Showing papers on "Settlement (litigation) published in 1969"

Republic of Singapore

Abstract: For the early history of the settlement (1819) and colony (1867) see The Statesman’s Year-Book, 1959, pp. 246 f.

Seasonal Economic and Settlement Patterns of the Arikara

Abstract: That the Arikara were characterized by seasonal economic activities accompanied by varying settlement patterns during the Late Prehistoric and EarlyContact Periods is amply documented in th...

German Administration in Southern Togo

Abstract: Superficially, the nature of German rule in Togo differed from that of the other German colonies. For example, right from the start, it was administered by Imperial officials. It thereby escaped some of the worst abuses of Chartered Company rule. Again because of the peculiar nature fo the country—it was very small, not particularly suitable for European settlement and much of its agricultural land was already under peasant cultivation, to which it was best suited—Togo escaped the large-scale expropriation of the subject peoples' land that was characteristic of German rule elsewhere.

Modernizing peasant societies: a comparative study in Asia and Africa

Abstract: Modernizing Peasant Societies: a comparative study in Asia and Africa by GUY HUNTER London, Oxford University Press, I969. Pp. ix + 324. ?2. The Volta Resettlement Experience edited by ROBERT CHAMBERS London, Pall Mall Press, I970. Pp. xvi +286. ?2.50. Settlement Schemes in Tropical Africa: a study of organizations and development by ROBERT CHAMBERS London, Routledge and Kegan Paul, I969. Pp. xxv+294. ?2.75.

Communication and Negotiation Outcome

Abstract: Despite the prominence of talk in negotiation sessions theoretical discussions of bargaining do not agree as to whether settlement terms are importantly influenced by the nature of that interaction. Further, most laboratory studies have restricted communication opportunity as a means of control in their designs. Consequently, the question of the influence of the communication behavior of negotiators on agreements reached is unanswered. This study was designed to generate data in regard to that question by comparing results obtained by negotiators when the opportunity for communication was restricted and when it was not. Subjects simulated the negotiation of a legal damage case under two conditions of communication opportunity; the first restricted to written offers of a settlement amount, the second, unrestricted. Four dependent measures were obtained following each negotiation: negotiation settlement terms, negotiator satisfaction with those terms, the time required to reach agreement, and the success or failure of each negotiator as compared to other negotiators. Settlement was more likely and the dispersion of settlements was greater under the unrestricted condition. No differences between conditions were found in the time required for settlement or the satisfaction of the negotiators with settlement terms. Negotiation success could not be attributed to the number of the subjects' siblings nor to the presence in the subjects' families of professional negotiators. Results lend support to those theorists who regard communication variables as important influences on negotiation outcomes.

Settlement Analysis in the Great Lakes Region

Abstract: Settlement pattern studies have traditionally dealt with such units as house, village, town, and city. In the prehistoric Great Lakes Region these units do not correspond to the types of archaeological information which can usually be recovered. Settlement pattern studies were made possible in this area by considering alternative parameters of settlement. Relative measurement of site size and density, the nature of the occupation, and the composition of the group were considered in establishing a series of settlement types. The settlement types of a particular time period for a certain prehistoric "culture" were used to interpret the settlement system of those people. The settlement systems for Late Archaic, Early, Middle, and Late Woodland periods were examined, and it was possible to trace systemic changes over time. These changes could be related to both environmental change and cultural influence from outside the region.

Settlement Analysis in the Great Lakes Region

Abstract: Settlement pattern studies have traditionally dealt with such units as house, village, town, and city. In the prehistoric Great Lakes Region these units do not correspond to the types of archaeological information which can usually be recovered. Settlement pattern studies were made possible in this area by considering alternative parameters of settlement. Relative measurement of site size and density, the nature of the occupation, and the composition of the group were considered in establishing a series of settlement types. The settlement types of a particular time period for a certain prehistoric "culture" were used to interpret the settlement system of those people. The settlement systems for Late Archaic, Early, Middle, and Late Woodland periods were examined, and it was possible to trace systemic changes over time. These changes could be related to both environmental change and cultural influence from outside the region.

