Showing papers on "Settlement (litigation) published in 1972"

International Institutional Law: Unity Within Diversity

Abstract: Participants rules for international organs policy-making and administrative organs advisory and supervisory organs decision-making process financing legal order interpretation and settlement of disputes supervision and sanctions legal status external relations concluding remarks annex - selected bibliography on individual and international organizations.

The muslim revolution in buganda

Abstract: IN OCTOBER 1889, Christian chiefs divided the offices of the Buganda kingdom amongst themselves in a settlement which reduced their king to a status more dignified than influential. It was a complicated settlement, Catholics and Protestants occupying alternate layers of authority in most segments of the traditional political system. The settlement came almost halfway through a triangular struggle with Muslim and traditionalist chiefs in which British colonial officials also intervened. Since Christians were the eventual winners, and since the changes they made in the Ganda political system as a result of this settlement were considered far-reaching, several scholars have called it a 'Christian revolution.'1 On the boldest version of that model, Christians were the only real revolutionaries throughout the struggle. To be sure, they collaborated with Muslim chiefs immediately after ousting Mwanga II from the Ganda throne in September 1888, but shortly afterwards they themselves were ousted by the Muslims.

Peruvian Settlement Pattern Studies and Small Site Methodology

Abstract: Abstract Settlement pattern research was introduced to Peruvian archaeology by Gordon R. Willey 2 decades ago. A critical review of this pioneering work points up a basic problem in the structure of analysis. The problem is generated by the use of a simple site taxonomy that is insensitive to the range of human activities that went on at different settlements. Examination of the subsequent course of settlement pattern research shows that this fundamental problem has not been recognized or dealt with in a constructive manner. The small site methodology is introduced as one possible means of treating sites in terms of the different activity patterns they housed.

The american great plains

Abstract: Despite the economic and physical diversity of the Great Plains region, certain cultural traits have persisted since early white settlement and are prominent throughout the region. The romantic aura of the cowboy has had both regional and national ramifications, and the regional fancy has been captivated by big ventures and much movement.

A Pilot Study of the Validity of Grievance Settlement Rates as a Predictor of Union-Management Relationships:

Abstract: PROFESSORS SLICHTER, Healy and Livernash observed that a grievance procedure is &dquo;the heart [of union-management contracts] because [its] effectiveness determines in large measure how well the terms of the contract are observed&dquo;, in their monumental study of labour relations some years ago.’ They noted further that2 ... variations in the [grievance] rates will provide useful clues to the determinants of grievances.... The chief determinants appear to be organizational and institutional conditions.

Essays on the depopulation of Melanesia

Abstract: IT is difficult to lay too much stress on the practical value of this small collection of essays written by members of the Melanesian Mission and others, The fact that the volume is edited by the late Dr. W. H. R: Rivers is a guarantee both of accuracy and impartiality. Sir Wm. Macgregor and Mr. C. M. Woodford, who write from the point of view of the official, and Dr. Speiser of Basle, who writes as an anthropologist, fully bear out the contentions of the members of the Mission. The authors, without exception, agree that depopulation in Melanesia is to be attributed largely to the breaking up of custom which has followed contact with the white man. When the spiritual power of the chief has been discredited in the eye of the native by the white man, the temporal authority, which is based upon it, fails to preserve traditional law, order, and morality. Dr. Rivers, in a concluding essay, however, suggests that the most important factor is psychological. The native, he maintains, has lost all interest in life through the suppression of customs such as head-hunting, with which have disappeared a large number of closely related social activities. His suggestion that total suppression of such customs could be avoided by substitution of harmless elements is deserving of careful consideration.Essays on the Depopulation of Melanesia.Dr.W. H. R.RiversEdited by. Pp. xx + 116. (Cambridge: At the University Press, 1922.) 6s. net.

The Survival of the Traditional Tswana Courts in the National Legal System of Botswana

Abstract: In almost all the former British African territories the colonial power tried to make use of the traditional dispute settlement agencies which it found on arrival. The history of these efforts is familiar, following a generally similar course in most territories. The arrangements made in the early years were haphazard; a good deal of formalization took place around 1930; more profound changes were initiated in the early 1960's and have continued since. But the familiar legislative history yields little information about what has been happening on the ground. We know very little of the way in which the traditional agencies drawn into the official system actually reacted towards this process of incorporation. Leaving aside what the statute may have said, have they remained the agencies to which Africans actually resorted for the settlement of their disputes? Has the type of business coming before them changed? Similarly we know little about those agencies, typically at the lower levels, which did not undergo incorporation. Have they continued to function, or have they simply died away?

