Topic
Semen
About: Semen is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 14571 publications have been published within this topic receiving 407739 citations. The topic is also known as: come & ejaculate.
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TL;DR: The hypoosmotic swelling technique to evaluate the functional integrity of the sperm membrane appears to give high repeatability and accuracy and is closely correlated to the in-vitro fertilizing ability of spermatozoa.
Abstract: The objective of this study was to develop a relatively simple test to evaluate the functional integrity of the membranes of human spermatozoa. As in some other species, human spermatozoa 'swell' under hypo-osmotic conditions due to the influx of water and the expansion of the membranes. A mixture of equal parts of fructose and sodium citrate (150 mosmol) with calculated ionic strength of 0.15 resulted in a maximal number of clearly identifiable swollen spermatozoa. Only small variations were seen when different aliquants of the same semen samples were separately evaluated. A high correlation (r = 0.94) was obtained between expected and observed values of swollen spermatozoa when known amounts of heat-treated spermatozoa, unable to undergo swelling, were added to untreated spermatozoa. A good correlation (r = 0.90) was also observed between the % spermatozoa in a semen sample that were capable of undergoing swelling and the % of denuded hamster oocytes that were penetrated by capacitated spermatozoa from the same semen sample. By contrast, the correlations between % sperm swelling in ejaculates and % normal sperm forms, % motile spermatozoa and % spermatozoa that do not stain with eosin-Y (supravital stain) in the same ejaculates were 0.30, 0.61 and 0.52, respectively. Therefore, the hypoosmotic swelling technique to evaluate the functional integrity of the sperm membrane appears to give high repeatability and accuracy and is closely correlated to the in-vitro fertilizing ability of spermatozoa. It may be a useful addition to the standard semen analysis.
1,608 citations
TL;DR: Evidence for new approaches for improving the performance of cryopreserved semen is offered and factors affecting the proportion of survivors and functional status of survivors are reviewed.
1,383 citations
TL;DR: Threshold values for sperm concentration, motility, and morphology can be used to classify men as subfertile, of indeterminate fertility, or fertile and none of the measures are diagnostic of infertility.
Abstract: Background Although semen analysis is routinely used to evaluate the male partner in infertile couples, sperm measurements that discriminate between fertile and infertile men are not well defined. Methods We evaluated two semen specimens from each of the male partners in 765 infertile couples and 696 fertile couples at nine sites. The female partners in the infertile couples had normal results on fertility evaluation. The sperm concentration and motility were determined at the sites; semen smears were stained at the sites and shipped to a central laboratory for an assessment of morphologic features of sperm with the use of strict criteria. We used classification-and-regression-tree analysis to estimate threshold values for subfertility and fertility with respect to the sperm concentration, motility, and morphology. We also used an analysis of receiver-operating-characteristic curves to assess the relative value of these sperm measurements in discriminating between fertile and infertile men. Results The su...
1,129 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1964
TL;DR: Bromural, Its Distribution and Decomposition In the Animal Organism, and its Differential Diagnosis from Neurological Disorders, Acta Neurol.
Abstract: MAGNUSSEN, G. (1947), "Akute og knoneke Forifninger mad Carbromal, et hyppigt anvendt 8avordsmiddel, som ik7ce bor kunne kebes i Haandkeb", Ugeskr. Laeg., 109: 359. MINAKI, L., and GILLEN, J. B. (1937), "Blood Bromide Investigations In Psychotic Epileptics", Brit. med. J., 2: 850. MIZUHAaA, S., and OOMORI, S. (1961), "A New Sulphur-Containing Amino Acid", Arch. Biochem. Biophys., 92: 53. NATELSON, S., and CLARK, M. K. (1955), "Estimation of Bromide on Fingertip Blood In Bromide Intoxication", Proc. 80c. expo Bioi. (N.Y.), 90: 723. NATELSON, S., SHEID, B., and LEUIGHTON, D. R. (1962), "Bromide Normally Present In Human Serum", Clin. Chem., 8: 630. PIHKANEN, T., and HARENKO, A. (1962), "Bromoisovalum Intoxication: Its Differential Diagnosis from Neurological Disorders", Acta Neurol. scand., 38: 209. REYE, G. H., and JOFFE, J. R. (1959), "A New Screening Test for Bromide Intoxication", Amer. J. Psychiat., 116: 166. RONALD, J. (1959), "Carbromal Intoxication", Lancet, 1: 888. SCHMIDT, G. (1956), "Occurrence of a-ethyl-a-hydroxybutyrlc Acid Excretion after Carbromal Intake", Naunyn8chmiederberg's Arch. expo Path. Pharmak., 229: 67. SHAW, F. H., and SHAW, E. (1959), "A New Outlook on Carbromal", Aust. J. Pharm., 40: 214. SOREMARK, R. (1960), "Excretion of Bromide by Human Urine", Acta physiol. scand., 50: 306. STEEL, M., and JOHNSTONE, J. M. (1959), "Addiction to Carbromal", Brit. med, J., 2: 118. TAKEDA, S. (1911), "Bromural, Its Distribution and Decomposition In the Animal Organism", Arch. into Pharmacodyn., 21: 203. TAMMINEN, V., and ALHA, A. R. (1959), "2-ethylbutyrylurea, a Metabolite of 2-bromo-2-ethyl-butyrylurea (Carbromal) ", Acta chem. [enn., 32s: 119. TILLIM, S. J. (1957), "Bromide Intoxication and Quantitative Determination In Serum", Amer. J. Psychiat., 114: 232. TRETHOWAN, W. H., and PAWLOFF, T. (1962), "A Clinical and Experimental Study of Bromide Intoxication with Special Reference to Bromureldes", MED. J. AUST., 1: 229. TURNER, L. K. (1959), "Poisoning by Carbromal and Bromvaletone", MED. J. AUST., 1: 729. WIKOFF, H., BRUNNER, R. A., and ALLISON, H. W. (1940), "The Normal Bromide Content of the Blood of Healthy Individuals", Amer. J. clin. Path., 10: 234. WOLLHEIM, F. (1958), "On the Elimination of BromlneContaining Hypnotics", Acta pharm. toe. (Kbh.), 15: 1.
1,125 citations
TL;DR: The volume of seminal fluid, the sperm concentration, and the percentages of motile and morphologically normal spermatozoa in 1351 healthy fertile men from 1973 through 1992 were measured.
Abstract: Background Several studies have suggested a population-wide decline in the quality of semen over the past 50 years, but clear evidence of decreasing semen quality in recent decades is lacking. Methods From 1973 through 1992 we measured the volume of seminal fluid, the sperm concentration, and the percentages of motile and morphologically normal spermatozoa in 1351 healthy fertile men. The data on the semen samples were collected at one sperm bank in Paris. The data in each calendar year were analyzed as a function of the year of donation, the age of each patient, the year of birth, and the duration of sexual abstinence before semen collection. Results There was no change in semen volume during the study period. The mean concentration of sperm decreased by 2.1 percent per year, from 89 ×106 per milliliter in 1973 to 60×106 per milliliter in 1992 (P<0.001). During the same period the percentages of motile and normal spermatozoa decreased by 0.6 percent and 0.5 percent per year, respectively (both P<0.001). ...
1,067 citations