Secondary settlement in sensitive clays

Abstract: THE TWENTIETH CANADIAN SOIL MECHANICS CONFERENCE CONTAINED A NUMBER OF PAPERS THAT PRESENTED FIELD AND (OR) LABORATORY DATA FROM TESTS ON VARIOUS SENSITIVE CLAYS. IN SEVERAL CASE HISTORIES IT WAS REPORTED THAT APPRECIABLE LONG-TERM SETTLEMENTS OCCURRED IN THE FIELD WHICH COULD NOT HAVE BEEN PREDICTED USING THE STANDARD SETTLEMENT ANALYSIS; THESE "SECONDARY" SETTLEMENTS OFTEN AMOUNT TO A SIGNIFICANT PROPORTION OF THE TOTAL OBSERVED SETTLEMENT. SECONDARY SETTLEMENT DATA FROM FOUR OF THE CONFERENCE PAPERS HAVE BEEN ASSEMBLED, TOGETHER WITH LABORATORY DATA OBTAINED AT QUEEN'S UNIVERSITY. THEY ENABLE CERTAIN TENTATIVE CONCLUSIONS TO BE DRAWN WHICH MAY BE OF FUTURE VALUE. /RATAOC/

Physical and cultural associations on the louisiana coast

Abstract: For the past several decades, expanding technology and the resulting standardization have caused a blurring of the distinctive man-environment relationships throughout the world. The physical-cultural associations of a deltaic coast such as that of Louisiana, however, are more pronounced and resistant to change, although changes have occurred and are occurring. These close associations are especially apparent in economy, settlement pattern, port location, and transportation.