Italo Balbo and the Colonization of Libya

Abstract: Balbo led there [to Libya] ?' the nationalist historian, Gioacchino Volpe, asked rhetorically.1 Indeed, the intensive settlement of Libya under the governorship of Italo Balbo ranks as one of the fascist regime's most memorable feats of 'demographic colonization'. In I940, following two grand mass migrations, nearly 40 per cent of the 110,000 Italians in Libya were agricultural colonists, most of them former landless peasants and agricultural day labourers. Libya under Balbo provided a splendid confirmation of the regime's claim that the Italian empire in Africa was not conquered 'for the privileged few' but to give 'proletarian Italy' at last 'an outlet for its exuberant life'.2

Bro, en senglacial boplads på Fyn

Abstract: Bro. A late glacial settlement of northern Funen The material illustrating late glacial culture in Denmark has long been based mainly on single finds. In recent years, however, new settlements have been discovered, and among these is the newly excavated site at Bro in northern Funen, fig. 4, the first settlement of its kind west of the Great Belt.The Bro settlement was discovered in late 1970, when two typical late glacial tanged points, fig. 1-2, and a dihedral burin, fig. 3, were found on the surface. In the following year the whole site was systematically excavated.TopographyThe settlement occupies a narrow terrace halfway down the steep southern face of a 14.3 m high hill of moraine clay, at the foot of which there is a small basin -a dead-ice hole, fig. 6. The moraine forms the northern end of an approximately 2 km long and 1 km wide depression, which in late glacial times was presumably a large lake, fig. 5.ExcavationThe majority of finds were made within an area measuring 10 x 13 m. The total excavated area, which may be regarded as the total extent of the settlement, was 61 sq. m, fig. 9.Stratigraphy Section QV, fig. 7, which cuts the excavation in an approximately east-west direction, illustrates the stratigraphy. The 20-30 cm thick topsoil loam covers a 40 cm thick layer of sand superjacent to moraine clay subsoil.The sand is a fine, well-sorted primary deposit containing large quantities of flint implements and flint waste, and was formed in water, presumably near the shore of a large lake.No charcoal, burnt bone or other organic material was found.A stone-lined fire place and burnt flint waste shows, however, that fire was used in the settlement, fig. 9.The excavation yielded large quantities of flint from both topsoil and underlying sand. The frequent occurrence of pieces of the same tool, broken in antiquity, in the sand and the topsoil respectively, demonstrates that topsoil finds originally derive from the sand.The distribution plan for flint waste, fig. 10-11, shows that the settlement area is well defined to the north, south and west, whilst it is more diffuse to the east and north-east. In both the topsoil and the sand, the finds are concentrated in two regions separated by a zone of lower concentration.This apparent grouping into two concentrations and the great similarity between the distribution in the topsoil (secondary position) and that in the sand (primary) have been investigated statistically by means of a x2 distribution (chi-square test) (22). This reveals that the two concentrations are in fact separate and that ploughing, which was first carried out here in depth 2 or 3 years ago, is responsible for the slight discrepancy between the two layers.There is in other words statistical support for regarding the distribution of artefacts in the two layers as a whole, allowing for slightly greater dispersal in the topsoil. As only four small fragments of polished neolithic axes have been found an no loter artefact types or secondary intrusions, the material from the topsoil and sand 'may with appropriate reservations be treated as a single cultural entity.The number of finds is small compared with other stone age settlements, nowhere exceeding 300 pieces per sq. m. From the distribution of a series of characteristic types, fig. 12-15, it is possible to define the settlement proper. If the maximum extent of each type is plotted on a single plan, a number of polygons are obtained which are basically uniform, fig. 16. The centre of gravity of each distribution has been calculated, fig. 17, and is found in every case to lie less than 1 m from the fireplace. This pattern is hardly fortuitous and must presumably reflect the pattern of settlement activities, which have apparently all been concentrated around the fireplace. A tempting explanation of these circumstances is that the implement distribution reflects the outline of a round or an oblong hut measuring 6 x 7 m, with a central fireplace. The entrance can have been to the south­southwest near the presumptive lake shore, fig. 10-11. The concentration of flint waste presumably marks the spots in the settlement where flint was worked.Raw materialThe flint is well preserved; the fragments are sharp-edged, and not water-worn, but bear in a number of cases traces of frost fracture, both before and especially after working. The preferred material is grey-black, granular, bryozoan flint of Danian type.To permit comparison with other recently published late glacial or post-glacial finds, the material from Bro has been studied in great detail. A specification is given in the table on p. 19-20. 