Showing papers on "Semantic similarity published in 1989"
TL;DR: A theory of analogical mapping between source and target analogs based upon interacting structural, semantic, and pragmatic constraints is proposed here and is able to account for empirical findings regarding the impact of consistency and similarity on human processing of analogies.
1,256 citations
TL;DR: Stroop-like effects were generated by modally pure color-color, picture-picture, and word-word stimuli instead of the usual modally mixed color-word or picture- word stimuli but unexpectedly showed a semantic gradient only in the naming and not in the reading task.
Abstract: Presents a series of 6 experiments in which Stroop-like effects were generated by modally pure color-color, picture-picture, and word-word stimuli instead of the usual modally mixed color-word or picture-word stimuli. Naming, reading, and categorization tasks were applied. The Stroop inhibition was preserved with these stimuli but unexpectedly showed a semantic gradient only in the naming and not in the reading task. Word categorizing was slower and more interference prone than picture categorizing. These and other results can be captured by a model with two main assumptions: (a) semantic memory and the lexicon are separate, and (b) words have privileged access to the lexicon, whereas pictures and colors have privileged access to the semantic network. Such a model is developed and put to an initial test.
550 citations
01 Nov 1989
167 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of semantic and phonological similarity were demonstrated to be interactive and not additive, indicating that lexical processes do not operate independently on lexical retrieval, and that these two factors interact with syntactic and frequency variables to influence Lexical retrieval.
121 citations
TL;DR: Subjective perceptions of the senses of polysemous English words are collected in questionnaire studies and the effects of variability in semantic distances among these senses are examined in an experiment showing that salience ratings are influenced by the interacting factors of sentential context, extent of relatedness of the Sense, and the dominance status of the sense.
Abstract: Subjective perceptions of the senses of polysemous English words are collected in questionnaire studies and the effects of variability in semantic distances among these senses are examined in an experiment. In the first of two questionnaire studies, native speakers produce meanings for 175 polysemous words; from their responses, the most frequently produced meaning for each word is identified as its dominant sense. In a second questionnaire, independent subjects rate the semantic relatedness between the dominant meaning and the other senses generated for each word in the first study. Relatedness measures vary, raising the possibility that polysemous words vary in terms of the salience of their different senses in different contexts. This is confirmed in an experiment showing that salience ratings are influenced by the interacting factors of sentential context, extent of relatedness of the senses, and the dominance status of the senses.
68 citations
Patent•
11 Sep 1989TL;DR: In this article, the semantic structures of a plurality of semantic structures are represented by a common item during the expressing of the meanings of words, phrases, and sentences, and the items are written in parallel during expressing the meanings.
Abstract: Meanings of words, phrases, and a sentence are expressed in items. Items, which have equal contents, of a plurality of semantic structures are represented by a common item during the expressing of the meanings. Items, which have different contents, of the semantic structures are written in parallel during the expressing of the meanings. The semantic structures are rewritten into a parallel semantic structure through the representing and the writing. Contents of the parallel semantic structure are examined and corrected in consideration of a parallel characteristic of the parallel semantic structure.
66 citations
TL;DR: This paper examines a linguistic construction purportedly expressing the instrumental case, which has implications for semantic relations in any linguistic theory, whether they appear there as semantic roles, thematic relations, theta roles, or whatever.
Abstract: There is a widespread current assumption that the semantic relations underlying linguistic constructions reflect the way human beings ineluctably, and hence universally, perceive events and situations. This assumption will be questioned in this paper. To make the point, a linguistic construction purportedly expressing the instrumental case will be examined. It will be convenient here to juxtapose my treatment of this construction with the one proposed by case grammarians, and by Fillmore in particular. However, the discussion has implications for semantic relations in any linguistic theory, whether they appear there as semantic roles, thematic relations, theta roles, or whatever. These implications will be discussed in the final section.
64 citations
TL;DR: A survey of the mathematical spaces used in molecular similarity analysis can be found in this paper, where the broadest commonalities are relationships based on equivalence, matching, partial ordering, and proximity.