Brovst, en kystboplads fra ældre stenalder

Abstract: Brovst Settlements of the Kongemose Culture have previously only been recorded in Zealand. Sporadic single finds, for example the flint-edge dagger from Flynderhage (see KUML 1969), which was assigned on typological grounds to the Kongemose Culture, have been the only representatives of this culture in Jutland.In the summer of 1969, three settlements which could be assigned to the Kongemose Culture were discovered in northern Jutland: at Brovst and on the island of Mors. Excavation of these sites is still in progress and the present article is a preliminary report from Brovst.Topography The settlement is situated west of a small morainic hill which was in Atlantic times an island in a broad reach of the Limfjord. This part of the fjord was sheltered from the Skagerrak by a late glacial beach ridge, fig. 1. Geological investigations have shown that the area was a freshwater lake before it was inundated by the sea in Atlantic times and transformed into a shallow fjord.In order to gain a general impression of the nature, extent and stratigraphy of the settlement, a series of trial pits, an E-W section and a small area of the settlement were excavated, fig. 2.Stratigraphy The E-W section is representative of the stratigraphy of the settlement, fig. 3.Immediately above bed rock, layer 1, lies a thin, black, marine clay containing a great deal of charcoal and numerous artefacts of flint, bone and antler, layer 2. To the west, this layer contains more sand, while the cultural material decreases. On account of this increasing sand, bone and antler were found only in the most easterly parts of the deposit. To the east, the flint had a white patina, but showed no signs of water wear. To the west, the degree of patination decreased, and in the most westerly parts of the excavation the flint had a completely unaltered surface.Immediately above layer 2 is a strongly compressed layer of oyster, cockle, mussel and periwinkle shells containing charcoal and numerous artefacts of flint, bone and antler, layer 11.Layer 11 is succeeded by a series of marine sand layers, 8, 10, 13 and 15, of different colours but similar composition and physical properties. At the bottom of sand layer 8, many artefacts and numerous millimeter-thick layers of shell litter occurred, presumably due to erosion from the top of layer 11. In the western parts of the excavation, the lowest parts of the sand complex are strongly rust coloured, layer 13. Throughout the sand, worked flint occurred, with a white patina and strong signs of water rolling. The sand layers are succeeded in the east by layer 4 and in the west by layer 12.In layer 4, which has a matrix of marine sand, a series of small, separate heaps of shells was found to the east, resting directly on the surface of layer 8. These heaps consisted of shells of oysters, cockles, mussels and periwinkles. Mixed with these shells were numerous pieces of worked flint, bone, antler, charcoal and pottery. In the southwest, a fireplace was found in one of the shell heaps, showing that they had been deposited on dry land. The flint has a white patina and exhibits faint signs of water wear, but none of the shell heaps was redeposited or showed signs of erosion.Layer 12 consists of coarse marine sand and gravel with a sparse occurrence of worked, strongly water-rolled flint.To the east, layer 4 is covered by the marine sand layers 5, 6 and 7, containing much worked flint with white patina and strong signs of water wear.The succession is completed by the ploughed top-soil, layer 9, containing numerous pieces of worked flint, especially in the most westerly parts.Apart from layers 4 and 9, all deposits are of marine origin and formed in connection with a coast which has been variously influenced by vertical movements of the land. The stratigraphy is relatively simple and can in several respects indicate the circumstances of deposition.Layer 2 was deposited in quiet, shallow water near the coast. Since it lies above the moraine, it must represent a rise in the level of the sea, which at some stage in the Mesolithic encroached on the former freshwater basin. Later, the sea level fell, as indicated by the rust-coloured sand of layer 13, and layer 11 was probably deposited on dry land. Later, the sea level rose again, layer 11 was inundated, and its upper parts eroded and redeposited at the bottom of layer 8, which registers a lengthy rise in the sea level. The shell heaps of layer 4, which were deposited on dry land, must stem from a period when the sea had once again withdrawn. Later, the shell heaps were inundated by the sea and layers 5, 6 and 7 deposited.Occupation has apparently been continuous throughout the period of these variations in the sea level, moving up and down the shore accordingly. Apart from layer 8, where artefacts were confined to the deepest parts, cultural remains were found in all layers.Scientific investigations in northern Jutland have shown that the Stone Age sea in these regions reached its maximum level during the middle or late Atlantic transgression. At Brovst, the maximum sea level is represented by the highest point of layer 6 in the eastern parts of the excavation.There is reason to believe that layer 6 represents the late Atlantic transgression. If this is correct, the shell heaps in layer 4 must have been deposited during the regression between the middle and late Atlantic transgressions. Layer 8 must represent the close of the middle Atlantic transgression, whilst layers 2 and 11 belong to its opening phases.These conclusions can of course only serve as a working hypothesis until more comprehensive investigations into the stratigraphy of the area have been carried out.Artefacts In the trial excavation, a relatively large artefact material of flint, bone, antler and pottery was recovered. The concentration of artefacts was greatest in the eastern parts of the excavation, and decreased steadily to the west. The vertical distribution of flint waste is recorded in fig. 4 in diagramatic form, based on the amounts recovered from 10 cm. thick layers in squares A 10 and A 12. Artefacts of bone and antler were found everywhere in layers 4 and 11, but only in the most easterly parts of layer 2.The list p. 77 indicates the distribution of flint tools in the various layers. The raw material was flat blocks of cretaceous flint. The blade blocks are mono- or bipolar, in the latter case always with parallel striking surfaces. Cylindrical or prismatic blocks have not been found, which is unusual. The flake material is dominated by a large number of regular flakes, particularly in the deepest layers.The stratigraphically and archaeologically oldest deposit is layer 2. Its artefacts are mainly of flint with a predominance of regular blades, which have been the raw material for tools of the common forms, fig. 6. A few flake axes have been recovered, but core axes are dominant. The layer is characterized by many rhombic points, here for the first time found in a limited cultural layer in Jutland, fig. 9. Transverse arrow-heads also occur, however, but in considerably smaller numbers, fig. 8. A little bead of red deer tooth has been recovered, fig. 7.An artefact inventory in all respects identical with that of layer 2, is found in layer 11, figs. 6, 8 and 9. In any consideration of layer 11, it is necessary to establish whether it should be considered a true midden or whether it has been formed by the washing together of shells and artefacts. The preliminary investigations indicate that the layer has been deposited on dry land and constitutes a true kitchen midden. If future investigations confirm this, then Brovst exhibits the oldest kitchen midden found in Denmark. All previously investigated shell heaps seem to be later than the middle Atlantic transgression.The inventory from the sand layer 8 closely resembles that of layers 2 and 11. It can be remarked, however, that rhombic points do not occur in this layer, only transverse arrow-heads being present, fig. 8. In layer 8 there are also more flake axes than occur in the deeper layers.The artefacts from layer 4 differ radically from those of the layers described above. The considerable number of surface flaked symmetrical flake axes, numerous transverse arrow-heads of the type with strongly splayed side, fig. 8, and occurrence of thick-walled, coiled pottery, which on this site occur only in layer 4 and above, are characteristic. Of bone artefacts, a very regular needle, fig. 7, may be mentioned.A rich artefact material stems from the layers above the shell heaps, in the main resembling that of layer 4. There is a sporadic occurrence of Neolithic objects in these layers, which must be intrusive.Dating The material from Brovst can be compared with that of the settlement at Norslund (KUML 1965). Since we know from coastal settlements in eastern Denmark that rhombic points belong to a different milieu than the transverse arrow-heads, and since the oldest deposits at Norslund contain only the latter, layers 2 and 11 at Brovst must be older than Norslund layer 3, which is radiocarbon dated to c. 3755 B. C. Norslund layer 3 is on geological grounds contemporary with or older than the middle of the middle Atlantic transgression, which agrees well with the preliminary results from Brovst, where layers 2 and 11 must be assigned to an early stage of the middle Atlantic transgression.The sand layer 8 can be compared on a typological basis with Norslund layer 3 and assigned the same date.The material from the shell heaps in layer 4 can be compared with that of Norslund layer 2 and Dyrholm II and must be dated accordingly to c. 3200 B. C. Geologically, Dyrholm II is dated to the regression between the middle and the late Atlantic transgressions, which is in complete agreement with the observations at Brovst, where the shell heaps can also be assigned to this period.The artefact inventory in layers 5 and 6 is identical with that of layer 4, but stratigraphic