5,324 items of worked flint were recovered, 122 of which (2.8 %) are implements. The implements are classified in the list p. 19-20.TechniqueIn the following, the flint technique of the Bro find will be compared with that of the boreal Maglemose settlement Stallerupholm (32).The Bro find is characterized by an irregular flaking technique. The majority of the flakes are irregularly discoid, regular discs being rare. Core technique is not represented.The blades fig. 20 are thick, long and broad with an irregular, acutely triangular shape, regular blades with parallel edges being very rare. They often have a triangular cross-section and a single keel. The average length is 7 cm and the average width 2½ cm, fig. 18 a-b. The peculiar blade form with only one longitudinal ridge suggests that they are rejected raw material for tanged points.Micro-blades are rare. Fig. 18-19 compares the Bro blades with those from Stallerupholm (32). It is apparent that the late glacial blades are longer, broader and thicker than the post-glacial ones. And whereas micro-blades comprise only about 5 % of the Bro blades, the corresponding figure for Stallerupholm is 30 %.The cores are classified in the table p. 23. The Bro find is dominated by broad, conical cores of type A, fig. 21-22, with a single platform (20 specimens). This form comprises 71 % of the total cores. The length ranges between 4½ and 8½ cm. In comparison, A-cores comprise only 50 % of the Stallerupholm total. At Bro, regular cylindrical cores of type B with two opposed platforms, fig. 23-24, were also found (4 specimens). This type is 6-11 cm long and is thus generally longer than the A-core. One specimen may be termed a micro-blade core. 4 cores exhibit three or more platforms (type C); they are characterized by great irregularity and short flaking.Core trimming flakes are classified in the table p. 25. Core tablets and edges of striking platforms are rare at Bro, 7,4 O/o while these types constitute 30 % at Stallerupholm. It is apparent that the predominant form is plunging flakes, fig. 25-26, deriving from cores of type A. This kind of flake comprises 18 % of the total at Stallerupholm, and 37 % at Bro.The conclusion of this analysis is that the waste material distinguishes late glacial material from other material just as fundamentally as proper implements do.lmplementsScrapers are common, being represented by 25 pieces. Their distribution will be apparent from fig. 13, which shows that they are found especially in the peripheral areas. The diagram fig. 27 shows that the scraper angle is generally more acute than, for example, that of mesolithic scrapers.Simple flake scrapers are common, fig. 28-29, a few of them being lateral-retouched flakes, fig. 30-31. Broad carinate scrapers are likewise known, fig. 32, but the commonest form has a shoulder or nose, fig. 33-38. Broken edges from this type are also known, fig. 39-40. Simple blade scrapers are rare, fig. 41. Only one double-scraper was found, fig. 42.Only one awl has been found, fig. 43.Burins are the dominating tool in the Bro find, with 37 specimens. This form is concentrated in the central part of the excavation area, fig. 14, and the distribution of scrapers and burins is mutually exclusive. 9 dihedral burins are known, five of which have the edge in the long axis of the flake, fig. 44-46. One burin has been fashioned on a tanged point, fig. 44. Three dihedral burins are formed on cores or irregular flakes, fig. 46. The commonest type of burin is the angle burin, represented by 19 specimens. Seven of these are simple burins with the facet on a break, fig. 52-54, while six have been fashioned by two burin blows, fig. 47-51. One angle burin has been formed on an oblique truncation, fig. 55. 3 plane burins were found, fig. 56. Transverse burins are represented by 11 specimens, four of which are formed on regular blades, fig. 57-58, while the other seven are formed on crude irregular flakes, where one of the facets of the back has been employed, fig. 60-62. 12 burin chips are present, two of which are from transverse burins, fig. 63-64, and the remainder from dihedral and angle burins, fig. 65. 1 burin is of indeterminate form, fig. 2. It is made on a tanged point, but cannot be classified on account of its fragmentary nature.Tanged points of Bromme-Lyngby type are represented by 7 specimens, one of which is the previously mentioned piece, which provided the impetus for the excavation, fig. 1 and fig. 66-71. The distribution of this type, which seems to be confined to the northern part of the excavation, is shown in fig. 15. The specimen fig. 66 is worthy of special attention, its percussion bulb having been removed with a series of small, secondary blows in the long axis.One shouldered point is known, fig. 72. This is probably an unfinished tanged point. The material also contains a single blade with oblique truncation. This specimen, which is unique in the Bro find, is irregular and haphazard in appearance.14 specimens with regular, continuous, longitudinal edge retouch were recovered, twelve of which were blades and two flakes, fig. 73-74. In all cases only one edge is retouched, and only partially. Eight specimens are retouched on the right, and six on the left edge.7 notched flakes are present, six of them with only one notch.3 denticulated flakes were fo

Dispute settlement and sanctity: an ethiopian example

Abstract: It is proposed in this paper that the sanctified decision, meaning the acceptance of a decision in faith, is an alternative to "negotiated" or "judicial" decisions and is the key to understanding the dispute settlement process in some societies. Settlement procedures, the most frequently occurring delicts, and sanctions as applied by the Sidamo of Ethiopia serve to illustrate the sanctity oriented type of society. Examination is also made of the process involved in a shift to the use of judicial power from resolution of disputes by sanctified procedures.