Abstract: As an intuitive concept, molecular similarity has played a fundamental role in chemistry. It is implicit in Hammiond's postulate, in the principle of minimum structure change, and in the assumption that similar structures tend to have similar properties, With the advent of large computers, computable definitions of similarity are being used in the pharmaceutical industry for similarity searching, dissimilarity selection, molecular superpositioning, structure generation, and quantitative structure-activity analysis. The diversity of applications of computable definitions of molecular similarity has often obscured important mathematical commonalities underlying these definitions. The broadest commonalities are relationships based of equivalence, matching, partial ordering, and proximity. A mathematical space suitable for molecular similarity analysis consists of a set of mathematical structures and one or more of these similarity relationships defined on that set. This report Surveys the mathematical spaces used in molecular similarity analysis. The survey covers the types of chemical information, similarity relationships, and applications associated with the use of each mathematical space in a molecular similarity context.
62 citations
Proceedings Article•
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: An adaptive word prediction program developed several years ago is being extended to include syntactic and semantic information, with results expected to report on results of tests regarding both reduced keystrokes and appropriateness of predictions at a later date.
Abstract: An adaptive word prediction program developed several years ago is being extended to include syntactic and semantic information. This expansion is still in progress and there are, as yet, no test results. INTRODUCTION A word prediction program was developed several years ago to allow ~notorically disabled persons using speech synthesis as a prosthesis to increase their typing speed (Hunnicutt, 1986). It has been used for a year and a half now and has been distributed to about fifteen persons, schools or institutions. In the interest of offering Inore appropriate predictions, syntactic and semantic components are being added. THE BASIC PROGRAM AND MODIFICATIONS The basic prediction program is run by simply typing one letter of a word at a time. If a prediction is possible, it is presented to the user after each keystroke. The user may then accept the prediction or type a hrther letter. In order to take advantage of word ranking due to syntactic and semantic factors, the program has been changed to allow five predictions rather than a single one. In the basic program, a word is predicted based on word frequency and recency of use. Typing the first letter of a word results in accessing the most frequent word beginning with that letter from a special small lexicon. When further letters are typed, successive predictions are made from a large lexicon marked with word frequencies and from a lexicon that stores recently typed words. When semantic and syntactic information is considered, frequency and recency will still take precedence for the first two or three choices. The last two or three choices will take recently-used semantic classes into consideration. Syntactic information will be used to rank the five choices according to the likelihood of a particular word class occurring next. A lexicon containing word pairs is consulted when a word is terminated. If found, the word paired with it is automatically predicted without its initial letter being typed. In the new program, it is possible to give up to five choices for the second half of a word pair. The lexicon containing word pairs has therefore been expanded to contain these five choices. The large lexicon previously mentioned contains up to 10.000 w o ~ tls. the most frequent words according to published corpus statistics. Base programs i t 1 Swedish, English, Norwegian and Danish are currently in use. The Swedish lexicolr col~tains word class information for use with the syntactic co~nponent. Word class is cu~retltly being added to the English lexicon as well. A study investigating the positive affect of perfectly predicted word class showed a sniall effect in reduced keystrokes. However, it was noted that the exclusion of words with incorrect word class gave the user more pleasure and less frustration. Semantic categories have been added to the Swedish lexicon for 1,500 words. These categories are taken from the classification of international Blissymbols. (Storr, Reich, & McNaughton, 1982). There are six main categories, fifty subcategories. One main category is "Living Together." There are four divisions in this category: "Communication," "Transportation," "Occupations" and "Recreation." Each of these divisions has between three and five subcategories. We hope to be able to report on results of tests regarding both reduced keystrokes and appropriateness of predictions at a later date. Acknowledgments This work has been supported by grants from the Swedish Board for Technical Development.
TL;DR: The authors examined the contribution of linguistic factors to attribute inferences and semantic similarity judgements and found that a substantial amount of the variance in both attribute inference and similarity judgment is mediated by socially shared linguistic conventions.