Some Factors Affecting the Resolution of a Federal-Provincial Conflict

Abstract: resolution within the federal system, viz., in terms of an early or late settlement. A second such measurement involves ascertaining whether federal and provincial actors succeeded in resolving the dispute with a minimum loss of mutual goodwill.' The offshore mineral rights dispute in Canada has been with us as an open confrontation between governments since 1960. A de facto claim by British Columbia in 1949 was challenged by proposed (but soon abandoned) federal legislation in 19572; an effective "counter-claim" came in the form of federal orders in council in 1960 and 1961.S "Consultations" took place by correspondence between 1960 and 1962,4 and "negotiations" were attempted in 1963 and 1964.5 Finally, in 1965, the federal government, bypassing provincial reluctance and even hostility, submitted specific legal questions relating to British Columbia offshore areas to the Supreme Court of Canada.6 The Court's advisory opinion handed down on November 7, 1967, was unanimous, favouring the federal argument on all five questions asked.' Some optimism has since been voiced, suggesting that fruitful negotiations may soon take place to work out

Some Aspects of Indian Settlement in Singapore, 1819–1969*

Abstract: The full story of the Indians in Malaya has yet to be told. Here an attempt is made to assemble the information relating to some aspects of their settlement in Singapore over the last one hundred and fifty years.

Through the Looking Glass: Mediator Conceptions of Philosophy, Process and Power

Abstract: While a number of civil reforms using mediation emerged across Canada in recent years, of particular interest is the Ontario Mandatory Mediation Program Mediation Program that was first piloted in 1999, deemed successful and then made a permanent feature of the Rules of Civil Procedure in 2001. This article suggests that before we can evaluate the outcomes of mandatory mediation, we must first look more closely at the process being implemented by the mediators in this context. With that in mind, this article considers the ways in which the mediators themselves perceive of the mediation process. It reports on a qualitative study that examined the nature of mediator views on the topics of, inter alia, settlement orientation and mediator power. This article advances the claim that mediator power Is, in fact, far greater than that held by the disputants or their advocates. This article suggests that this power, in the context of a mandatory mediation scheme, creates mediator self-interest in achieving high rates of settlement, regardless of whether or not settlement is in the best interests of the disputants in every situation.