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Service-level agreement

About: Service-level agreement is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 4358 publications have been published within this topic receiving 75333 citations. The topic is also known as: SLA.


Papers
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Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a hybrid recurrent neural network (RNN) based prediction model named BHyPreC is proposed to predict future CPU usage workload of cloud's VM, which enhances the nonlinear data analysis capability of Bi-LSTM, LSTM and GRU separately and demonstrates better accuracy compared to other statistical models.
Abstract: With the advancement of cloud computing technologies, there is an ever-increasing demand for the maximum utilization of cloud resources. It increases the computing power consumption of the cloud’s systems. Consolidation of cloud’s Virtual Machines (VMs) provides a pragmatic approach to reduce the energy consumption of cloud Data Centers (DC). Effective VM consolidation and VM migration without breaching Service Level Agreement (SLA) can be attained by taking proactive decisions based on cloud’s future workload prediction. Effective task scheduling, another major issue of cloud computing also relies on accurate forecasting of resource usage. Cloud workload traces exhibit both periodic and non-periodic patterns with the sudden peak of load. As a result, it is very challenging for the prediction models to precisely forecast future workload. This prompted us to propose a hybrid Recurrent Neural Network (RNN) based prediction model named BHyPreC. BHyPreC architecture includes Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) on top of the stacked Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) and Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU). Here, BHyPreC is used to predict future CPU usage workload of cloud’s VM. Our proposed model enhances the non-linear data analysis capability of Bi-LSTM, LSTM, and GRU models separately and demonstrates better accuracy compared to other statistical models. The effect of variation of historical window size and training-testing data size on these models is observed. The experimental result shows that our model gives higher accuracy and performs better in comparison to Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA), LSTM, GRU, and Bi-LSTM model for both short-term ahead and long-term ahead prediction.

35 citations

Patent
27 Feb 2013
TL;DR: In this article, a gateway selects at least one of the clouds according to predefined Service Level Agreement (SLA) information, and stores content provided from the user device to the selected cloud.
Abstract: A cloud service system includes at least one user device, a plurality of clouds for providing different cloud services, and a gateway connected between the user device and the clouds. The gateway selects at least one of the clouds according to predefined Service Level Agreement (SLA) information, and stores content provided from the user device to the selected cloud.

35 citations

Proceedings ArticleDOI
16 Oct 2005
TL;DR: A simple theory is proposed to help refine these methods for SLA policy setting and a simulation study is implemented to verify the theory within the axioms it assumes to be true.
Abstract: A Service Level Agreement (SLA) is a contract between provider and customer that stipulates certain Quality of Service guarantees. One parameter of an SLA can be the maximum downtime guaranteed over the contract time. If the actual outage exceeds the guarantee, the customer is unhappy and the operator may bear financial penalties. It is important therefore that a network operator not only have some way to estimate or calculate the theoretical long-term availability of the services offered, but some basis for also determining a safety factor on the total outage time promised to a customer on any finite-term contract. As the period gets shorter, either nothing will go wrong and the effective availability will be perfect or if a single outage occurs, the unavailability may seem very bad. More generally, the question is how a network operator can build in theoretically justified safety factors on the availability a customer may experience over a finite-term contract. We are told that most service providers give availability guarantees based empirically on experience and historical statistics. A simple theory is thus proposed to help refine these methods for SLA policy setting. A simulation study is implemented to verify the theory within the axioms it assumes to be true.

35 citations

Book ChapterDOI
12 Dec 2005
TL;DR: This paper proposes an approach that leverages the knowledge of existing data center configurations, defines templates of provisioning specifications, and rules on how to fill these templates based on a SLA specification that is agnostic to the specific SLA language and provisioning specification format used, if based on XML.
Abstract: Service Level Agreements (SLAs) are a vital instrument in service-oriented architectures to reserve service capacity at a defined service quality level. Provisioning systems enable service managers to automatically configure resources such as servers, storage, and routers based on a configuration specification. Hence, agreement provisioning is a vital step in managing the life-cycle of agreement-driven services. Deriving detailed resource quantities from arbitrary SLA specifications is a difficult task and requires detailed models of algorithmic behavior of service implementations and capacity of a – potentially heterogeneous – resource environment, which are typically not available today. However, if we look at, e.g., data centers today, system administrators often know the quality-of-service properties of known system configurations and modifications thereof and can write the corresponding provisioning specifications. This paper proposes an approach that leverages the knowledge of existing data center configurations, defines templates of provisioning specifications, and rules on how to fill these templates based on a SLA specification. The approach is agnostic to the specific SLA language and provisioning specification format used, if based on XML.

35 citations

Patent
18 Nov 2003
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a measurement of service levels provided by a communication network, including an Internet protocol communication network; test packets are sent from a first edge router across the communication network to a second edge router, and the time required for the test packets to be transmitted across the network is then determined, and that time compared to the time specified by the governing service level agreement.
Abstract: The present invention is directed to the measurement of service levels provided by a communication network, including an Internet protocol communication network. In accordance with the present invention, test packets are sent from a first edge router across the communication network to a second edge router. The time required for the test packets to be transmitted across the communication network is then determined, and that time compared to the time specified by the governing service level agreement. A failure of the communication network to deliver test packets as guaranteed may be used as an indication that the service level agreement has been violated. Packet loss and packet jitter may also be measured and compared to levels guaranteed by the service level agreement. The present invention may be used to determine whether the delivery of data packets using requests for expedited service levels is necessary or desirable.

35 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202339
2022106
2021183
2020233
2019237
2018255