Abstract: Two studies are reported which examine the contribution of linguistic factors to attribute inferences and semantic similarity judgements. For this purpose a new method is developed which allows us to examine the contribution of language as a symbolically shared system. The two studies show that a substantial amount of the variance in both attribute inferences and semantic similarity judgements is mediated by socially shared linguistic conventions. The implications of these findings and the methodology for social cognition, and some models of personality and affect are discussed.
24 Jul 1989
IBM1
TL;DR: It is claimed that surface semantics is a reasonable descriptive framework to build a working computer program for language processing and makes it possible to establish in a systematic way the rules of semantic encoding.
Abstract: In this paper we present a methodology and a program, PETRARCA, for the extensive acquisition of a case based semantic dictionary. The major limitation of existing NLP systems is a poor encoding of semantic knowledge; on the other side, it is unrealistic to assume a manual codification of word senses, including idiomatic expressions and metaphors.The system presented in this paper analyzes a large sample of sentences including a given word, and produces for that word one or more entries in the semantic dictionary (one entry for each word sense). Sentences are provided by an on-line corpus of press agency releases on finance and economics.In PETRARCA, a target word sense definition is represented by a detailed list of use-types, called surface semantic patterns (SSPs). SSPs mirror the way humans most naturally explain a new word sense; in fact, people tend to give associations related to words rather than to provide conceptual categories.To derive these associations, the system uses a high-coverage morphosyntactic analyzer, a catalogue of phrasal-patterns/semantic-interpretation pairs, and a set of selectional restriction rules on semantic interpretation types.This paper claims that surface semantics is a reasonable descriptive framework to build a working computer program for language processing. It is general, and makes it possible to establish in a systematic way the rules of semantic encoding. We believe this being a useful contribution towards a more complete system of language learning.
26 Jun 1989
TL;DR: This work focuses on the comparison attribute ambiguities that occur with CEs, and a multi-level semantic processor facilitates this interaction by recognizing the occurrence of comparison attribute ambiguity and then calculating and presenting a list of candidate comparison attributes from which the user may choose.
Abstract: Comparative expressions (CEs) such as "bigger than" and "more oranges than" are highly ambiguous, and their meaning is context dependent. Thus, they pose problems for the semantic interpretation algorithms typically used in natural language database interfaces. We focus on the comparison attribute ambiguities that occur with CEs. To resolve these ambiguities our natural language interface interacts with the user, finding out which of the possible interpretations was intended. Our multi-level semantic processor facilitates this interaction by recognizing the occurrence of comparison attribute ambiguity and then calculating and presenting a list of candidate comparison attributes from which the user may choose.
04 Dec 1989
TL;DR: This paper presents a graphical query language for semantic data models based on a generic semantic model integrated in the CANDID system, which is a graphical interface fur the manipulation of databases.
Abstract: This paper presents a graphical query language for semantic data models. This language is based on a generic semantic model. It is integrated in the CANDID system, which is a graphical interface fur the manipulation of databases. Any schema is represented by a graph divided into families of object types. The graphical query language makes it possible to express a request by describing with a graph an object solution of the request. A request is sometimes expressed in several stages. A stage corresponds to the expression of a simpler subrequest. This language is also characterized by the absence of boolean operators and quantifiers, which are replaced by manipulations on Venn diagrams. Since a request in fact defines derived elements, almost all of a request can be incorporated into the schema. CANDID has been designed to be adapted to any DBMS which has deduction mechanisms.
01 Jan 1989
TL;DR: In this paper, a rapidly growing literature is concerned with event-related potentials (ERP) changes and language processes, and an area especially accesible with the ERP approach is the facilitation of semantic processing of stimuli by contextual cues, called semantic priming.
Abstract: Since the first reports on event-related potentials (ERPs) of the human brain and their putative relations to psychological processes in the mid-1960s much has been learned about ERPs and behavior. A rapidly growing literature is concerned with ERP changes and language processes. An area especially accesible with the ERP approach is the facilitation of semantic processing of stimuli by contextual cues, so-called semantic priming. An adequate description of this phenomenon was given by one of the founders of experimental psychology, William James, as early as 1890: “Each word is doubly awakened; once from without by the lips of the talker, but already from within by the premonitory processes irradiating from the previous words…”
TL;DR: It is described how the Aspect Project has taken a semantic data model (the extended relational model RM(T) and moved towards providing an object-oriented database as the basis of an integrated project support environment (IPSE).
