such systems.
Abstract: The literature on expatriate selection tends to present lists of criteria, with the implicit assumption that the process is formal and rational. The limited empirical work there is in this area suggests that these criteria have little impact on selection in practice. This paper argues that a deeper understanding of selection systems is needed and presents research showing the outcomes of different kinds of systems, suggesting that closed, informal systems predominate and outlining the practical and research implications of such systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined subset selection for nonlinear least squares parameter estimation, and applied the methodology to a test system previously studied in the power system literature, involving the on-line identification of a synchronous generator model with many parameters.
Abstract: This paper examines subset selection for nonlinear least squares parameter estimation, and applies the methodology to a test system previously studied in the power system literature, involving the on-line identification of a synchronous generator model with many parameters. Subset selection partitions the parameters into well-conditioned and ill-conditioned subsets. We show for the test system that fixing the ill-conditioned parameters to prior estimates (even if these prior estimates are substantially in error), and estimating only the remaining parameters, significantly improves the performance of the estimation algorithm and greatly enhances the quality of the estimated parameters. It is shown that attempts to estimate all of the model parameters, as done in the original work with this test system, can yield extremely unreliable results.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This article studied the effect of new technologies (NT) on wages and employment using a unique panel that matches data on individuals and on their firms. But these workers were already better compensated before the introduction of the NTs.
Abstract: We study the effect of new technologies (NT) on wages and employment using a unique panel that matches data on individuals and on their firms. As in the United States, we show that computer users are better paid than nonusers (15%–20% more). But these workers were already better compensated before the introduction of the NTs. Total returns to computer use amount to 2%. Measurement errors do not affect our estimates. Furthermore, computer users are protected from job losses as long as bad business conditions do not last too long. This result holds even after controlling for possible selection biases.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a mixed integer programming approach is proposed to solve the supplier selection problem and the modelSUPPSEL (Supplier Selection) simultaneously decides the set of suppliers and order quantity allocations among them.
Abstract: SUMMARY In today's competitive environment, it is extremely difficult to successfully produce high quality, low cost products without considering a satisfactory set of suppliers. A useful approach to ensure the reliability of a manufacturer's supply stream is to follow a multiple sourcing policy. Mathematical programming techniques lend themselves nicely by providing optimal solutions to several instances of the problem. However, a recent review of supply selection methods (Weber et al. 1991) identified very few articles that have proposed mathematical programming techniques to analyze supplier selection decisions. Given the economic importance and inherent complexity associated with the supplier selection problem, this article proposes a mixed integer programming approach to solve the supplier selection program. The modelSUPPSEL (Supplier Selection) simultaneously decides the set of suppliers and order quantity allocations among them.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, four methods of variable selection along with different criteria levels for deciding on the number of variables to retain were examined along with a selection method that requires one principal component analysis and retains variables by starting with selection from the first component.
Abstract: In many large environmental datasets redundant variables can be discarded without the loss of extra variation. Principal components analysis can be used to select those variables that contain the most information. Using an environmental dataset consisting of 36 meteorological variables spanning 37 years, four methods of variable selection are examined along with different criteria levels for deciding on the number of variables to retain. Procrustes analysis, a measure of similarity and bivariate plots are used to assess the success of the alternative variable selection methods and criteria levels in extracting representative variables. The Broken-stick model is a consistent approach to choosing significant principal components and is chosen here as the more suitable criterion in combination with a selection method that requires one principal component analysis and retains variables by starting with selection from the first component. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jun 1999-Ecology
TL;DR: It is shown, using multiple meta-analyses taken from the same literature on stream predation experiments, that meta-analytic conclusions can be colored by selection criteria that are not specifically a function of the relevance of the data.
Abstract: The value of meta-analysis in ecology hinges on the reproducibility of patterns generated by quantitative synthesis. Meta-analysts will vary in the criteria they use to screen studies and select data within studies, even when addressing exactly the same question. We summarize some of the many decisions that an ecologist must make in deciding what data to include in a synthesis. We then show, using multiple meta-analyses taken from the same literature on stream predation experiments, that meta-analytic conclusions can be colored by selection criteria that are not specifically a function of the relevance of the data. As a consequence, we recommend that meta-analysts perform several meta-analyses using different selection criteria to examine the robustness of reported findings. We also advise ecological meta-analysts to minimize use of selection criteria that are based on judgments of study quality when extracting data from the literature, because of the potential for unconscious bias. The influence of quali...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The central idea of the MDL (Minimum Description Length) principle is to represent a class of models (hypotheses) by a universal model capable of imitating the behavior of any model in the class.
Abstract: The central idea of the MDL (Minimum Description Length) principle is to represent a class of models (hypotheses) by a universal model capable of imitating the behavior of any model in the class. The principle calls for a model class whose representative assigns the largest probability or density to the observed data. Two examples of universal models for parametric classes M are the normalized maximum likelihood (NML) model

Journal Article
TL;DR: An improved risk bound for ARM is obtained and it is demonstrated that when AIC and BIC are combined, the mixed estimator automatically behaves like the better one, and ARM also performs better than BMA techniques based on BIC approximation.
Abstract: Model combining (mixing) provides an alternative to model selection. An algorithm ARM was recently proposed by the author to combine different regres- sion models/methods. In this work, an improved risk bound for ARM is obtained. In addition to some theoretical observations on the issue of selection versus com- bining, simulations are conducted in the context of linear regression to compare performance of ARM with the familiar model selection criteria AIC and BIC, and also with some Bayesian model averaging (BMA) methods. The simulation suggests the following. Selection can yield a smaller risk when the random error is weak relative to the signal. However, when the random noise level gets higher, ARM produces a better or even much better estimator. That is, mixing appropriately is advantageous when there is a certain degree of uncer- tainty in choosing the best model. In addition, it is demonstrated that when AIC and BIC are combined, the mixed estimator automatically behaves like the better one. A comparison with bagging (Breiman (1996)) suggests that ARM does better than simply stabilizing model selection estimators. In our simulation, ARM also performs better than BMA techniques based on BIC approximation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The elements of CAT discussed here include item selection procedures, estimation of the latent trait, item exposure, measurement precision, and item bank development.
Abstract: Use of computerized adaptive testing (CAT) has increased substantially since it was first formulated in the 1970s. This paper provides an overview of CAT and introduces the contributions to this Special Issue. The elements of CAT discussed here include item selection procedures, estimation of the latent trait, item exposure, measurement precision, and item bank development. Some topics for future research are also presented.