Abstract: The relationship between semantic data models and object-oriented database systems is examined. In particular, it is described how the Aspect Project has taken a semantic data model (the extended relational model RM(T) and, with the addition of an abstraction mechanism, moved towards providing an object-oriented database as the basis of an integrated project support environment (IPSE).
01 Jan 1989
01 Jan 1989
01 Oct 1989
TL;DR: Testing the transfer of highly trained, automatized components of a semantic category, visual search task to stimulus situations of varying degrees of relatedness demonstrates the importance of consistent training for the development of “high performance” skills and effective transfer of these skills to other, related tasks.
Abstract: It has been demonstrated that highly trained, automatic processes can transfer across certain memory search tasks; the degree to which these processes may be exhibited in visual search tasks has not been established, however. We examined this issue by testing the transfer of highly trained, automatized components of a semantic category, visual search task to stimulus situations of varying degrees of relatedness. We developed an adaptive version of the multiple-frame detection task (Schneider and Shiffrin, 1977) in order to test performance at the limits of visual search capacity. During training, frame-time was the dependent variable and was determined by each participant's performance ability. Each received 6,090 trials on exemplars from a single semantic category. Transfer consisted of two sessions, 330 trials per session. Transfer performance reveals that participants became highly proficient at the task: by Session 3 accuracy stabilized at around 80%. Accuracy increased in direct relation to the degre...
TL;DR: The main points raised by Borkenau against our challenge of the 'intuitive psychometrics' view of personality judgements are discussed, in particular his example of the link between school grades and intelligence as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The main points raised by Borkenau against our challenge of the 'intuitive psychometrics' view of personality judgements are discussed, in particular his example of the link between school grades and intelligence. It is argued that the semantic similarity interpretation advanced in our paper is more adequate and more parsimonious than explanations in terms of psychometric reasoning.
11 Dec 1989
TL;DR: This paper attempts to provide an alternative and better approach in handling exceptions for semantic network models using an object-oriented approach and shows how the model addresses the limitations of the previous approach as well as providing more leverage to the system.
Abstract: Exception handling has received much attention in several areas recently. In this paper, we accomodate exceptions in a semantic network model using an object-oriented approach. First, the semantic model is adequately described to allow the introduction of exceptions. Then the categories of exceptions in the model are examined. An Object-Property diagram is introduced to model the exceptions. This paper attempts to provide an alternative and better approach in handling exceptions for semantic network models. Specifically, we describe previous work done on exception handling on semantic models and introduce our proposed approach. We show how our model addresses the limitations of the previous approach as well as providing more leverage to the system.
TL;DR: A declarative model of semantic memory, called PSN, written in Prolog, is shown to be a descendant of Quillian’s (1969) Teachable Language Comprehender in its structuring of knowledge as a conceptual reticulum and in its use of spreading activation as a retrieval mechanism.
Abstract: This paper introduces a declarative model of semantic memory, called PSN, written in Prolog It is shown to be a descendant of Quillian’s (1969) Teachable Language Comprehender (TLC) in its structuring of knowledge as a conceptual reticulum and in its use of spreading activation as a retrieval mechanism PSN goes beyond TLC, however, in its ability to instantiate the essential benchmark properties of human semantic retrieval As such, it can provide cognitive science with a normative model on which to assess further research and it demonstrates the value of the Prolog language for modeling psychological processes
09 Apr 1989
TL;DR: IN, an incremental conceptual clustering system, has been used as a tool for evaluating the proposed similarity measures and is defined in the form of a prototypical description that summarizes previously seen members.
Abstract: The notion of similarity is fundamental to theories of perception, judgement, and learning. Two approaches to similarity are evaluated: (1) similarity based only on common features, and (b) similarity based on both similar and distinctive features. Events are represented by a set of attribute-value pairs. Each concept is defined in the form of a prototypical description that summarizes previously seen members. INC, an incremental conceptual clustering system, has been used as a tool for evaluating the proposed similarity measures. >